Psychopathology Chap. 3
early deprivation or trauma
- Freud: oral fixation - Erikson: interfere with development of basic trust - Skinner: retard the attainment of needed skills because of a lack of available resources - Beck: child acquires dysfunctional schemas and self-schemas in which relationships are represented as unstable, untrustworthy, and without affection -> institutionalization -> neglect and abuse in the home: disorganized/disoriented style of attachment -> separation
parenting styles
- authoritative: high warmth, moderate control, clear limits and restrictions -> kids are friendly, can deal with others and environment -- GOOD! - authoritarian: low warmth, high control, cold and demanding -> conflicted, irritable, moody. boy partic bad at social and cognitive skills - permissive/indulgent: high warmth, low control and discipline -> impulsive, aggressive, spoiled, selfish, impatient, inconsiderate, demanding - neglectful/uninvolved: low warmth, low control -> moody, low self-esteem; problems with peers and academic performance
psychological causal factors
- early deprivation or trauma - inadequate parenting styles - marital discord and divorce - maladaptive peer relationships
diathesis-stress models
- interactive model of diathesis-stress: some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect - additive model of diathesis-stress: individuals who have a high level of diathesis may only need a small amount of stress before a disorder develops; those with low diathesis may need to experience a large amount of stress --> people with no diathesis can still develop depression if enough stress is present --> some about of diathesis must be present for stress to effect a person
sociocultural causal factors
- low socioeconomic status and unemployment - prejudice and discrimination in race, gender, and ethnicity - social change and uncertainty - urban stressors: violence and homelessness
biological causal factors
- neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems - genetic vulnerabilities - temperament - brain dysfunction and neural plasticity
temperament related to these 3 dimensions of adult personality
1. neuroticism or negative emotionality 2. extraversion or positive emotionality 3. constraint (consciousness and agreeableness)
neurotrasmitters associated with psychopathology
1. norepinephrine - monamine 2. dopamine - monamine 3. serotonin - monamine 4. glutamate 5. gamma amiobutyric acid (GABA)
developmental systems approach
Acknowledgment that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional
interpersonal perspective
Alfred Adler; emphasizes social and cultural forces; people motivated by a desire to belong to and participate in a group; focuses on our relationships, past and present, with other people Erik Erikson: extended interpersonal aspects of psychoanalytic thoery. Broadened Freud's psychosexual stages into more socially oriented concepts
focus of behavior therapists
changing specific behaviors and emotional responses - eliminating undesirable reactions and learning desirable ones -> focus on symptoms, not underlying causes
neurotransmitter
a chemical that is released by a neuron for the purpose of carrying information across the gaps (synapses) between neurons
temperament
a child's reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regulation dimensions: - fearfulness - irritability and frustration - positive affect - activity level - attentional persistence and effortful control
biopsychosocial viewpoint
acknowledges that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors all interact and play a role in psychopathology and treatment
serotonin
effects on the way we think and process info from environment, behavior, moods -> emotional disorders ex. anxiety, depression suicide
norepinephrine
emergency reactions when exposed to a stressful situation, attention, orienting, basic motives
object-relations theory
focus on an individual's interactions with real and imagined other people (external and internal objects) and on the relationships that people experience between their external and internal objects
cognitive-behavior perspective
focuses on how thoughts and information processing can be distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior -> schema: an underlying representation of knowledge that guides the current processing of information and often leads to distortions in attention, memory, and comprehension -> people develop different schemas based on their temperament, abilities, and experience
dopamine
pleasure, cognitive processing -> schizophrenia, addictive disorders
attribution
process of assigning causes to things that happen -> attribution theorists are interested in whether different forms of psychopathology are associated with distinctive and dysfunctional attributional styles ex. depressed people tend to attribute bad events to internal, stable and global causes
GABA
reducing anxiety
sociocultural viewpoint
role of sociocultural factors in human development and behavior
synapse
the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle