Psychopathology Chap. 3

early deprivation or trauma

- Freud: oral fixation - Erikson: interfere with development of basic trust - Skinner: retard the attainment of needed skills because of a lack of available resources - Beck: child acquires dysfunctional schemas and self-schemas in which relationships are represented as unstable, untrustworthy, and without affection -> institutionalization -> neglect and abuse in the home: disorganized/disoriented style of attachment -> separation

parenting styles

- authoritative: high warmth, moderate control, clear limits and restrictions -> kids are friendly, can deal with others and environment -- GOOD! - authoritarian: low warmth, high control, cold and demanding -> conflicted, irritable, moody. boy partic bad at social and cognitive skills - permissive/indulgent: high warmth, low control and discipline -> impulsive, aggressive, spoiled, selfish, impatient, inconsiderate, demanding - neglectful/uninvolved: low warmth, low control -> moody, low self-esteem; problems with peers and academic performance

psychological causal factors

- early deprivation or trauma - inadequate parenting styles - marital discord and divorce - maladaptive peer relationships

diathesis-stress models

- interactive model of diathesis-stress: some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect - additive model of diathesis-stress: individuals who have a high level of diathesis may only need a small amount of stress before a disorder develops; those with low diathesis may need to experience a large amount of stress --> people with no diathesis can still develop depression if enough stress is present --> some about of diathesis must be present for stress to effect a person

sociocultural causal factors

- low socioeconomic status and unemployment - prejudice and discrimination in race, gender, and ethnicity - social change and uncertainty - urban stressors: violence and homelessness

biological causal factors

- neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems - genetic vulnerabilities - temperament - brain dysfunction and neural plasticity

temperament related to these 3 dimensions of adult personality

1. neuroticism or negative emotionality 2. extraversion or positive emotionality 3. constraint (consciousness and agreeableness)

neurotrasmitters associated with psychopathology

1. norepinephrine - monamine 2. dopamine - monamine 3. serotonin - monamine 4. glutamate 5. gamma amiobutyric acid (GABA)

developmental systems approach

Acknowledgment that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional

interpersonal perspective

Alfred Adler; emphasizes social and cultural forces; people motivated by a desire to belong to and participate in a group; focuses on our relationships, past and present, with other people Erik Erikson: extended interpersonal aspects of psychoanalytic thoery. Broadened Freud's psychosexual stages into more socially oriented concepts

focus of behavior therapists

changing specific behaviors and emotional responses - eliminating undesirable reactions and learning desirable ones -> focus on symptoms, not underlying causes

neurotransmitter

a chemical that is released by a neuron for the purpose of carrying information across the gaps (synapses) between neurons

temperament

a child's reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regulation dimensions: - fearfulness - irritability and frustration - positive affect - activity level - attentional persistence and effortful control

biopsychosocial viewpoint

acknowledges that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors all interact and play a role in psychopathology and treatment

serotonin

effects on the way we think and process info from environment, behavior, moods -> emotional disorders ex. anxiety, depression suicide

norepinephrine

emergency reactions when exposed to a stressful situation, attention, orienting, basic motives

object-relations theory

focus on an individual's interactions with real and imagined other people (external and internal objects) and on the relationships that people experience between their external and internal objects

cognitive-behavior perspective

focuses on how thoughts and information processing can be distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior -> schema: an underlying representation of knowledge that guides the current processing of information and often leads to distortions in attention, memory, and comprehension -> people develop different schemas based on their temperament, abilities, and experience

dopamine

pleasure, cognitive processing -> schizophrenia, addictive disorders

attribution

process of assigning causes to things that happen -> attribution theorists are interested in whether different forms of psychopathology are associated with distinctive and dysfunctional attributional styles ex. depressed people tend to attribute bad events to internal, stable and global causes

GABA

reducing anxiety

sociocultural viewpoint

role of sociocultural factors in human development and behavior

synapse

the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle