Psych/soc review: uworld

vomeronasal system

-a structure within accessory olfactory epithelium that is sensitive to pheromones - contains apical and basal cells which have receptors at the very tips of their projections - molecules such as pheromones will come in and activate receptor on basal/apical cell. -basal cell sends axon through accessory olfactory bulb to glomerulus -then mitral or tufted cells which eventually goes to amygdala.

Schizophrenia symptoms: Cognitive

-abnormalities of attention, organization, planning abilities. - disorganized thinking, slow thinking - difficulty understanding - poor concentration, poor memory - difficulty expressing thoughts - difficulty integrating thoughts, feelings and behaviors

Neurocognitve Disorders (NCDs)

-acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits that was once developed and then lost -often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults these disorders were formerly called dementia 1. Delirium = reversible episode of abnormalities of cognitive and other higher brain functions 2. Dementia = irreversible abnormalities of cognitive functions

emotional support

-affection, love, trust, caring. The type that involves listening and emphasizing. -Can include physical support (hugs/pats on back). Provided by those closest to you (family/close friends)

preparatory stage (Mead)

-age: infancy, toddler -Learning process: imitation= often lacks understanding

Megnetoencephalography (MEG)

-aka SQUIDS = superconducting quantum interference device - function of the brain - Records the magnetic fields produced by electric currents in the brain. Measured by using SQUIDS (MEGa SQUIDS are invasive) - better resolution than EEG, but rarer use because it requires a large machine and special room to shield it.

categories of depressants

-alcohol -barbiturates -benzodiazepines -at low doses = vasodilation (relaxation of blood vessels -at high doses = vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels/increase in blood pressure)

Broca's aphasia

-also known as non-fluent aphasia - is the damage of the area that is responsible for speech production - people with the damage of this area have trouble of producing speech. Words become slurred. (mumble)

group foraging

-animals look for food in groups - can lead to competition within a group if food is scarce. Benefits of this strategy is that animals can take down larger/more aggressive prey and everyone can benefit. -ex: Lions do this

Anterior cingulate

-anterior part of the frontal cortex. - in case of depression this part of the brain stops responding got serotonin (associated with mood) which makes us feel depressed and gloomy.

Temporal Monotocity

-assumes that adding pain at end of painful experience will worsen retrospective evaluation of experienced pain and adding pleasure at end will enhance retrospective evaluation

Basilar tuning

-base: stimulated by high frequencies (1600 Hz), short wavelength -apex: stimulated by low frequencies (25 Hz), long wavelength (long travels further and reaches the apex) also referred to as tonotypical mapping

anterior chamber of eye

-between cornea and iris - filled with aqueous humor which provides pressure to maintain shape of eyeball: allows nutrients and minerals to supply cells of cornea and iris.

Tyranny of choice

-brings information overload and a greater likelihood that we will feel regret over some of the unchosen options - having too many options

Cannnabis (Marihuana)

-can be a hallucinogen, depressant, stimulant - active substance: THC - metabolites can be present in the blood of the users up to 3 months - tolerance can increase the amount of cannabis needed for impairment and THC metabolites and many other constituents of cannabis accumulate in fat cells of three months or more.

Anxiety - stress response

-centers on amygdala - fears and phobia fit perfectly with response to stress. - Perceive more things as fearful - accompanies the "flight" aspect of sympathetic response

mature defense mechanisms

Acronym HASS - Humor -Altruism = in service of others - Sublimation (instead of expressing violence you become a boxer) - Suppression = conscious thoughts get pushed to unconscious but can access thoughts at a later time.

Riots

-characterized by large # of people who engage in dangerous behavior, such as vandalism, violence, or other crimes. - a violation of crowd behavior that results from feelings pf injustice or feelings and needs that have been ignored. Typically result in property damage or other significant crimes

Higher functions of the nervous system

-cognition (thinking) -emotions (feelings) - consciousness

normative influence (conformity)

-conforming with the group because we want to be liked and accepted even though we may know this is not the right way to do - ex: you know that training a dog with the treats is the best method but you still agree with the group to treat a dog with other method because you don't want to go against the group and not be liked by the group. - fear of social rejection

Relative Deprivation Theory

Actions of groups that are oppressed/deprived of rights that others in society enjoy. ex. Civil Rights Movements: oppression to people of color in US.

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Adrenal cortex; steroid; stress hormone

infancy (Erikson's stages of psychosocial development)

Age: 0-1 Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust Resolution: Ability to have faith in others

Early childhood (Erikson's stages of psychosocial development)

Age: 1-3 Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame Resolution: Sense of self-control and independence

Adolescence (Erikson's stages of psychosocial development)

Age: 12 -20 Conflict: Identity vs confusion Resolution: Sense of self-identity

Early adulthood (Erikson's stages of psychosocial development)

Age: 20-40 Conflict: Intimacy vs isolation Resolution: Ability to commit to and love others

Play age (Erikson's stages of psychosocial development)

Age: 3-6 Conflict: Initiative vs. guilt Resolution:Ability to take initiative with peers

Middle age (Erikson's stages of psychosocial development)

Age: 40-65 Conflict: Generativity vs Stagnation Resolution: Concern for others and society

School age (Erikson's stages of psychosocial development)

Age: 6-12 Conflict: Industry vs inferiority Resolution: Sense of confidence in skills and abilities

Older age (Elderly) (Erikson's stages of psychosocial development)

Age: >65 Conflict: Integrity vs despair Resolution: Sense pf accomplishment and fulfillment

sexuality orientation

Although most people are attracted to members of the opposite sex, some are not, and research suggests that biology and genetics play key roles in determining a person's sexual orientation. Sex education has been shown to reduce risky sexual behavior. - attraction - fornication

kin selection (altruism)

Altruism came about because it helps close relatives. The genes, not the individual, survive.

Conservative strategy (signal detection theory)

Always say no unless 100% sure signal is present. Can lead to some misses

principle of aggregation

An attitude affects a person's average behavior, but not necessarily each isolated act

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital - based on supply and demand

randomized controlled trial

An experimental study in which researchers randomly assign individuals to either an experimental or a control group and expose the experimental group to the manipulated variable of interest.

primary appraisal

An individual determines whether a stimulus is a threat, positive, or irrelevant

Role exit

An individual disengages from a social role, often replacing with a new social role. Eg: A college student (old role) graduates and begins full-time employment (new role).

self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. - developed by Bendura and it is much more specific than self-esteem

Utilitarian organization

An organization where people are paid/rewarded for their efforts - ex: business and government jobs and universities (receive diploma in exchange for your time)

Syncitiotrophoblast

At the site of implantation, this multi-nucleate mass invades the endometrium (develop from trophoblast)

cognitive-beahvioral therapy (CBT)

Attempt to change negative thoughts/beliefs and maladaptive behavior with positive ones

Projection

Attributing unacceptable thoughts/behaviors to someone or something else (eg: calling the sidewalk "stupid" after tripping

private conformity

Changing internal behaviors/opinions to align with the group

neuroleptic

-conventional - first generation antipsychotic - helps only with positive symptoms of schizophrenia - may worsen the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Light adaptation: up regulation

-dark regulation - when it is dark, pupils dilate and allow light to enter the back of the eye. Rods and cons start synthesizing light sensitive molecules

Hypotonia

-decreased muscle tone - floppy -ex. If a doctor asked the patient to relax the leg muscle, there will still be some amount of tone (construction of muscle). If in the relaxed stage of skeletal muscle, the leg feels floppy and completely relaxed, this can be indication of a damage in motor unit which results in ......

Neuroticism

-degree of emotional instability. - characterized by a tendency to experience or express negative emotions (anxiety, anger, fear, sadness)

secure attachment

-developed from sensitive, responsive caregiver - infants readily explore a new environment when caregiver is near - infants are distressed by a caregiver leaving and comforted on return - associated with better long-term effects (eg, more satisfaction in adult relationship, greater health outcomes)

depressive disorders

-distress/disability from abnormally negative mood. Mood refers to long-term emotional state. (Mood is not emotion, mood is more long term and not necessarily related to events). Mood is also subjective experience person has of their experience. - Mood (how someone feels such as sad) becomes affect (how mood is displayed to others - person crying). Hopelessness, loss of enjoyment in activities. High risk of suicide.

Personality disorder: Cluster B

-dramatic, emotional, erratic (wild) 1. Antisocial = little or no regards for others. Commit crimes and show no remorse. Inconsiderate of others. 2. Borderline = Unstable relationships, emotions are unstable , variable self image and compulsive. People ate borderline are at the brink of an emotional/relationship issue. 3. Histrionic = are very attention seeking. Display emotions outwardly, wear bright colors. (H for Hollywood Actresses) 4. Narcissistic = huge egos, need admiration and praise, grandiose.

Evolutionary biology and dreams

-dreams are threat stimulation, to prepare for real world. -problem solving - no purpose

Tonic neck reflex (fencer position)

-elicited by turning an infant's head to one side -infant extends arm and leg on that side and flexes arm and leg on the opposite side - lasts about 6 month of age

semantic memory

-facts -concepts

Delusion of reference

-false belief that external events, such as other people's actions or natural disasters, relate somehow to oneself - ex: A person with schizophrenia might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for them.

Tangible/instrumental support

-financial assistance/support, material goods, or services. Taking some of your responsibilities so you can deal with other problems. -Can come from a bank, people who bring you dinner when you're sick, or lend you money between jobs.

intravenous injection (IV)

-goes directly into the vein - fastest route of drug delivery because it passes all the barriers and enters in the bloodstream directly.

Identity achievement status

-high commitment, high exploration - People at this level have explored their options and typically feel confident about who they are and what they want to do in the future.

mnemonic device: imagery

-imagining pictures to remember things. - crazier the picture, easier to remember - ex. remembering to buy bananas - you may picture a big banana wearing orange hat and has blueberries as his eye.

ICD-10

-international classification of diseases-10th revision - System from the WHO - 11 top level categories

Specific Phobias

-irrational fears of specific objects or situations - focused anxiety

Wernicke's area

-language comprehension - located back in the left temporal lobe

Phototransduction cascade (up to bipolar cell)

-light hits rods (turns it off) - activates bipolar cells -activates retinal ganglion cell -optic nerve - brain 1. inside the rod there are lots of optic disks stacked on top of one another. These disks contain lots of protein. One of this proteins is rhodopsin 2. Rhodopsin contains small molecule called retinal (11- cis retinal). 3. When light hits, it causes conformational change of retinal from bent to straight(11-trans retinal 4. When retinal changes shape, rhodopsin changes its shape too. 5. Next there is a molecule called transducin made of 3 different parts: alpha, beta, gamma that is attached to the rhodopsin typically. 6. When the rhodopsin changes shape, trandsducin breaks from rhodopsin, and alpha subunit binds to another disk protein called phosphodiesterase (PDE) 7. PDE takes cGMP and converts it to regular GMP (so, when light hits it lowers concentration of cGMP and increases concentration of GMP) 8. Lots of Na+ channels on the rods allow Na+ ion to come in. -cGMP bound to Na+ channel, keeps the channel open and hence "ON", as cGMP concentration decreases (due to PDE which converts cGMP to GMP), Na+ channel closes and cell turns "OFF"

Light adaptation: down regulation

-light regulation -when it is bright out, pupils constrict (less light enters back of the eye), and desensitization of rods and cones become desensitized to light.

accessory olfactory epithelium

-located in the mouth -Sends projections to the accessory olfactory bulb. - contains vomeronasal system

olfactory epithelium

-located in the nose -a thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell. -Sends olfactory sensory information to olfactory bulb.

Identity diffusion status

-low commitment, low exploration - People at this level lack direction, have not explored options, and have not commented to a particular path or future.

Normative organization

-members come together shared goals - positive sense of unity and purpose -ex: religion groups or MADD (Mothers against drunk drivers) -

Coercive organization

-members don't have choice about membership - usually high structured and have strict rules -ex: people in prison, or the military (you have to be discharged to leave)

Neurochemical lesions

-more precise -excitotoxic lesions, this are chemicals that bind to glutamate receptors and cause influx of calcium that it kills the neuron and excites it to death. - ex: kainic acid = destroys the cell bodies but do not destroy the axons of the neurons which are just passing by. - ex: oxidopamine (6- hydroxydopamine) that selectively destroys dopamine neurons as well as noradrenargic neurons (neurons that release dopamine, norepinephrine or adrenaline)

Basic function of nervous system

-motor (control of skeletal muscle) -sensory (the senses) -automatic (reflexes)

Norepinephrine

-neurotransmitter that enhances alertness, attention and memory function -locus ceruleus in pons that release projections to cerebral cortex - appears abnormal with patients with major depressive disorder

Pavlov

-observable behavior associated with classical conditioning - Dog experiment: places natural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger an involuntary response. - ex: ringing a bell in presence of food causes dog to start salivating.

Phototransduction cascade (starting from bipolar cell)

-on center and off center * WHEN light - when light hits rods ->turned off rod -> ON CENTER bipolar cells active, OFF center bipolar cells inactive. - When on center bipolar cells turned on, this activates ON center retinal ganglion cell, which sends signals to brain. * WHEN Dark - Rod turned on -> on center bipolar cells inactive, off center bipolar cells active. - when OFF center bipolar cells turned on -> this activates OFF center retinal ganglion cells-> which sends signal to optic nerve to brain.

Pupil

-opening in the center of the iris - modulates the amounts of light able to enter the eyeball.

Routs of drug entry

-oral - injection - inhalation

Proprioception

-our sense of body position and sense of balance in space - COGNITIVE (subconscious) -awareness of your body position

Parathyroid gland/ hormones

-parathyroid hormone (PTH) - regulate calcium level - 4 spots back of thyroid

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

- a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: - excessive, uncontrollable worry about range of topics - muscle tension, difficulty concentrating or sleeping, feeling restless, fatigue or irritable

retroactive interference

- acting backwards the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information - ex: you moved a new place and you start to write your new address in all the new documents you have to sign. After a while, when you try to recall or write the old address you may have hard time to do so. In this case, the new address interference with the recall of the old address.

immature defense mechanisms

-projection = attributes their unconscious thoughts on others - ex: accusing someone of being jealous when you are the one being jealous -passive aggression = aggressively doing something for someone and failing to do it or doing it slowly. Passive way to express your anger

Thermoreceptors

-receptors that respond to temperature - uses TrypV1 receptor (which is also sensitive to pain) - bare nerve ending - small diameter and less myelinated or unmeylinated axons

Morphology

-refers to the structure of words. - many words are composed of multiple building blocks called morphemes (smallest significant unit of meaning of a word)

ablation

-removal or destruction of tissue - is a technique used to study the brain by measuring the deficit from removal or damage of specific brain area.

Parkinson's disease symptoms

-resting tremor (shaking of muscles such as in hands in resting position) (usually in upper extremities) - muscle rigidity -slow movement (bradykinesia) -shuffling gait -lack of coordination

informational support

-sharing information with us or giving us advice. -Can come from family/friends or even articles online.

False negative (miss)

-signal present -signal NOT detected

Correct Detection "Hit"

-signal present -signal detected

Procedural memory

-skills -tasks

Sleep stage 3 and 4

-slow-wave sleep, successively deeper -Delta waves - sleep walking/talking - declarative/explicit memory consolidation - growth hormone production

tonic receptors

-slowly adapting sensory receptors that continue to produce action potential throughout the duration of the stimulus. -limited to the peripheral nervous system and are not found in the brain

Broca's area

-speech production - located in the left frontal lobe

5 tastes (gustation)

-sweet, umami (ability to taste glutamate), Bitter = have similar receptor (GPCR =G protein coupled receptor which gets dissociated and via conformational change open ion channels, which will result positive ions going inside the cell and depolarize the cell which will fire an action potential (AP) - sour and salty = rely on ion channels(no G protein) = when NaCl binds to the receptor it causes ion channels to open up which allows positive ions to go inside the cell, depolarize it, and fire action potential and that action potential goes to the brain.

reciprocal determinism

-the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment -- this theory was developed by Bendura the same scientist who did work on observational learning

Median income

-the middle income when a group of incomes is ranked from lowest to highest -level at which half of the households earn less and half earn more - the average household income

proactive interference

- acting forward - something you learned in the past gets in your way to learn or retrieve something in the future. -ex: I had to change my password that I used for a long time for my email. Now, when I try to log in to my email I have hard time to remember the new password. Instead, I keep trying to use the old password that I used for a long period of time. - my old password is interfering with my ability to learn the new password

stage 1 of psychosexual development

- age: 0-1 year - stage: oral (routing and sucking reflex) - libido fixed: mouth - development: Feeding - Adult fixation: people smoke, bite their nails, people overeat, suck their thumb

Stage 2 of Psychosexual Development

- age: 1-3 year - stage: anus - libido fixed: mouth - development: toilet training - Adult fixation: orderliness and messiness

Stage 5 of psychosexual development

- age: 12+ year - stage: genital - libido fixed: genital - development: sexual maturity - Adult fixation: not mentally healthy

Stage 3 of psychosexual development

- age: 3-6 year - stage: phallic - libido fixed: genital - development: oedipus/electra complexes (boys try to posses their mothers and girls try to posses their fathers).(Child understands and develops similar characteristics as same-sex parent) - Adult fixation: homosexuality / exhibitionism

Stage 4 of psychosexual development

- age: 6-12 year - stage: latent - libido fixed: NO/goes different areas such as intellectual persuades and social interactions - development: social and communication skills - Adult fixation: NO adult fixation

Play Stage (Mead)

- age: preschool age - Learning process: Role-taking= taking on role of specific others -Developing self - "I"

Tyrosine derivative hormones

-thyroid hormones -catecholamines = made in adrenal medulla = epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Amygdala

- aka agression center - if you stimulate this organ, it produces feelings of anger/violence and fear/anxiety. - if you destroy this organ, it produces mellowing effect A limbic system structure involved in: -emotion (particularly fear and aggression) - mating

Self-concepts

- aka self identity -beliefs about oneself, including beliefs about race/ethnicity, gender, ability, talent, and so on. -derived from self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control

Gordon Allport's Trait Theory

- all of us have different traits, he did not believe that all the individuals have the same traits - Cardinal traits - Central traits -Secondary traits

trichromatic theory of color vision

- also known as Young-Helmholtz theory -states that all the colors we see are the result of the combination activity of three types of photoreceptors: -long = red - green = medium - blue = short

Wernicke's aphasia

- also known as fluent aphasia - have no problem of producing speech/ speaking words but the words that come out make no sense. - damage in speech comprehension area - may also have trouble understanding what other people say

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

- also known as instrumental conditioning Behavior ---> consequences: reinforcement or punishment

Barbiturates

- also known as tranquilizer - induce sleep or reduce anxiety (calm them down) -depresses CNS -anesthesia or anticonvulsant (drugs that reduce seizures) - barbital (suffix) * not often prescribed due to negative side effects such as: - high tendency of addiction to the drug -reduced memory - reduced judgment and concentration - with alcohol it can lead to death (most drugs with alcohol are bad)

Hallucinogenes

- also referred as psychedelic - distorted perception/hallucination ( seeing or hearing things different from how things actually are) - Heighted sensations. based on reality but is different from what's actually going on in the world around them. (Stimulus is there but it is interpreted differently) - can give the drug user energy or calm them down - Emotional responses: feeling of connectedness and mood swings (changing moods) - exact effects can be different depending on an individual's personality * examples: - mescaline -peyote -PCP - LSD (acids) -psilocybin (active ingredient in mushroom ) - LSD modifies serotonin neurotransmission, especially the 5-HT2 receptor family. - Dilation of pupil (mydriasis = when pupil is dilated and does not respond to light)

Elaboration

- an example of encoding strategy - new information os meaningfully associated with previously known information -ex: association of amygdala, which starts with A-M-Y and involved in processing emotions, with her emotional friend named Amy.

Temporal lobe

- auditory processing - learning and memory - hearing - Wernick's area

Front-stage self

- behavior in social situations - "actor" performs based on expectations of the "audience" - impression management: meant to shape the perceptions of others - focus on appearance, manners, social status

Skeptical perspective

- believe that world is becoming regionalized not globalized. -Third world countries aren't being integrated into global economy with same benefits

recognition (retrieval)

- best out of 3 retrials - present 2 words and say which one you heard before. -ex: Fork or knife. Which one was on the list? You are more likely to choose fork because you already heard that.

Inhalation/Inspiration

- breathing, snorting, or smoking - once inhaled goes straight to brain - 10 seconds - highly addictive but less addictive than drugs that are injected -eg: tobacco, cocaine

evolutionary psychology

- by Bass - theorizes that males + females have different mating strategies that influences cost associated with passing genes. Males can have many partners, but females are more selective due to cost of pregnancy

Fads (collective behavior)

-trends occurring over a short period within a segment of the population - something that becomes popular very quickly and looses its popularity as quickly - ex: " Cinnamon challenge" which was a trend to eat spoon full of cinnamon in less than a minute. After more than 600 thousand attempts people realized how unpleasant it was and the popularity of this challenge ended.

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) (CT scan)

-uses X-rays to create image of the structure brain - can detect tumor, abnormalities, swelling, bleeding - CANNOT tell us anything about the function such as the areas of the brain that are active at a given time

otolitic organs

-utricle and saccule -helps to detect linear acceleration and head positioning.

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

-when airways are obstructed. Soft tissues around our neck can relax at nigh and potentially cause obstruction of airflow for a short period of time. -Gets worse as people get older. - Diagnosed by sleep study (a polysomnography) and looking for 15+ apneas/hour - nighttime symptoms= snoring, gasping for air, pauses in breathing - daytime symptoms = tired/sleepy and unrefreshed

Biological factors controlling hunger

-when we are hungry the lateral hypothalamus signals to the stomach that we start eating through positive feedback mechanism. - when we are full the ventromedial hypothalamus is going to signal us to stop eating. When we are full the hormone leptin (appetite suppressing hormone) is present in high amounts in our blood. - insulin is another important hormone in regulating food. Brian can actually detects the amount of insulin to decide the amount of sugar and fat storage.

Heuristic: Means-end analysis

-working from urgent state to our end state -we start with a big problem that wee break it down to smaller problems. Then we attack the biggest problem. -ex: if you are planning to travel a new country, the biggest problem can be the distance of that country. So, the first and biggest problem will be to book a ticket. After that you go to other smaller problems one step at a time.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

- ganglia (contains soma aka neuron cell body) - nerves (axons) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. 1. Cranial nerves ( coming out of the brain - 12 pairs) 2. Spinal nerves (coming out of the spinal cord - 31 pairs)

muscle strech reflex

- happens on the same side (afferent & efferent) which causes a muscle to contract after it's stretched as a protective response - ex. knee jerk response , which is the involuntary response of the leg kicking out. The hummer hits the tendon right below the knee cap, which hooks onto the lower leg bone on one end, and a large group of upper muscle on the other end.

social stratification

- hierarchical organization of individuals in society based on social class, social status and power. a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy based non factors such as income, wealth, and occupation.

Identity foreclosure status

- high commitment, low exploration - People at this level have accepted an identity that they have been assigned (typically by parents) without contemplation and exploration

Upper motor neuron signs

- hyperreflexia = increase in muscle stretch reflexes -clonus = rhythmic contraction of antagonist muscle - hypertonia = increased muscle tone - extensor plantar response = toes go up instead of going down

General changes that are happening to the brain during adolescence

- increase in myelination especially in the areas of the brain that are responsible for higher order functioning - increase in brain volume during early adolescence and this shrinks during late adolescence this is dues to synaptic pruning, which is cutting connections between less useful neurons. " Use it or lose it" the connections that are used more will be physically stronger and it will effect the overall brain capacity after adolescence. - Ex: IF we spend most of our time during adolescence focusing on academics, sports, good time management, these connection will be stronger throughout our lives. But if we spend our adolescence watching TV and playing video games, these will make those connections strong, and we will expect to have that kind of lifestyle during adulthood.

higher mental functions

- independent functioning and learning psychological functions, such as voluntary attention, complex memory processes, and problem solving, that entail the coordination of several cognitive processes and the use of mediators

Smell

- ipsilateral (not contralateral, same side) - known as olfaction -odor enters from nostrils--> binds to GPCR receptor --> G protein dissociates and causes cascade of events --> G protein binds to ion cannas and allows outside ions to come inside the cell---> opens and triggers an action potential--> AP goest through the cribriform plate --> glomerulus --> inside glomerulus activates mitral/tufted cells --> they synapse to brain. - The pathway for olfaction goes from: 1. olfactory bulb 2. amygdala (doesn't go to thalamus) 3. piriform cortex

Neurotic Defense Mechanisms

3 RID - Rationalization - Regression - Repression - Reaction formation - Intellectualization - Displacement

co-variation model

3 cues of Kelley's co-variation model: consistency (time), distinctiveness (situation), consensus (people) o Ex. Take flaky friend, friend forever cancels on us. Consistent behavior over time. High level of consistent behavior over time, we are more likely related to them as a person as opposed to the world working against them in this situation. § When consistency is high = attribution to internal factors o Ex. Very nice friend Jim, but one day he gets so mad at the pizza place. Out of character and distinctive. So much more likely to be related to the environment. Distinctiveness = situational. § Distinctiveness of a situation = attribution to external factors o Third factor in co-variation model - "group lateness" - if you arrive late at meeting but if you are with 20 other people are late too, high degree of consensus. When a lot of people demonstrate same behavior, we are more likely to attribute behavior to situational cause. § Consensus of people = attribution of external factors

Agression

3 factors that influence: 1. Biological: - genes = identical twin studies show that if one of the twin has aggression the other twin has it as well. It is not true for fraternal twins - amygdala = stimulation of it will result in aggressive behaviors - frontal lobe = impulse control - Testosterone = high level of testosterone can lead to aggression. That is why men are more aggressive as they have high testosterone than women. 2. Psychological: - Frustration-aggression principle = the idea that frustration creates anger which cab spark aggression. - Reinforcement -modeling = can lead to aggression through positive reinforcement. 3. Socio-cultural - de-individuation = gain anonymous status when you are with large group of people. - social scripts = when we are in new situations, we rely on instructions provided by society on how to act.

current population

7 billion -initial population + births - deaths + immigrating - emigrating

information processing model

- our brain is similar to computer: wee get input from the environment, process it and output decisions. -encoding, storage, retrieval - bottom-up or stimulus driven model - does not describe where things happen in the brain - assumes limited storage capacity - the human brain is believed to have limited capacity of attention - assumes serial processing; however, the human brain has the capacity for parallel processing.

Ectoderm cell are primarily responsible for forming

- outer layer of skin - sweet glands - hair - nervous system

Medical uses of hallucinogens

- pain treatment: *marijuana for treating pain (but do not make marijuana and drive) - PTSD treatment: *some hallucinogens are used to recall traumatic events that are not able to be recalled under normal circumstances. These hallucinogens make the recall of dramatic memory detached from any strong emotional reactions.

midbrain (mesencephalon)

- part of the brainstem that connects the brainstem to the cerebellum -controls sensory processes

central route persuasion

- persuade individuals who are interested in message. - quality of the product

simple innate behaviors

- reflexes - taxis = purposeful movement: bugs fly towards light, can be towards or away of stimuli - kinesis = no purpose movement: rats randomly scarring in different direction

Thyroid gland /hormones

- regulate body metabolism - T3/T4 - This gland affects the growth and development of the brain, and regulates growth rates

atypical

- second generation antipsychotic medications - helpful for positive symptoms of schizophrenia - some cases can improve negative symptoms of schizophrenia

confirmation bias

- seeking information that supports belief - ignoring information that routes belief - interpreting ambiguous information as support ex: Only reading stories that talk about how wonderful your candidate is.

atrophy

- shrinking - decrease of bulk ex: shrinking of skeletal muscles in the absence of exercise or other medical conditions

ANOVA

- similar to T-test -Compares mean values of a contributes variable for multiple categories/groups

Mesoderm cells are primarily responsible for forming

- some of the inner layers of the skin - muscles - cardiac muscle - bones - kidneys - bladder - ovaries and testes

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

- sometimes called paradoxical sleep because brain is active and awake but body prevents it from doing anything. -eyes move rapidly beneath eyelids but most of your other muscles are paralyzed -most dreaming occurs in this stage -lucid dreaming only occurs in this stage (aware of surrounding and even able to interfere with the dream) - waves = BATS-Drink Blood (beta, alpha theta, sleep-spindle/k-complex delta, beta) - babies spend more time in this stage of sleep

heuritics: working backwards

- start with your goal state to suggest connections to your current state -ex. if you ever done a maze and started from the end towards the begging of the maze.

Skinner

- strict behaviorist - observable behavior - associated with concept of operant conditioning. - uses reward/punishment to increase/decrease behavior.

withdrawal symptoms

- symptoms that occur after chronic use of a drug is reduced or stopped - Two stages: acute and post-acute * - acute = few weeks, physical withdrawal symptoms, different for each drug/person - for alcohol, only 2 days after cessation of consumption - improvement seen 4-5 days * - post-acute = fewer physical symptoms, more emotional/psychological symptoms, same symptoms for everyone ** Post-acute: common symptoms: mood swings, anxiety, irritability, tiredness, variable energy, low enthusiasm, variable concentration, disturbed sleep - most post-acute withdrawal episode lasts for few days - ##MOST important to remember= post-acute withdrawal usually lasts for 2 years - can be a trigger for relapse and can result in substance-induced disorders and substance use disorders

message characteristics of persuasion

- the features of the message itself - logic and key points in the argument

Endodermal cell are primarily responsible for forming

- the gastrointestinal and pulmonary tracts: esophagus, stomach, small intestine , large intestine, pancreas - lungs -liver

Piaget: Concrete Operational stage

7-11 - thinking logically about concrete events - grasping concret analogies - performing arithmetic ** Developmental hallmark: - Conversation - Mathematical transformation

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

counterconditioning

A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. - substitution of unwanted response - ex: systemic desensitization

convergence

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object -things far away = muscle of eyes relaxed -things close to us=muscle of eyes contracts

taste aversion learning

A biological tendency in which an organism learns, after a single experience, to avoid a food with a certain taste, if eating it is followed by illness.

Histamine

A chemical that is responsible for the symptoms of an allergy - from hypothalamus sends projection to cerebral cortex

Turner Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

Daydreaming

A common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation.

episodic buffer

A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)

visuospatial sketchpad

A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information -ex: images, maps.

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations. This test has to do with cognition not with behavior.

split brain syndrome

A condition in which an individual's corpus callosum is severed such that the two hemispheres of the brain cannot communicate with each other. - sometimes can be used as a treatment of seizure but this surgery creates side effects in terms of language. - if you have this syndrome things that you see with your left side you will not be able to comprehend or name them because it will go to your right side and as the connection is missing with left side there is no production or comprehension of language will occur because language areas are located in your left side. There will be no issue of the object are on the right visual field because the information is going to be processed in the left hemisphere. ** contralateral processing - left side visual and sensory input goes to right side - right side visual and sensory input goes to the left side

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects.

Counterculture

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

Ecclesia

A dominant religious organization that includes most members of society, is recognized as the national or official religion, and tolerates no other religions - ex: Islam in Iran

Munchausen syndrome by proxy

A factitious disorder in which parents make up or produce illnesses in their children. Also known as factitious disorder by proxy.

Relapse

A falling back into an old illness or bad habit.

blastocoel

A fluid-filled cavity of the blastula stage of an embryo.

Obedience

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

Dictatorship

A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

absolute threshold

- the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time - is NOT a fixed unchanged number

Positrion Emission Tomography (PET)

- this method can be combined with both of the structural methods such as CAT scan and MRI. - three-dimensional images of tracer concentration within the body are then constructed by computer analysis - radioactive glucose is injected into a person and since active cells neutrally use more glucose because they are using the most of energy and they need to replenish it, we cab directly see what areas of the brain are more active at a given point in time. - invasive = you need to inject a patient with a substance

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

- typical hallucinogen: interferes with serotonin transmission which causes people to experience sensation that did not actually come from the environment (hallucination) - most hallucination with this drug are visual instead of auditory ( you see things that are not there instead of hearing them)

Bipolar disorder

- used to be refereed as " manic depressive disorder" - a condition when someone swings from extreme emotional heights to extreme emotional lows - individual will have periods of depression and periods of mania

functional resonance imaging (fMRI)

- we have the same structural images from MRI but we can also check which of those structures are active - The neurons that are firing and working a lot require more oxygen. So, measuring the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the brain, we can get an idea of what parts of brain are active and what parts of the brain we are using to do certain tasks. -Ex: There might be not that much activity in the visual cortex when the person's eyes are closed, but there will be an activity when they open their eyes. These region will light up in the brain under this imaging.

Humanistic theory (Maslow's Hierarchy Of Human Needs) (Motivation)

- we want to satisfy needs in particular order. 1. Physiologic needs 2. Safety needs 3. Love and belonging needs 4. Self-esteem needs 5. Self-actualization needs

Gender Script Theory

- what we expect male and female to do -organized information regarding order of actions appropriate to familiar situation

Addiction - stress response

- when searching for coping mechanisms, there are good options and bad options. These terrible options lead to addiction often. ex: Alcohol, tobacco etc - impairment to frontal cortex (reasoning), so impaired judgment can increase likelihood of inappropriate coping mechanism.

Pituitary gland

-"THE MASTER GLAND" the endocrine system's most influential gland -under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage

-0-2 years -children experience the environment via senses and actions ** Developmental hallmark: - object permanence (ability to understand that objects and people still exists when you can't hear or see them - stranger anxiety

Delusion of persecution or paranoia

-A delusion in which the central theme is that one (or someone to whom one is close) is being attacked, harassed, cheated, persecuted, or conspired against. - eg: Martians ate trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water.

Stereotype

A generalized belief (good or bad) about a social group of people

Endorphin

A hormone produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception.

Catastrophic event (stressor)

A large scale vent that everyone considers threatening - ex: wars, natural disasters etc.

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; -involved in memory - Reticular activation system (required for consciousness without this there is no consciousness) *** GlU is exciting

inter-rater reliability

A measure of how similarly two different test scorers would score a test.

split-half reliability

A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared.

index of dissimilarity

A measure of segregation that indicates how isolated two groups are from each other in a particular area or city. - 0 = total segregation - 100 = perfect distribution

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. - If correlation coefficient is: 1 = perfect -1 = opposite 0 = random

implosive therapy

A method for decreasing anxiety by exposing the client to an imaginary anxiety stimulus. The method is risky because overexposure can actually increase anxiety. - ex: putting a person who has phobia from spiders in a room full of spiders. The idea if that face fear and survive, they will realize their fear is irrational.

Hypomania

A mild manic state in which the individual seems infectiously merry, extremely talkative, charming, and tireless.

method of loci

A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

accessory olfactory bulb

A neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives projection from accessory olfactory epithelium (specifically vomeronasal system)

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; - regulates Autonomic nervous system (ANS) to maintain homeostatic functions: (parasympathetic: rest and digest and prepares body to respond to a stressor (sympathetic: fight-or-flight) - also contains dopaminergic neurons *** regulates how much fluid in blood volume in any given time. -it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature, sex), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland(mastery gland that controls all other glands), and is linked to emotion and reward - responsible for the physiological component of emotion, such as heart rate and respiration rate

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood. Feelings of positive mood: feelings of satisfaction and social dominance - released by lots of nuclei from all over the brainstem called raphe nuclei to cerebral cortex - low level of this neurotransmitter in the brain is associated with depression. *** "Sir Rotten" who always has rotten mood (depression).

Game Stage (Mead)

-Age: School age - Learning process: generalized other = understanding all roles and overarching rules - developing self = "Me" - "Me" = social self - "I" = response to "Me" - ex: "Me" will understand that people in the U.S go to college after high school directly, but "I" will wonder if it is the best thing to do.

Vigilance

-Alert watchfulness - is a type of attention not a sub function of attention

lesion studies in animals

-Brain areas intentionally damaged/removed Most commonly done with rodents and non-human primates -Many ethical issues Not always generalizable to human cognition

temperment

-Broad then personality -A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity - their shyness and their sociability. This is established before babies are exposed to environment and it is persistent as a person ages.

general intelligence theory

-Charles Spearman - g factor - used factor analysis to identify cluster of related abilities -the idea that one general factor underlies intelligence * Strength/ Evidence - theory is highly supported by evidence - Those who score high in one are also score highly in other areas - ex: scoring high in verbal intelligence correlated to high special reasoning. * Problems - Controversial -In reality, can one factor explain all of the diverse human abilities? - Limited in what it considers to be intelligence.

Pheromones

-Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species that triggers an innate response. Typical to animals and most particularly to insects. Linked to: -mating -fighting -communication eg: Dogs pee on trees.

Notochord formation

-Day 16, mesodermal cells migrate from primitive node of primitive streak to form the mesodermal rod or notochord -Defines the longitudinal body axis and provides rigidity to the embryo

Agender

A person who identifies self as without gender

Deindividuation

A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values causes: - diffusion of responsibility - anonymity -emotional arousing activity

sampling bias

A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. - people there before are pushed out because they can't afford property anymore and it leads to greater inequality in cites

method of constant stimuli

A psychophysical method in which a number of stimuli with different intensities are presented repeatedly in a random order.

role strain

A single role involves multiple competing expectation that produces tension. Eg: A student struggles to find enough time to complete homework (expectation 1) and attend student government meetings (expectation 2).

sleep debt

A sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning. -infants (4-11 month) = at least 12 hours - preschool (age 3-5 years old) = at leas 10 hours sleep - school age child (age 6-13 years old) = at least 9 hours sleep -older adults = at least 7 hours sleep

Psychosocial Development Theory

-Erikson - proposed that personality/identity development occurs through one's entire lifespan. Each stage depends on overcoming a conflict, and success/failure at each stage affects overall functioning go theory. - 8 stages

delusion of control

-False belief that a person's will, thoughts, or feelings are being controlled by external forces. - ex: Someone is planting thoughts in my head.

narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. -occurs 1 in 2000 people

Ethnicity

A social division based on national origin, religion, language, nationality, and history.

Functional fixedness

-Inability to see a use for an object beyond its intended use. - prevents a problem solver from conceiving different uses or functions for an object. - ex: Using the edge of a coin to tighten a screw is an example of overcoming --- to solve a problem.

Normal memory decay: forgetting curve

-Initial rate of decay = fastest -rate of decay slows down over time - Ebbinghaus - German philosopher/ psychologist in 1800 was the first person to look at decay in human memory

Why is vitamin B1 (thiamine) important?

-It is important because it is responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates into glucose molecules, which body needs as a source of energy. - It is especially important for normal functioning of neurons

Pluralism

A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

cross-sectional study

A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.

appraisal theory

-Richard Lazarus states that one's evaluation of stimulus determines one's emotional response. -Stress arises less from physical events but more from the assessment/interpretation of those stresses.

gate control theory of pain

-Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall - non-painful input closes the "gates" to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system. Therefore, stimulation by non-noxious input is able to suppress pain. -"Fast blocks slow"

modified semantic network model

-Shorter links to connect closely related concepts - Longer links for less closely related concepts - No hierarchical structure; based on person's experience

Sleep stage 2

-Sleep spindles = first of rapid brain activity, ability to stay asleep through loud noises. - K complex = suppress cortical arousal and keeps you asleep. = memory consolidation (particularly declarative/explicit memory)

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. - motivated by what benefits society as a whole

rhodopsin

-a multimmeric protein with 7 discs, which contains a small molecule called retinal (11-cis retinal) which gets changed the shape from bent to straight when light hits (11-trans retinal) - when retinal changes shape, rhodopsin changes shape too which begins the cascade.

operational span testing

A task in which subjects are asked to perform a simple mathematical verification (e.g., 4/2 +1 = 3) and then read a word, with a recall test following some number of those verify/read pairs. The maximum number of words that can be recalled is the "operation span".

framing effect

Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated. ex: A. Save 200 people B. 1/3 chance to save 600 people and 2/3 chance to save 0 people OR A. Let 400 people die B. 1/3 chance no one dies and 2/3 chance 600 die Even though both motion As is the same thing you will more likely to choose option A in first example just because the way it is framed.

Reaction formation

Defense mechanism where someone says or does exact opposite of what they actually want/feel - ex: a person who doesn't like immigrants might start to volunteer at an immigration center.

dependent stressor

Depressed person would be expected to experience a greater number of stressful events that he or she influences - depends on your own actions and emotions

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition - From American Psychiatric Association (APA) - 20 top level categories

Pre-conventional (Kholberg moral development)

Direct consequences to individuals 1.Obedience and punishment = I.Avoiding punishment by authority. Ex: I am not going to steal because I will get spanked. 2. Self-interest= expecting equal exchange to further own self-interest. Ex: I will help you if you help me.

substance induced disorders

Disorders, such as intoxication, that can be induced by using psychoactive substances. (immediate effect of the substance) Examples: - manis = high mood - depression = low mood -disorders related to anxiety, sleep, sexual function - psychosis (loss of contact with reality, characterized by seeing things, hearing voices, becoming paranoid)

Past-in-present discrimination

Even if discrimination done in the past is no longer allowed, can still have consequences for people in the present. -ex: when white and black kids had to attend ti different schools because of discrimination. Now, when they are allowed to go to the same school black kids still feel discriminated against.

Hyperreflexia

Exaggerated reflex response - very high kicking of knee muscle during knee jerk

Feminist theory

Examines gender inequality in society Macro and micro

Lazarus Theory

Experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labelled. We label the situation, which then leads to emotional and physiological response simultaneously. ** Event --> Appraise (label) --> Emotion and physiological response (simultaneously)

Stroop Effect

Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.

Types of long-term memory

Explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative)

ESTJ (Carl Jung)

Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging

anterior pituitary hormones

FLAT - PEG -F = FSH (follicle stimulating hormone ) -L= LH (luetnizing hormone) -A = ACTH ( adrennocortictropic hormone) - T = TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) -P = Prolactin -E= endorphin -G = GH (growth hormone)

Gonads Ovaries (Female) and Testes (Male)

FSH/LH stimulation releases sex hormones (progesterone/ estrogen (females) and testosterone (male))

Vicarious emotions

Feeling the emotions of others as though they are one's own, in order to learn from the successes and mistakes of others through observation

mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

Always-on generation

Generation: 2004 - Present

McDonaldization

George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency by producing negative consequences Eg: Control increases automation but reduces the need for a skilled workforce.

Confidence Interval (CI)

Given a sample from a population, the CI indicates a range in which the population mean is believed to be found. Usually expressed as a 95% CI indicates that if sample population was sampled countless times and CIs were calculated each time, the resulting intervals would contain the true population value in approximately 95 % of the cases.

3 month milestones

Holds head and Shoulders up in prone position

4 years old

Hop on one foot (one foot yoga position )

Geographic proximity

How close one area was to another - nearness is the most powerful predictor of friendship and relationship

hindsight bias

I knew it all along phenomenon; the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Thomas Theorem

If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. In other words, individual's response or reaction to a situation is the result of her perception of the situation. Our actions are based on our perception of reality.

Law of Past Experiences

Implies that under some circumstances visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience.

zone of proximal development

In Vygotsky's theory, the link between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction

Gastrulation

In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula. - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Denial

Inability or refusal to recognize unacceptable thoughts/behavior (eg: insisting one is. to angry when actually angry)

Genes

Individual units of heredity. Segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that are capable of synthesizing a protein

swimming reflex

Infant's tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when lying face down in a body of water -disappears around 6 month

Retrieval of memory

Information access from memory

James-Lange theory

Interpretation of physiological changes that make us be aware about emotions . Event --> physiological response/change --> Interpretation of that physiological change --> emotion -Ex: A man who is allergic to bees, encounter a bee. The man's heart beat increases, he starts sweating, and he interprets these physiological changes as the emotion of fear.

INFP (Carl Jung)

Introversion, Intuition, feeling, perception *Acronym: I need the feeling of pain

Chi-square

Involves categorical variables. Looks at 2 distributions of categorical data to see if they differ from each other. - alternative hypothesis vs. null hypothesis

Context-dependent (environment) effects

It is easier to retrieve a memory while in the same physical environment as when the memory was encoded. memory encoded at the library is easier to recall at the library and harder to recall in a classroom.

State-dependent (mood)effects

It is easier to retrieve memory while in the same mood when the memory was encoded. memory encoded during a happy mood is easier to recall during happy mood and harder to recall during sad mood

dual coding hypothesis

It's easier to remember words associated with images than either one alone.

task similarity

It's harder to multitask with similar tasks - ex: Listening to radio or listening to radio while writing a paper.

Treisman's Attenuation Theory

Sensory register--> attenuator--> perceptual process --> Conscious - Instead of complete selective filter, have an attenuator - weakens but doesn't completely eliminate input from unattended ear. Then some gets to perceptual processes, so still assign meaning to stuff in unattended ear, just not high priority. Then switch if something important.

Broadbent's early selection theory

Sensory register-> selective filter -> perceptual process -> conscious - Some problems: if you completely completely filter out unattended info, you should not be able to identify your own name in unattended ear, but you can as explained by Cocktail party effect.

deutch and deutch's late selection theory

Sensory register->perceptual process->selective filter-> conscious - Some problems: the whole process has to occur quickly. Why would the brain put effort of assigning meaning to things first which you will not even need. - Acronym: The Dutch pay attention (perceptualize) to EVERYTHING

Problem-solving method: Trial and error

Series of potential solutions attempted until desires results achieved. -Time consuming -unsystematic

Foraging behavior

Set of behaviors through which animals obtain food. A social behavior. Animals optimize this to maximize the energy available through food and to minimize the energy expenditure involved in obtaining it.

Incipient Stage of Social Movement

Stage of social movement where the public takes notice of the situation that they consider to be a problem

factitious disorder

Symptoms or illness are intentionally fabricated without obvious external gain. - ex: disability benefits

Displacement

Taking out unacceptable thoughts/behaviors on a safe target (eg: punching a pillow when angry at parents)

Malthusian Theory

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically

methods of limits

Stimuli presented with intensity either increasing or decreasing - Present tone that can hear than keep decreasing until no longer heard (crossover point) - Start next trial below threshold and then increase until heard - Repeat multiple times so have multiple crossover points to use to calculate true threshold

Problem solving method: Heuristics

Strategy or shortcut yielding approximate results -Fast -Potentially error-prone

partial report technique

Study by Sterling found that iconic memory has a large capacity after asking participants to recall 3 rows of 4 letters based on a different tone for each line. - 75 % of the entire visual display was accessible to memory

social epidemiology

Subfield of epidemiology that focuses on the effect of social factors on individual and population health. - social factors: neighborhood, community, social network which can negatively impact health, including income and education disparities, unemployment, and food quality/availability

Misleading information

Supplying information that may lead a witness' memory for a crime to be altered -ex. participants watched a traffic safety video. After the video, participants were asked questions on what happened and the key question was " How fast were the cars going when they hit each other" . The participants who got the question that said "smashed" than "hit" were more likely to say that there was glass on the ground even though there was not.

optimism bias

The belief that bad things happen to other people but not to us

Non-material culture (symbolic culture)

The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

target characteristics of persuasion

The characteristics of the person receiving the message, such as self-esteem, intelligence, mood, and other personal factors

Alertness

The default state of consciousness--> most people are generally alert when awake

Social potency trait

The degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in social situations. Common in twins raised separately.

cultural imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another.

Neurulation

The first step in the development of the nervous system

camouflage

The hiding of something as a result of its appearance

cribriform plate

The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.

conduction aphasia

The inability to conduct between listening and speaking is disrupted which makes them unable to repeat things even though they understand what is being said.

Embryoblast

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst, which is the developing human organism. (Blastulation)

Existential self

The most basic part of self concept. It is the sense of being separate and distinct from others. Awareness that the self is constant throughout life.

Agonist

Normal or enhanced cell function.

inclusive fitness

The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring. = direct fitness + indirect fitness

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

The total number of live births per year for every 1000 woman of childbearing age in a population

disengagement theory

The view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal, and passivity.

Post-Conventional (Kholberg moral development)

Own ethical principle 5. Social contract or legalistic orientation = maximizing benefit for largest number of people. Ex: It is ok to break a law if it saves a life. 6. Universal Ethical principle orientation = following own ethical principle of justice above all else. ex: I take actions against laws violating basic human rights.

averageness and attractiveness

Perceptual Fluency = the ease of processing thus something more average gives ease to classify and makes more positive emotions Cue for genetic quality: Face averageness is associated to health Familiarity = attraction

Maternal Mortality Rate

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

external locus of control

Outcome of events are due factors beyond their control, such as luck, fate or powerful others. -Lower self-esteem - Feeling more stressed -Lesser need for achievement and academic success - Certain psychological symptoms (eg: depression and feelings of hopelessness) in extreme cases

public conformity

Outwardly changing behaviors to align with group, but maintaining inner core beliefs

group meetings

Therapy done in a group where people do acceptance (acknowledge you can't control on your own and that you have a problem), surrender, then group meetings.Are sometimes 12 step programs.

Palmer Grasp Reflex

Touch a babies hand and it'll automatically close really strong. - lasts about 3-4 month and after that child is able to grasp things voluntary

Vehicular control

Type of experimental control that determines what experimental group does without the directly desired impact

Techniques of Humanistic therapy

Unconditional positive regard and empathy which are used to encourage client to reach full potential.

psychoanalytic behavior

Unconscious conflicts between impulses and social restraints

corticobulbar tract

Upper motor neuron starts in cerebral cortex , axon travels down the brainstem and synapses both sides of the brain stem containing lower motor neuron. - this is only if the lower motor neuron is located in the brain stem not in the spinal cord.

corticospinal tract

Upper motor neuron starts in cerebral cortex , axon travels down through the brainstem, and where it meets the spinal cord most of theses axons cross and travel down the other side until the reach lower motor neuron in the spine. - cross over occurs when the lower motor neuron is located in the spinal cord.

Subculture

Values and norms do not oppose the dominant culture, although group is characteristically distinct. Eg: Doctors using medical jargon when communicating with other doctors.

magnocellular pathway

Visual pathway specialized for motion and localization, "flows" along top part of cortex - motion - Rods responsible

environmental burden

Waste facilities, factories, energy production, transportation facilities. High poverty and racial minorities live in these areas.

exogenous/external cues

We don't have to tell ourselves to look in order for these cues to capture our attention. Ex. Bright colors, loud noise, "pop out effect" - driven by bottom- up or external events

Tokenism

When a single member of a minority group is present in an office, workplace, or classroom and is seen as a representative of that minority group rather than as an individual

Experimental bias

When researcher deliberately or inadvertently influence their study, often leading to results that confirm what the researcher was expecting.

projection bias

When we assume others share the same beliefs we do

Problem solving method: Algorithms

Precise logical or mathematical rule yielding exact results. Step by step process that will solve the problem. -Accurate -systematic -time-consuming

Social status

Prestige, which is favorable reputation among others in society. -ex: certain careers (physician), personal characteristics (attractiveness), and achievements (winning an Olympic gold medal)

Gestalt Principles

Principles that describe the brain's organization of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns.

implicit (nondeclarative) memory

Procedural and emotional

Illness experience

Process of being ill and how people cope with illness. Can change a person's self identity

Serial processing

Processing one piece of information at a time. Eg: memorizing a list item by item.

Ludwig Gumplowicz

Proposed that society is shaped by war and conquest, and that cultural and ethnic conflicts lead to certain groups becoming dominant over other groups.

filliform papillae

Provide friction but do not contain taste buds. -central part of the tongue

Racial formation theory

Race is a social construct, with no basis in actual genetic differences

Endogenous Cues/ Internal Cues

Require internal knowledge to understand the cue and the intention to follow it Ex. A mouse arrow, would need internal arrow of what an arrow is to follow it and to know it's not just a random line. -driven by top-down or internal events, i.e. the cocktail party effect. -eg: in a big party you are having a conversation and the all of the sudden you hear your name from the other side of the room, you immediately turn your head no matter how focused you were on something else. The reason for this is the meaning of your name that draw your attention.

quasi-experimental design

Research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups.

personality disorders

are characterized by inflexible and long lasting patterns of thoughts, and behaviors that differ markedly from social norms and cause functional impairment. - generally groped in clusters: *Cluster A = odd/eccentric (weird) Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal *Cluster B = intense emotional/ relationship problems (wild) Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic * Cluster C = anxious/ avoidant/ obsessive (worried) Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-compulsive

Ghettoes

areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually due to social or economic inequities

intersectionality theory

argues that people hold several statuses simultaneously (race, gender, sexual orientation) which must be considered together in order to understand individuals overall perspective and experience

door-in-the-face technique

asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment

Steric theory of olfaction (shape theory)

asserts that odors fit into receptors similar to a lock-and-key.

ascribed status

assigned social position (eg: race)

insula and basal ganglia

associated with disgust

Extrinsic motivation

associated with rewards or obligated behaviors. Tp do something based on external reward (like money or fame)

Semantic

association of meaning with a word. - broad meaning of each word, phrase, sentence, or text.

Bipolar I

at least one manic episode

Suspensory ligaments of eye

attached to a ciliary muscle. These two things together form the ciliary body, what secrets the aqueous humor.

implicit bias

attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple - disappears after the first few weeks of the infants life and eventually the infant turns his/her head voluntary

learned behavior

a behavior that has been learned from experience or observation

innate behavior

a behavior that is inherited rather than learned. They are subject to genetic change through mutations and recombination and natural selection, just like any physical trait would be. - 3 categories: reflexes, orientation behaviors, fixed-action pattern (FAP)

Xenocentrism

a belief that another culture is superior to one's own

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment Eg: Belief: I am bad at chemistry impacts expectations (I will not do well on the chemistry test) which then influence behavior (not studying). The results (failing the test) then reinforce the belief.

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes (stereopsis)

olfactory bulb

a brain structure (bundle of nerves) located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes

arcuate fasciculus

a bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; damage causes conduction aphasia - present in deaf people also who know sign language. It is not specific to spoken language

Binet's idea of mental age

a child was given a mental age, which corresponded to how well they did compared to other students of various ages. For example, if one of Callie's students does as well as the average eight-year-old on the intelligence test, they would have a mental age of eight years old.

cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

self-report study

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

Personality

a complex set of characteristics that makes you unique. It is believed to be constant over a person's lifetime.

bureaucratization

a complicated organized system; rules and regulations - ex: customer service: now move through 12 menu options before reaching someone to help you.

gender dysphoria

a condition listed in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder"

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

a condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety. **Characterized by: - Hyperorality = you put things in your mouth a lot - hyper sexuality -disinhibits behavior = ignore social conventions, act very impulsively, you do not consider the risks of your behavior

dominant culture

a culture that expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the society members

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event (stress from life experiences)

obssesive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by recurrent obsession, (increase anxiety), and compulsion (to relive anxiety)

cyclothymic disorder

a disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Cheyene-Stokes breathing

a distinct pattern of breathing characterized by quickening and deepening respirations followed by a period of apnea

slum

a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions - most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water

Push Factor (Emigration)

a factor that induces people to leave old residences

aversive conditioning

a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus - pairing smoking with electric shock

neural tube

a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

a group of alcohol-related birth defects that include physical and mental problems that is directly related to alcohol consumption during pregnancy

syndrome

a group of symptoms (patterns of abnormalities)

in-group

a group to which an individual identifies and belongs.

absolute poverty

a lack of resources that is life-threatening

metropolis

a large city - have over 500 000 people

social sanctions

a mechanism of social control that enforces norms (fines, jail time).

method of adjustment

a method of limits in which the subject controls the change in the stimulus

Elaboration Likelihood Model for persuasion (ELM)

a model of persuasion maintaining that there are two different routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli (what you hear); if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli (what you see) - lasts less than half a second

Depression

a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, low self-worth and self-esteem, fatigue, lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities, loss of motivation, changes in sleep pattern, changes in appetite, body aches and lack of pleasure (anhedonia), thoughts about death or suicide - serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and neuroplasticity are associated with this - abnormalities in frontal lobe (decreased activity) and limbic structure (increased activity) - 5-HTTLPR gene associated with depression but ONLY if the individual is in stressful environment

acrosome reaction

a necessary and irreversible step in fertilization, which is triggered by sperm receptor, in which the sperm's and ovum's membranes fuse and the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida.

stepping reflex

a neonatal reflex in which an infant lifts first one leg and then the other in a coordinated pattern like walking - disappears at the first 2 months

reticular formation

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal. - filter (information that is coming to the spinal cord part of is filtered by this organ) - sleep and awake cycle (arousal) - plays a role in our ability to be wake and alert of our surroundings. - damage of this area may result in falling into coma ** If someone tickled you while you were asleep this organ will alert you.

Choroid

a network of blood vessels that help nourish the retina. -Pigmented black.

Hippocampus

a neural structure that is part of limbic system and is involved in: -memory formation (helps to convert your short term memory into a long term memory: STM-->LTM) -learning and recall - if this organ is damaged people are not able to make new long term memories but already formed long term memories are intact

Prosopagnosia

a neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize the faces of familiar people

Synthestasia

a neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

Neustress

a neutral type of stress. It happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn't actively or directly affect you.

Schema (memory)

a packet of knowledge about an event, person or place that influences how we perceive and remember - mental models (framework)

Parvocellular pathway (P pathway)

a pathway characterized by the retinal ganglion cells known as midget retinal ganglion cells - shape and color - cones responsible

hypomanic episode

a period of elated mood not as extreme as a manic episode that lasts at least 4 consecutive days

Role-playing effects

a person acting out a role is likely to internalize the attitudes associated with that role

Anxious avoidance (maladaptive coping mechanism)

a person avoids anxiety provoking situations by all means

Believe perservance

a person holds a belief about something even when confronting strong evidence is presented. - ex: learn but ignore or rationalize bad things that you hear about the candidate you are supporting during an election.

Hypochondriac (Illness Anxiety Disorder)

a person obsessed with health; - worrying excessively that you are or may become seriously ill.

scapegoat

a person or group that bears the blame for another

Overt orienting of attention

a person turns all or part of body to alter or maximize the sensory impact of an event

categorical self

a person's classification of the self along socially significant dimensions such as age and gender - comes after existential self. - as we get older we categorize ourselves with more developed categories such as career

Bystander effect

a phenomenon whereby individuals are less likely to help someone in need while in the presence of others. Diffusion of responsibility occurs which is the tendency for people in groups to assume someone else in the group will help. ** The more people available to help, the LONGER it takes for anyone to help.

Eustress

a positive stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating. It is usually enjoyable. - ex: News about a natural disaster on the other side of the world may be very stressful, but your body doe not perceive that stress as good or bad for you so you are not affected.

null hypotheis

a prediction that there is no relationship between your variables (opposite to alternative hypothesis)

Peter Principle

a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence - they remain at a position because they are not good enough at the job to get promoted any further.

Iron Rule of Oligarchy/iron triangle

a principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals

sexual dysfunction

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

ill-defined problem

a problem that has more ambiguous starting and ending.You will try to solve the problem but you do not know what the outcome is going to be. Ex: How to live a happy life?

well-defined problem

a problem that have clear starting and ending point. - Ex: how to light the room that is currently dark. (You know that if you turn the switch on the room will be light- clear starting and ennding).

synaptic pruning

a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost

Parkison's disease

a progressive neurodegenerative disease (motor abnormalities) caused by death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain (mesencephalon).

Gustducin

a protein associated with the sensation of taste

ethnographic study

a qualitative method for the scientific study of human social phenomena using observations and interviews. This study studies people own natural environment (within their own communities) and provide descriptive information about the cultures, behaviors, norms and values in a given geographic location.

Content analysis

a qualitative technique used to examine the text and images involved in human communication. It is used to assess one-on-one verbal communication, such as interview transcripts, or more widespread from of communication, such as on line content.

basal forebrain

a region, ventral to the basal ganglia, that is the major source of acetylcholine in the brain - Major cholinergic output of the CNS

Meditation

a relaxation technique whereby individuals regulate their awareness and attention which may improve mental clarity and emotional calmness . -more alpha waves than normal relaxation on light meditation -deep meditation may increase theta waves in brain - increased activity in prefrontal cortex, right hippocampus, and right anterior insula (increased attention control) - can help people with ADHD or aging

Iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

partial reinforcement schedule

a schedule in which reinforcement is delivered only some of the time after the response has occurred Fixed- ratio, variable ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval (Best for maintaining already conditioned behaviors with continuous reinforcement)

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

a set of efferent neurons that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control - smooth muscles - cardiac muscles - Gland cells * 2 branches: - sympathetic (SNS) - parasympathetic (PNS)

basal ganglia

a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements (substantial nigra is part of it)

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings (not getting enough oxygen just wake up long enough to grasp for air and fall back asleep without realizing) - 1 in 200 - can happen 100x/night -don't get enough Stage 3 and 4 (slow wave sleep) -snoring is an indication or fatigue in the morning after full night of sleep

Dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes and interferences with daily life.

Race

a socially defined category based on physical differences such as skin color and hair type between groups of people.

receptor

a specialized nerve

Linear regression

a statistical method used to fit a linear model to a given data set

t-test

a statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means

Conflict theory

a struggle for limited resources and inequality is based on social classes Macro: Karl Marx, Max Weber

internal reliability

a study participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the researcher has phrased the question - extent to which a measure is consistent within itself

sample survey

a study that asks questions of a sample drawn from some population in the hope of learning something about the entire population - based on current data

nucleus accumbens

a subcortical structure is part of reward pathway in the brain

Prodrome

a symptom indicating an approaching disease

Meritocracy

a system in which class movement is solely based on individual's skills, talent or achievement - birth/ parental background doesn't matter - extreme social mobility - equal opportunity

extinction burst

a temporary increase in the frequency and intensity of responding when extinction is first implemented - ex: pigeon keep pecking on the button for food again and agin until he stops as there is no reward present.

continuity theory

a theory focusing on how people adjust to retirement by continuing aspects of their earlier lives

mass society theory

a theory of social movements that assumes people join not because of the movement's ideals but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves - popular during the times of Nazism, Fascism, Stalinism

age stratification theory

a theory which states that members of society are stratified by age, just as they are stratified by race, class, and gender

somatosensory homunculus

a topological map of the body in the brain. -sensory information from different parts of the body ends up in different ares of somatosensory homunculus (ex. information from the wrist and finger will not end up in the same place of the map)

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a trauma- and stressor- related disorder that can arise after exposure to trauma, an event that resulted or almost resulted in death of serious injury. Diagnoses require: -hyperarousal (exaggerated startle response, insomnia) intrusive symptoms (nightmare, flashbacks) -avoiding reminders of the trauma and negative thought and moods

reconstructive bias

a type of bias related to memory: we may not remember as accurately when under high amounts of stress

bipolar 2 disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes (depression)

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

a type of cognitive therapy, developed by Aaron Beck, in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking

Imitation

a type of individual social influence, one of the most basic social behavior. Begins to understand that there is a difference between others and ourself.

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events ex: 1. carrot (unconditioned stimulus) ---> excitement of guinea pig (unconditioned response ) We also have the refrigerator door as neutral stimulus. 2. refrigerator door becomes conditioned stimulus and guinea pig excitement becomes conditioned response because it is a learned behavior.

mediating variable

a variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables (independent and dependent)

Freudian slip

a verbal mistake that is thought to reveal an unconscious belief, thought, or emotion ex: a financially stresses patient tells the doctor, " Please don't give me any bills - meant any pills.

megalopolis

a very large, heavily populated city or urban complex. - if many metropolises are connected

dramaturgical approach

a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers

Crystalized intelligence

ability to apply established skills and knowledge. -remans relatively unchanged and even increases with age (to a point)

cocktail party effect

ability to attend to only one voice among many -Endogenous cue: when someone calls your name and you turn (meaning of name draws attention)

fluid intelligence

ability to creatively solve new problems and see new patterns. -Declines with aging

Power

ability to exert control over the actions of others - ex: certain careers (politician) and accomplishments (a large social media following)

Parasonias: Sleep-wake disorder

abnormal functions of the nervous system during sleep, while falling asleep or when rousing from sleep. - ex: somnambulism (sleepwalking) and night terrors - common in children

Bipolar and related disorders

abnormal negative mood, but may have periods of abnormally positive mood (mania)

Pedophilia

abnormal sexual desire in adults for children

Lower motor neuron signs

abnormalities that can occur in the motor unit that will cause : - muscle weakness - atrophy of skeletal muscle (shrinking) - fasciculation (involuntary twitches of skeletal muscle) - hypotonia (decrease in tone of skeletal muscle - how much muscle is contracted when person is relaxed) hyporeflexia (decrease muscle stretch reflex)

manic episode

abnormally elevated mood and abnormally increased energy lasting at least 7 consecutive days. - this episode is sever enough to cause impairment in functioning or to require hospitalization

Extrinsic (learned) behavior

absent when animals are raised in isolation -ex: social skills

analytical intelligence (Robert Sternberg)

academic abilities or the ability to solve well-defined problems

Two neurotransmitters that are found in peripheral nervous system

acetylcholine and norepinephrine - acetylcholine = it is the neurotransmitter released by lower motor neurons that synapses on skeletal muscles. - acetylcholine is also involved in the function of autonomic nervous system = most of the neurons in ANS release acetylcholine and smaller portion of the neurons in ANS release Norepinephrine

weaker genetic traits

achievement, closeness - Specific genes that relate to personality, people with longer dopamine-4 receptor gene are more likely to be thrill seekers. - just because you have gene doesn't mean you'll express it - depends on environment as well.

Non-inherited (learned) Behavior

acquired only through observation/experience

achieved status

acquired social position (eg: doctor)

Short term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten -Duration = 20 seconds Capacity = 7+/- 2 items

practice

activities well practices become automatic process or things occur without need for attention.

Distal stimuli

actual object/events in the environment - eg: a tree

Components of Attitude

affective, cognitive, behavioral

Post-term gestation

after week 42

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

maladaptive coping strategies

aggression; indulging ourselves by eating drinking, smoking, using drugs, spending money, or sleeping too much; or using defense mechanisms

random mating

all individuals within a species are equally likely to mate with each other. Mating not influenced by environment/heredity or any behavioral/social imitations. - ensures a large amount of genetic diversity

Thrichromatic Theory of Color Vision

all the colors that we perceive is because we can combine three colors - 60% red, 30% green, and 10% blue This is true at the level of the retina

Regression Statistics

all variables examined are continuous, degree of dependency between one variable and the other

directed attention

allows attention to be focused sustainably on a single task

class system

allows for degree of social mobility, combination of background and movement, often by education. -Less stability than Cast system

Awake/Relaxed Stage

alpha waves

Humanistic therapy

also known as "person-centered therapy" Attempts to empower individual to move towards self-actualization and personal growth

Psychoanalytic therapy

also known as "talk therapy" Attempts to uncover how uncurious conflicts rooted in childhood shape behaviors

Episodic memory

also known as autobiographic memory -experiences -events

top-down processing

also known as conceptually driven processing, is guided by information, belief, or ideas already stored in our brain. Example: Seeing water hose and thinking that to be a snake This processing goes from general to specific.

External validity

also known as generalizability is concerned to the extent at which results can be applied to the other situations (outside of situations) or people (eg: population).

Stereotype boost

also known as lift, occurs when positive stereotype about social groups cause improved performance. Eg: "Asians are good at math" reminder of this stereotype before math test tend to show better performance in math test over the Asians who were not reminded about the performance

Liberal strategy (signal detection theory)

always say yes, even if you get false alarms.

Life table/mortality table

an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror and intense fear - panic attacks: sudden, intense * symptoms: - repeated, uncontrollable and unpredictable panic attacks

actor-observer bias

an attributional bias in which a person attributes their own actions to external factors (being busy) but action of others to internal factors (patient being lazy not to exercise)

self-serving bias

an attributional bias that occurs when an individual credit their success to internal factors but blame their failures to external factors.

Fundamental attributional error

an attributional bias which blame others' behavior on internal instead of external factors (they are lazy)

halo-effect

an attributional error that occurs when a physically attractive individual is also assumed to have other positive qualities (intelligence, kindness)

World systems theory

an economic theory of globalization that views the world as a global economy where some countries benefit at the expense of others.

The McGurk effect

an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory - can occur by 2 mechanism: 1. an increase in the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron 2. an increase in the number of receptors in the postsynaptic neuron

Mania

an indicative of bipolar disorder, is characterized by -increased energy or agitation -flight of ideas (rapid thoughts) -feeling of grandiosity (unrealistic feeling of superiority) -reduce need for sleep -distractibility -impulsive and reckless behavior

Gender-fluid or Genderqueer

an individual whose gender identity is neither male nor female, is between or beyond genders, is some combination of genders, or moves fluidly between the binary male and female genders

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need like food, water, sexual activity.

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

glass ceiling effect

an invisible barrier limiting career advancement of women and minorities

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

the phi phenomenon

an optic illusion in which a series of still photographs presented in rapid succession appear to be moving. - it is associated with emotion but not depths

Buttom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information -From specific to general

Macula

anatomical region on retina that contains fovea

solitary foraging

animal looks for food by itself - ex: tigers do this

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

social dysfunction

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

response bias (survey bias)

anything in a survey design that influences responses

sensory strip

band running down the side of the parietal lobe that receives all the sensory information from the body

affinal kinship

based on marriage -ex: spouses

Pre-term gestation period

before week 37

Situational attribution

behavior caused by external factors

Dispositional attribution

behavior caused by internal factors

Prototype Willingness Model (PWM)

behavior is a function of 6 things: 1. past behavior 2. attitudes 3. subjective norms 4. our intentions 5. our willingness to engage in a specific type of behavior 6. models/prototyping

Behavioral component of attitude

behaviors related to object (action) ex: I voted for candidate Y.

Cognitive component of attitude

beliefs about an object (thoughts, beliefs, opinions) ex: I think candidate Y is qualified

conflict theory of deviance

believe that a society's inequalities are reproduced in its definitions of deviance, so the less powerful are more likely to be criminalized

Awake/Alert

beta waves

companionship support

between friends, reliance on each other as companions in social activities - type that gives someone sense of social belonging

posterior chamber of eye

between iris and lens, filled with aqueous humor

At which weeks do embryogenesis and organogenesis happen?

between week 2 - 10

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

blocks the reuptake of serotonin from synaptic cleft into presynaptic neuron

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

fusiform gyrus

brain area of the inferior temporal cortex that recognizes faces - high level visual processing and recognition

cognitive economy principle

brain is efficient how long it takes people to verify correct vs. incorrect statements but issue: people organize pigs as animals more than pigs as mammals

Identity development theory

by James Marcia evaluates the psychological progress of individuals based on their level of commitment and degree of exploration yielding 4 identity statuses: 1. Identity diffusion 2. Identity foreclosure 3. Identity moratorium 4. Identity achievement

ill heath magnet

can also drag people away, can't participate in society

MDMA (ecstasy)

can be *stimulant: - greatly increases dopamine and serotonin and leads to a feeling of euphoria. - can lead to depletion of serotonin as it is being produced excessively - once the drug is gone the absence of serotonin may result in permanent depression (mood) or *hallucinogen: - hallucinations - artificial connectedness and intimacy - potentially see things that are there in a different way

Auto-communication

can give information to themselves. Ex. bats and echolocation and this allows them to gain information about the environment

Resistance stage (GAS) Stage 2

can last for hours (exercise), days (final exam), months (preparing for the MCAT). During this stage, the body attempts to resist the stressor and establish a new equilibrium. -Increased resistance stress

reinforcement modeling

can lead to aggression through positive reinforcement. Parents who give into demands of temper tantrum leads to more tantrums

Micro-culture

can't support people throughout their lifespan, refers to groups/organizations only affecting limited period of one's life. Ex. Girl scouts, college sororities, boarding school.

Adaptable (learned) behavior

capable of being modified in response to changing conditions

acrosome of sperm

carries hydrolytic enzymes that help digest the exterior coats of the egg.

positive priming

causes an increase in speed or accuracy of the response to the test stimulus

Weak Self Efficacy

challenges are beyond capabilities, low confidence, focuses on negatives

demographic transition

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

intergenerational mobility

changes in social class between generations - ex: Parent is working class and the son is upper class.

Cultural evolution

changes of human values, practices, and or beliefs that are NOT due to genes.

source characteristics of persuasion

characteristics of the person who delivers a persuasive message, such as attractiveness, credibility, and certainty

Capsaicin

chemical that stimulates receptors that respond to pain

abuse through neglect

child's basic needs aren't met lack of supervision, poor nutrition, insufficient clothing

Inner ear

cochlea and semicircular canals

Vygotsky (language)

cognition and language develop independently, merging later

Universalism (language)

cognition controls language - first comes cognition than language

Piaget (language)

cognition influences language

social cognitive behavior

cognitive expectations, social learning/modeling

Complex behavior

combination of innate and learned behavior. Relationship between genes and environment in adaptation. Can be a spectrum, most behaviors fit between innate and learned.

Histrionic personality disorder

commonly known as a dramatic personality disorder - exaggerated emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors - Cluster B

Role conflict

competing expectation for two or more roles that creates tension. Eg: A student (role 1) who is employed part-time (role 2) struggles to find enough time to complete homework and work late hours.

tastants

compounds that stimulate the gustatory hairs to send nerve impulses to the brain

Sleep-Wake Disorders

conditions marked by disturbed sleep causing distress and/or impaired functioning. - 2 categories: parasomnias and dyssomnias

double approach-avoidance conflict

conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

Selective Mutism

consistent failure to speak in certain social situations, but the individual is developmentally normative in terms of their language and communication ability

mixed neurons

contain both sensory and motor neurons

Parietal lobe

contains -somatosensory cortex (touch, pressure, pain) - spatial manipulation= proprioception (orient in 3D - ex. where is the coffee cup located)

internal capsule

contains many important pathways, including the corticospinal tract

Grey matter

contains most neural somas (cell body) - inside of spinal cord - outside of brain

White matter

contains myelinated axons -outside of spinal cord - inside of the brain

Middle ear

contains three ossicles -malleus -incus -stapes

Anti-Malthusians

contemporary researchers who believe the population boom Malthus witnessed was a temporary, historically specific phenomenon and worry instead that the worldwide population may shrink in the future

substance use disorder

continued substance craving and use of drug causes a serious /real degree of impairment in functioning in life, at work, school, or home. * caffeine - only drug for which we can't develop this disorder.

simple traits

controlled by a single gene - Mendeslian monogenic inheritance patterns - ex: eye color or hair color

Transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

nature vs nurture issue

correlational study of identical twins for testing their intelligence and identify of intelligence is due to genes or environment they were raises. ** both nature and nurture have impact on intelligence - identical twins raised together in the same environment = strongest correlation and IQ score - identical twins raised separate = still have high correlation but not as high (suggesting some environmental impact on intelligence) - Fraternal (dizygotic) twins raised together = even lower correlation (suggesting that there is also a genetic component that impacts intelligence)

rural

countryside -anywhere less than 1000 people per square mile - has to have less than 25,000 residents -ex: farm country or Alaska

high culture

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite - exist in the highest class segment of society

social script

culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations

Snowball smapling

current participant assisting to find new participants by providing contact information of their friends and families.

high standard deviation

data is loosely spread over a range of values

low standard deviation

data is tightly clustered around the mean

Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

decreases the breakdown of monamines by inhibiting monamine oxidase enzyme in presynaptic neuron.

Punishment

decreases the likelihood of behavior happening

Andrew Meltzoff is known for:

demonstrating infants' imitative abilities by suggesting that babies are born with a built-in capacity to imitate others.

labeled lines model of taste

each taste bud receptor has 5 axons which all send each dif taste to different parts of the gustatory cortex and they remain separate in the brain

relative poverty

economic standing compared to others (criteria dependent to economy)

cochlear implant

electronic transmitter surgically implanted into the cochlea of a deaf person to restore hearing - sound ->microphone( small hole located on the speech processor) -> transmitter -> receiver-> stimulator-> cochlea-> cochlea converts that electrical impulse into a neural impulse and sends it to the brain (temporal lobe)

Hypoventilation disorders

elevated partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood and decrease in oxygen - causes high sided heart failure

cingulate gyrus

emotional sensory input. - part of limbic system

Three components of emotion

emotions are subjective experiences that are accompanied by -physiological (changes in brain activity, neurotransmitter production, ANS function, -behavioral (body language or facial expressions) - cognitive (appraisals, expectations what is happening, and general thoughts about the experience)

social facilitation

enhancing performance of familiar/easy tasks in the presence of others - most dominant response for a particular behavior will be shown

cortical reaction (block to polyspermy)

enzymes prevent any other sperm from binding to the egg

cognitive bias

error in thinking that involves processing threatening information or interpreting ambiguous information negatively

Churches

established religious bodies in a larger society -ex: Roman Catholic Church

Modernization Theory

every country has a similar path in development from traditional to modern and todays third world countries can reach same development as todays first world countries with help over time.

negative emotions

evoke more activity in right cerebral cortex (right hemisphere) - Evidence: Videos of negative emotions = right hemisphere increased activity on EEG. More activity on right.

Positive emotions

evoke more activity of left side of cerebral cortex (left hemisphere) - Evidence: Videos of positive emotions = left hemisphere increased activity on EEG. More activity in the left hemisphere. -Evidence with children: Little kids playing in group - more social kids had more activity in the left hemisphere, and isolated kids more activity in the right hemisphere.

activation-synthesis hypothesis

explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods - our brain is trying to find meaning for this drams. In reality, they might not even have any meaning. - this is the opposite of Freud's theory of dream

esteem support

expressions of confidence/encouragement. - things people say to let you know they believe in you. - can come from family and friends but also from therapist

External reliability

extent to which a measure varies from one use to another

Somatic symptoms and Related disorders

extreme concern regarding one or more actual physical symptoms (fatigue, pain) - Must cause functional impairment. Stops them from going to school or enjoying life. These individuals have extreme levels of anxiety, and spend lots of time and spend lots of time and energy worrying about these symptoms.

Change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment from pervious stage to current stage. - ex: Don't notice when your mom gets a haircut. - Famous study done where a person asks a stranger in a big city to give directions. The person is swapped with another person and the direction giver does not notice that this was a different person that they we're now giving directions too.

Type 2 error

false negative (error)

Type 1 error

false positive (error)

means of production

farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

drowsiness

feeling sleepy half asleep

Affective component of attitude

feelings about an objects ex: I hate candidate X

Viterous chamber of eye

filled with vitreous humor, a jelly-like substance to provide pressure to eyeball and gives nutrients to inside of eyeball.

Primacy bias

first impression is more important than later data

Attention

focus/concentration on something at the exclusion of the other stimuli environment.

Behaviorism

focuses in the role that environment plays in shaping human behavior by: -reinforcement -punishment

Cognitive model (motivation)

focuses on our rational and decision making ability. - ex: just like a light bulb going off in our head

Types of norms

folkways, mores, taboos

Prevalence

fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

external (outer) ear

from pinna to tympanic membrane/eardrum (including tympanic membrane)

Consummate (innate) behavior

fully developed right away, at first performance. Not influenced by experience

Attraction

gender they are romantically attracted to

Fornication

gender they are sexually attracted to

Biological behavior

genetic predispositions, brain structure/function, evolution

cognitive distortions

getting trapped in negative thought pattern. When you continue to think about negative thoughts

Monarchy

government embodied by single person - king/queen is the figurehead

Democracy

government take into account the will of people

Mob

group of individuals who are emotional and violent, but target specific individuals or categories of individuals

Ganglia (ganglion)

groups of cell bodies in the PNS

Pons

handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing - waking and relaxing

Task difficulty

harder tasks require more focus. Ex: Texting while driving is more difficult (result in more accidents) than talking to a passenger in a car.

social identity theory

has 2 parts: - Personal identity = things unique to each person like personal traits - Social identity = includes the groups you belong to in your community.

Cities

have over 50 000 people.

Polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

sensoryneural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness

cultural liaison

helping groups from different cultures communicate and work with each other

reciprocal altruism

helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favor in the future

Nigrostriatal pathways (basal ganglia)

helps to maintain balance between direct and indirect dopaminergic pathways that have excitatory(direct) and inhibitory(indirect) affect on motor function

clinical trial

highly controlled interventional studies

learned helplessness theory

holds that depression occurs when people expect that bad events will occur and that there is nothing they can do to prevent them or cope with them

Biological factors for controlling food, sex, and drugs

hormones and brain regulates each drive by controlling them automatically and unconsciously

accommodation

how we adjust our current schemas to better incorporate new experiences. - sometimes it is necessary to develop new schemas to perceive a new information. -ex: box with star shape hole

Syntax

how words are put together in sentences. -How words are arranged to create grammatically correct sentences.

Optimism and stress

humor and optimism linked to decreased stress .

alternative hypothesis

hypothesis that is based on prior evidence and assumes that a significant relationship or difference exists between variables

Internalization (conformity)

idea/belief/behavior has been integrated into our own values. Stronger than other types of conformity. - ex: Me and my friends decide to go to gym because we want to be in shape this year. Then, I realize that exercise is important for my health. If my friends stop going to gym, I will still go because I internalized the idea of exercise being important for my health and it is part of my believes already.

monozygotic twins

identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo - share 100% of their genes

negative priming effect

if an ignored object suddenly becomes the attended object, then participants are slower at processing it

secondary appraisal

if primary appeals deemed the stressor as a threat, the individual evaluates whether resources are sufficient to cope with the stressor.

extensor plantar response (Babinski sign)

if you take a hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor - toes will come down on the object. But with extensor, toes extend up.

visual acutiy (VA)

image sharpness and clarity -cones are responsible for it

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

inherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme phenylanine hydroxylase (PAH). Because the enzyme is missing, amino acid phenylalanine does not get converted into tyrosine. A genetic condition that causes a build-up of phenylalanine which then causes problems with brain development.n - can be managed by a specific diet (phenylalanine-free diet)

temperament

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment and usually consistent throughout the life.

Cytotrophoblast

inner cellular layer of the trophoblast that maintain their unicellularity

Humanistic Behavior

inner drive towards growth and self-actualization

Hearing adaptation.

inner ear muscle: higher noise = muscle contract (this dampens vibrations in inner ear, protects ear drum.) Takes a few seconds to kick in! So does not work for immediate noises like a gun shot, but it works for being at a rock concert for an entire afternoon

Galton's idea of hereditary genius

intelligence is hereditary

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such - ex: public speaking, or asking someone on a date

Dysomnias: Sleep-wake disorders

interference with quality or time of sleep - difficulty falling or remaining asleep, or periods of excessive sleepiness during waking hours - ex: insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy - common in adults

Self-Stigma

internalization of social stigma; leading to denial, avoidance, isolation, etc

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas (understanding) -ex: box with three different holes (triangle, rectangle and circle). Once we get a new information we try to fit that information in already existing holes. But, if we encounter with a new shape of information (star shape), we can't fit that information in any of the existing whole. Now we have to do accommodation by either adding a new star shaped hole or creating a new box (schema) that will contain star shape.

fasciculation

involuntary twitches of muscles

neurodevelopmental disorders

involve distress/disability due to abnormality in development of nervous system. -Includes intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and ADHD.

Executive attention

involved in goal-directed behaviors, monitoring conflict between internal processes, and anticipating the effect of behavior. - Dopamine from ventral tagmental area (VTA) is associated with this attention.

Cortical cooling (Cryogenic blockade)

involves cooling down neurons until they stop firing -ex: Cryoloop = surgical implanted between skull and brain. Like other techniques, this technique is temporary and reversible

Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorders

involves distress/disability from psychosis. Psychosis involves delusion, hallucination. - disorganized thinking can occur - shrinking of frontal and temporal lobe - excess dopamine in Ventral tegmental area (somas of neurons that produce domaine are located here)

orienting attention

involves the capacity to change the focus of attention from one stimulus to another stimulus. This network is predominantly modulated by acetylcholine produced in the basal forebrain.

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

involves working with client to find intrinsic motivation to change. Very focus, goal directed therapy. Few sessions and can be a doorway for a client to engage in another treatment ( like CBT or group meetings).

somatic symptom disorder (SSD)

is a disorder characterized by extreme distress and concern regarding one or more actual bodily/physical symptoms.

life course approach

is a framework for understanding the cumulative impact of various psychologic, biological, and sociocultural factors on health across the life span.

standard deviation

is a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean.

Damage to Nigrostriatal pathways (basal ganglia)

is a result of destroyed dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which results in imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory pathway which result in uncontrolled muscle movement which is a sign of Parkinson disease

Anomie

is a state of formlessness that occurs when a society fails to provide individuals with norms and values to guide behavior

light

is an electromagnetic wave that contains everything from gamma to AM/FM waves

The Flynn effect

is an observation regarding the growth of IQ from one generation to the next.

left temporal sulcus

is associated with anger

Orbitofronal Cortex (OFC)

is associated with the processing of both positively and negatively balanced emotions - lowered activity on the right hemisphere = euphoria = lowered activity in right hemisphere = depression

peer pressure

is defined as the influence peers exert on other peers to conform to group norms. These groups are composed of individuals who are close in age and share certain traits (eg: attend the same school).

Study design: Qualitative

is exploration-focused, yields non-numerical data (eg: words) and inductively determines the presence of patterns and themes. Eg: How do students prepare for the MCAt?

Study design: Quantitative

is measurement-focused, yields numeric data and deductively tests a specific hypothesis More hours studying results in higher MCAT score.

Superego

is moralistic and idealistic, compelling us towards perfection -preconscious -morality/perfection principle

Pancrease

is not directly stimulated by pituitary gland - secrets insulin and glucagon that function to regulate blood sugar level

Ego

is realistic, compelling us to behave in ways that are socially acceptable. -conscious -reality principle -acts as mediator between id and superego - engages in defense mechanism to help reduce anxiety or other suffering - long term gratification

Id

is selfish, compelling us to seek pleasure and avoid pain. -pleasure principle - immediate gratification

Heptic perception

is the exploration of objects through touch, most often by the hand or fingers

joint attention

is the focusing of an object by two separate individuals

replacement rate fertility

is the number required to replace the two individuals required to create the 2 children. - TFR = 2 (population is stable ) - TFR above 2 (population is growing) - TFR below 2 (population is shrinking)

avaiability heuristic (decision making)

is the tendency to believe that if something is easily recalled from memory, it must be common or likely. - ex: assuming shark attacks are common after seeing one report on the news.

relearning effect

it will take less time to relearn material we previously encoded, even if we have "forgotten" what we learned previously

ethnnocentric

judging someone else's culture from the position of your own culture using our own cultural standards and norms. - viewing our own culture to be superior to that of others

consanguinal kinship

kin relations based on shared blood (biological relatedness) - ex: biological parents

Amotivation

lack of motivation

Linguistic determinism (language)

language controls cognition - language comes first

linguistic relativity (language)

language influences cognition

Mass Hysteria (Collective Behavior)

large number of people who experience unmanageable delusions and anxiety at the same time. Reactions spread rapidly and reach more population through rumors and fears. Often takes the form of panic reactions and negative news or potential threat.

cerbrum

largest part the brain, senses, learning, remembering, movement, personality

behavioral behavior

learning from the environment

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

Lewy body disease

less motor abnormalities from basal ganglia dysfunction and more cognitive dysfunction from loss of function from cerebral cortex

perceptual threshold

level of stimulus necessary to be aware of particular sensation

Opiates(natural)/Opioids (synthetic)

like depressants BUT is NOT a depressant. works on different mechanism at neurochemical level : -decrease CNS function -decrease HR/BP -cause relaxation -induce sleep (hence can be used to treat pain and anxiety * Analgesic = reduce perception of pain * eg: heroine, codeine, morphine, oxycodone - used to treat pain because they act at body's receptor sites for endorphins - different class than depressants, even though overlapping for anxiety, depressants act on GABA receptors, while opiates act on endorphin receptors. - leads to euphoria, if taken recreationally (highly addictive) - an opiate binds to opioid receptors by mimicking endorphins (body's natural pain reducers) - vasodilator and papillary constriction (papillary light reflects that constricts pupil in response to light) - die by respiratory failure

C. Robert Cloninger

linked personality to brain systems involved with reward, motivation, and punishment; proposed that personality is linked to the level of activity of certain neurotransmitters. Such as low dopamine correlates with higher impulsivity.

steriod hormones

lipid (fat-based) hormones - derived from cholesterol - as lipids these hormones have lipid like qualities: they are not charged and they can pass through the cell membrane - receptors are inside of the cell

Informative influence (conformity)

look to group for guidance when you don't know what to do, and ask what to do.

activity theory of aging

looks at how older generation looks at themselves. Certain activities or job loss, those social interactions need to be replaced so elderly can be engaged and maintain moral/well being.

environmental justice

looks at the fair distribution of the environmental benefits and environmental burden within society across all groups.

Weak ties

loose/flimsy connections, such as those between acquaintances

Kleinfelter's Syndrome

males with XXY sex chromosomes

connectome

map of neural connections in the brain

catatonic schizophrenia

marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity

Homogamy

marriage between individuals who are, in some culturally important way, similar to each other: socioeconomic status, class, gender, ethnicity or religion.

Endogamy

marriage between people of the same social group

Heterogamy

marriage between people with differing culturally

Exogomy

marriage outside one's social group

representativeness heuristic (decision making)

matching prototype that exists. Not thinking about an exact memory but thinking of a prototype - ex: assuming a woman dresses in scrubs is a nurse rather than a surgeon.

Symbolic Interactionism theory

meaning and value attached to symbols and individual interactions are based on these symbols Micro: Charles Cooley, George Herbert Mead

Institutional facts

meanings people assign to brute facts that are based on human interpretation

Mortality rates

measure population decline due to deaths.

Fertility rates

measure population increase due to births as opposed to immigration

Test re-test reliability (external)

measures the stability of a test over the time

delirium

mental disorder marked by confusion

Inteligence

mental quality consisting of - learning from experiences - solve problems -learning to adapt to new situations

Ventral Tagmental Area (VTA)

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction

Dopamine agonists

mimic or enhance the effect of dopamine by binding to its receptor more efficiently. -Medication used to treat Parkinson's disease

Inter-colonialism

minority group is segregated and exploited

semantic network model

model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

resource mobilization theory

model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources

Harlow's monkeys and attachment

monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother than the one with the food

Temporary sessions can be created via

neurochemical means. Muscimol (a drug) can temporarily bind to GABA receptors and inhibit those neurons.

non-adapting neuron timing

neuron consistency fires at a constant rate

fast adapting neuron timing

neuron fires as soon as stimulus starts, then stops firing, then starts firing again when stimulus stops.

Fast-adating neuron timing

neuron fires in the begging of the stimulus, then calms down for a while, and starts firing again when stimulus stops.

slow-adapting neuron timing

neuron fires in the beginning of stimulus and calms down after a while

efferent neurons

neurons that take motor information from the brain to the rest of the body

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain

Dopamine

neurotransmitter that is associated with feelings of pleasure and reward (reward pathway) and motor control. - low level of this neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson disease (Small Dopey is parking the car). - High level of this neurotransmitter is associated with schizophrenia (Tall Dopey is skiing)

Folkways

norms that are not strictly enforced -least devient -minor punishment (staring) -eg. wearing clothes backwards or opening a door for someone in a grocery store

Taboos

norms that are the most deviant compared to folkways and mores -most devient -most serious punishment (imprisonment) -eg. incest = sexual relationship between family members -suicide - Cannibalism = eating human flesh

Mores

norms that more deviant than folkways but are less deviant than taboos -medium devient -more serious punishment if laws are violated (arrest) - violation of moral values -eg. wearing no clothes at public

Sleep

not aware of self or world around you

Non-binary

not identifying with any specific gender

Inflexible (innate) behavior

not modified by experience

Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

number of live births per year for 1000 women in a certain age group in a population.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

number of live births per year for every 1000 members of population, regardless of sex or age

Migration

number of people moving permanently into and out of the country to live, work and eventually dies in that country. - doesn't change total people on planet but does change number of people living in a region/country.

indirect fitness

number of relatives an organism aids through altruistic behavior

Milgram Experiment

obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors. - obedience of the authority figure/experimenter even though giving the shock was against their morals - 65% complied - things that can affect this experiment were: - just world phenomenon - passing responsibilities (I was just following orders) - attributional bias = fundamental attribution bias, self serving bias, actor observer bias

Proximity (Gestalt)

objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group

Surface Traits (Cattell)

observable qualities of personality - evident from person's behavior

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

observed child's behavior when mom was present, when mom left, when "stranger" enters, and when mom returns (reunion was most important)

Mesopic vision

occurs at dawn or dusk and involves both rods and cones

active touch

occurs when a person uses haptic perception to actively inspect an object

spontaneous recovery (classical conditioning)

occurs when an extinct response reappears after a period of time. -eg: A dog will salivate again upon hearing a bell a few days after extinction has occurred

stimulus discrimination

occurs when an organism distinguishes between two similar stimuli -eg: guinea pig does not get excited from the dresser door sound even though the sound is similar to the one of the refrigerator door.

Attention capture

occurs when attention is attracted by motion of an object or stimulus.

neglect syndrome

occurs when damage to the brain causes a change or loss in the capacity of the spatial dimension of divided attention

Conformity

occurs when individuals' thoughts and actions align with group norms (thoughts/behaviors) due to the implicit influence of others. There is no explicit request or command, yet the individual still goes with the group.

Attrition bias

occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study

Exhaustion stage (GAS) stage 3

occurs when prolonged stress produces arousal with depleted energy, making the body more vulnerable to negative health effects (eg: depression, hypertension) -decreases resistance to stress

group polarization

occurs when the average attitude or proposed course of action of a group becomes more extreme after discussion.

Interference

occurs when the participant takes longer to read a word because it is emotionally charged than a neutral word

independent stressor

occurs without the person's influence (ex. death of a loved one)

A motor unit consists of

one lower motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it controls.

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth - by Carl Rogers

Dis-assortative Mating (Non-Assortative Mating)

opposite of assortative mating - situation where individuals with individuals with different or diverse traits mate with higher frequency than with random mating

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Socio-cultural factors of controlling food, sex and drugs

our conscious choices on how we express our needs

mastery experiences

our own direct experiences- the most powerful source of efficacy information

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Internal locus of control

outcome of events are due to factors within their control, such ad their own behavior. -High self-esteem -Blaming self for failures -Greater need for achievement and academic success -certain psychological symptoms (eg: mania and feelings of grandiosity) in extreme cases

trophoblast

outer cells of the blastocyst that secrete enzymes that allow implantation (placenta)(Blastulation)

pinna

outer ear

bare nerve endings

pain and temperature receptors

phantom pain

pain felt in a body part that is no longer there - ex: amputated leg

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

part of the hypothalamus in which activity tends to limit meal size and damage leads to excessively large meals

Permutable (learned) behavior

pattern/sequence that is changeable

Proximal stimuli

patterns of stimuli from distal stimuli that actually reach your awareness (TM, eyes, skin, etc). - it is the light that reaches to the retina and allows us to see the tree.

Rational Choice Theory

people act to maximize gain and minimize loss.

society

people who share a culture and a territory

impression management

people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them

Stereotypic (innate) behavior

perform the same way each time

Internal Migration

permanent movement within the same country - doesn't change population of the country, but can affect economic/culture of a country.

ideal self

person we would like to be - by Carls Roger

social capital

person's network of people that can be converted into economic gain. - ex: friends, family, coworkers

significant life changes (stressor)

personal events; life transitions -ex: death of a loved one, marriage, loss of job, having children, and so on.

peripheral route persuasion

persuade individuals who are not interested in the message with superficial characteristics (eg: attractive spokesperson, well developed presentation)

Encoding specificity

phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

Phonology

phonetic component, actual sound of a language . "a sound system" - 40 phonemse - smallest unit of sound in English language - Acronym: phone = sound

fine motor skills

physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; -Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

Periphery nations

poor and have week governments and economy (Latin America, African Countries). These nations rely on exporting their resources (oil, coffee, labor) to wealthier countries.

meso level

population size falls between micro and macro levels. They are medium sized groups such as communities, organizations, cities, states, clans, and tribes.

Sick role theory

posits that when someone is ill, they have certain rights (eg: exemption from work) and obligations (eg: seeking medical attention).

Intersex

possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes (male and female)

Intrinsic (innate) behavior

present even if you are raised in isolation. - ex: peeing, pooping etc

trauma and stressor related disorders

primary symptom involves explicit exposure to a traumatic or stressful event such as wars, natural disasters, rape -reactive attachment disorder -post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) -adjustment disorder

hypoblast

primitive endoderm and yolk sac (Blastulation)

aversive control

process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli

positive feedback

process that increases the production of a product. One product stimulates production of another product. - ex: domino effect -ex: Hypothalamus releases GnRH --> which causes anterior pituitary to release LH --> which causes ovaries to release estrogen

Vigilance attention and signal detection

processes that attempt to detect a signal or target of interest. This allows responses to be primed and quick actions undertaken in response to the signal or target of interest, i.e. a pothole in the road is detected and avoidance actions are undertaken.

Parallel processing

processing multiple sources of information that occurs simultaneously. Eg: Perceiving auditory and visual events together when talking to someone.

Invariance (gastalt)

property of perception in which simple objects are recognized independent of their rotation, translation and scale.

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

proposed by Hans Selye, is a model that describes how body reacts to stress

Hans Eysenck

proposed extroversion level is based on differences in the reticular formation (controls arousal and consciousness)- introverts are more aroused than extroverts so they seek lower levels of stimulation.

Johnson and Heinz

proposed that location of the information attenuator (something described as bottleneck) was able to be varied by the listener depending on the demand necessitated by a particular attention task - Acronym: Johnson and Johnson and Heinz ketchup can be anywhere.

linguistic relativity theory (the Sapir -Whorf hypothesis)

proposes that cognition is influenced and shaped by language

Expectancy theory of motivation

proposes that individuals are motivated to act based on the expected outcomes of their behaviors. - it involves: expectancy, instrumentality, valance

learning thoery

proposes that language is acquired through operant conditioning and language imitations and practice

position

proprioception

compliance (conformity)

publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group while privately disagreeing

primitive streak

raised dorsal groove that establishes the longitudinal axis of the embryo which marks the begging of the next stage (Gastulation)

Negative feedback

rate or process that needs to be controlled to decrease the product. -ex: after ovulation progesterone will be produced due to accumulation of LH in the blood --> progesterone will stimulate the hypothalamus to tern off--> which will stimulate anterior pituitary gland to stop producing LH

Dependency Theory

reaction to modernization theory that states that third world countries have their own unique structure and are poor and remain poor because of their poor and unfavorable economic position in the world

Pregnanz (Gestalt)

reality organized to the simplest form possible.

urban renewal

rebuilding of the poor areas of a city - can leas to gentrification

whole report technique

recall elements from original display in proper spatial location 35% correct whole report is limited by memory system with capacity of 4-5 items

Nociceptors

receptors that respond to pain - TrypV1 receptor - bare nerve ending (have no structure at the end of the axon) - small diameter and less myelinated or unmyelinated axons

Mechanoreceptors

receptors that respond to touch, pressure, position, vibration, stretch - not bare nerve ending = contains structure at the end of the axon (various structures and they can be found in different layers of skin and muscles) - wide diameter and thick myelinated axons

subcallosal cingulate

recognition of facial expressions associated with sadness

Paraphilia

recurrent intense sexual urge, fantasy, or behavior that involves unusual objects, activities, or situations

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Modernization and religion

reduced importance of religion as society industrializes

Secularization

reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines

institutional discrimination

refers to differential treatment of specific social group (racial/ethnic minorities) at the organizational or system level, resulting in negative consequences for those affected.

lexical access

refers to identifying a word and connecting it to its meaning, which has been stored in long term memory.

Religiosity

refers to the extent to which a religious doctrine is internalized and incorporated into an individual's life - ex: Jewish people demonstrate many beliefs and behaviors that align with Judaism, and "being Jewish" is an important part of how they define themselves

secure base

refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment

Acquisition (classical conditioning)

refers to the learning that takes place as an association formed between the unconditioned stimulus (eg: food) and the natural stimulus (eg: bell).

popular culture

refers to the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society - ex: attending a game or watching a parade

Comorbidity

refers to the simultaneous presentation of two or more psychological disorders.

regression toward the mean (statistical regression)

refers to the tendency of extreme data points in a distribution to regress towards the mean value of the distribution upon repeated measurements. ex: an athlete who has an outstanding performance in one game is likely to underperform in the next game. - This effect would predict that the Group 5 esteem would be less, not more extreme.

normative culture

refers to values and behaviors that are in line with larger societal norms - ex: avoidance of crime

permanent reflexes of newborn

reflexes that remain during adulthood - breathing reflex - eye blink reflex - pupillary reflex - swallowing reflex

orientation behaviors

regulating specially in our environments * ex: Kinesis (change in speed = orthokinesis) -change in rate turning =klinokinesis

retrospective observational study

seeks information about variables' values in the past - based on past data

prospective observational study

seeks information about variables' values to occur in the future - based on future data

Thalamus

sensory relay station, everything you hear/taste/ touch etc goes to this organ first, then this organ directs them to appropriate areas in cortex and other areas of the brain. ** Smell is the only sensation that does not go to this organ but goes straight to areas close to amygdala.

Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)

sequence of coordinated movement performed without interruption. Similar to reflexes but more complicated - ex: Praying mantis. Any prey-sized movement praying mantis experiences elicits a strike response, once strike initiated, can't be changed/altered at all.

paraphilic disorders

sexual disorders and deviations in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals

Avoidance learning (aversive control)

signal is given before aversive situation. -ex: if the fire alarm goes on before the fire breaks. You will exits and will stay away from aversive situation.

Cost signaling

signals to others that person who's giving has resources. People have increased trust in those they know have helped others in the past

Reflexes

simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli that do not require consciousness (does not require the involvement of higher part of the brain such as the ones that are involved in emotions, cognition, and so on). - mostly are processed in spinal cord and midbrain (Brian reflexes only) - Has 2 parts: 1. Afferent (brings the stimuli to the CNS from PNS) - somatosensory neurons 2. Efferent ( takes motor response from CNS to PNS) - lower motor neuron

6 month milestones

sitting upright position

third gender

situation found in many societies that acknowledge three or more categories of gender/sex

intramural time difference

small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

morula stage

solid ball of 16-32 cells in embryogenesis that resembles a mulberry (still in zona pellucida)

tonotopy

spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain

Spacing (encoding)

spreading out study session overtime in shorter periods rather than cramming them into one study session. ex: Most people think if they have 5 hours to study that should study immediately before so it is "fresh in your mind", but if you put in 5 x 1 hr separate session you will learn the information in the long term far better.

Resource model of attention

states that attention is a limited resource if multiple tasks do not exceed this limit, they can be done simultaneously; if they do, then they interfere with each other and are difficult to do simultaneously

Subliminal stimuli

stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness

hierarchical semantic network

store info at highest category possible to lowest category possible

muscle spindles

stretch receptors that signal the length and changes in length of muscles.

Cerebellum

structure in the brain that is associated with -balance - motor learning - posture, coordination - this organ is affected when drinking alcohol

educational segregation

students in disadvantaged groups receive a lower quality education than more privileged students because schools are funded through property taxes, which is why different districts are funded differently.

Etiology

study of cause of disease

ash conformity studies

study revealing people will conform to group consensus depending on factors - 75 % of participants with confirm with the wrong answer at least once - 37 % confirm with the wrong answer every single time the group does

Progressive (learned) behavior

subject to improvement of refined through practice over time

incentive theory

suggests that behavior is primarily motivated by extrinsic (external) rewards, rather than internal rewards or biological drives.

Optimal Arousal Model (Motivation)

suggests that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal. -When underaroused, people seek activities to increase stimulation. eg: if board at home, one will go out dancing. - When overaroused, people seek to decrease stimulation eg: if overwhelmed at a party, one will step outside for quiet.

spreading activation model

suggests that when a node in the semantic network is activated (eg, viewing a picture of a toy fire engine), nodes directly connected to that node (firefighter, alarm) are activated as well, which is known as priming

labeling theory of deviance

suggests that when a person is labeled as deviant, the act go being labeled produces further deviance. Eg: if a person convicted a crime and labeled as criminal, the difficulties of housing or finding there places in society will result internalization of label and the person is more likely to commit crime again and be arrested again.

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

synapse between the lower motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell

mnemonic devices

techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information

touch adaptation

temperature receptors desensitized over time

Sects

tend to be smaller and are established in protest of established church. They break away from churches -ex: Mormon

Instinctive drift

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement Eg: Trained pig to put the coins in piggy bank can easily go back to its inner behavior even though operant conditioned and reinforcement was present.

Homophily

tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar

reality principle

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

pleasure principle

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

Reliability

the ability of an experiment or measure to produce similar results every time. Eg: Two IQ tests taken months apart by the same person should yield to a similar results.

photopic vision

the ability to perceive visual stimuli under bright light conditions due to the activity of cones

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions in your interactions with others

Creative inteligence (Robert Sternberg)

the ability to react adaptively to new situations and to generate novel ideas

color constancy

the ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting

Primacy effect memory

the ability to remember information at the beginning more easily (presented serially)

Recency effect memory

the ability to remember information at the end more easily (presented serially)

Practical Intelligence (Robert Sternberg)

the ability to solve ill-defined problems, such as how to get that suitcase up to the survey staircase into your apartment.

covert orienting of attention

the act of bringing the spotlight of attention on an object or event without body or eye movement

growth rate

the amount by which a population's size changes in a given time = (# of people added to population - # of people removed) / initial population * 100

Perceived control and stress

the amount of influence you feel you have over a situation and your reaction to it. -Suggestion: look for areas of life where you can take a little bit of control. "King of your own castle"

Material culture

the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

Anthropomorphism

the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object. - ex: pet sleeping with you at night and you can assume that they love you but may be they are just there because of your body heat.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the average number of children born per woman during her lifetime. - For population to remain constant without immigration the TFR = 2 (referred to as the replacement rate)

Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Instrumentality

the belief that one has control over desired outcome. - ex: asking participants to rate how much control they believe they have over their success is a measure of it.

Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Expectancy

the belief that one will be able to achieve the desired outcome. - ex: Asking participants to rate how successful they think they will be at losing weight is a measure of it.

overconfidence bias

the bias in which people's subjective confidence in their decision making is greater than their objective accuracy. ex. being overconfident when going to an exam because your studying was going fluent when you were studying in your own room. But if you never tried testing yourself to know if you really knew the answer, then you were most likely overestimated you ability to produce answer when you needed to.

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle - controlled by melatonin which is produced by pineal gland

sex

the biological/chromosomal distinction between females and males

a branch of epidemiology

the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Fovea

the central focal point in the retina (macula), around which the eye's cones cluster

medulla oblongata

the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs. ** Picture an Olympic athlete wearing gold medals around his neck and covering her heart and lungs.

reactive coping

the coping response follows the stressor

gender

the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity"

net migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants = # immigrants - # emigrants

Tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

Antithesis

the direct opposite, a sharp contrast

reminiscence bump

the empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives

perceived similarity

the extent to which the individual believes his or her partner is similar on important characteristics

cultural lag

the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system - material culture changes rapidly while non-material culture tends to resist change

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

culture shock

the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes.

Primary Deviance (Labeling Theory)

the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act toward you - not very major and does not influence the self-esteem of the person. Individual is able to continue to have in same way without feeling immoral/wrong - ex: All athletes of the team use steroids, so the act of a player is not labeled as deviant and his actions go unnoticed.

Alarm stage (GAS) Stage 1

the first few minutes of the stress response, in which sympathetic nervous system prepares the body to act (fight-or-flight response) -Decreased resistance to stress

amniotic cavity

the fluid-filled space between the embryo and the amniotic sac

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. (ex. switching between red and yellow starts on the screen) - flashlight effect

population transfer

the forced transfer of a minority group from territory

Libido (Freud)

the form of psychic/natural energy, manifested by the life instincts, that drives a person toward pleasurable behaviors and thoughts and fuels the mechanism of the mind

reactance theory

the idea that when people feel their freedom to perform a certain behavior is threatened, an unpleasant state of resistance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the prohibited behavior

empathy-altruism hypothesis

the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

source amnesia

the inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information was acquired, while retain the factual knowledge.

Fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Contextual effects

the influence of the surrounding context on the recognition of patterns

hidden curriculum

the informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school - ex: how to stand in line, how to wait for our turn, how to treat our peers

Looking Glass Self (Cooley)

the interpretation of how we perceived by others impact our self-concept (beliefs about ourselves).

Weber's Law

the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity K = constant I = initial intensity

Symmetry (Gestalt)

the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives - ex: if the leader suggest that the dog has to be put down because of the bad behavior, all the members will agree to keep the harmony even though not all of them have the same viewpoint. - harmony vs. realistic thinking

vertical social mobility

the movement between different class statuses, often called either upward mobility or downward mobility

intra-generational mobility

the movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime

conjuctiva

the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids. Protective layer of epithelial cells that protect cornea.

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

cultural capital

the non-financial social assets that confer advantage in society. eg: a degree from a well-respected university, education, intellect, style of speech, dress or physical appearance. ex: positive deviance is "this" type of capital because it includes behaviors that allow individuals to get ahead in society.

direct fitness

the number of offspring an individual produces

horizontal social mobility

the occupational movement of individuals or groups WITHIN a social class (no change in social class)

epiblast

the outermost layer of an embryo before it differentiates into ectoderm and mesoderm. (Blastulation)

gender pay gap

the overall income difference between women and men in the workplace

central executive

the part of working memory that directs attention and processing - visuospatial sketchpad + phonological loop - visual + verbal info - ex: map that has street names and landmarks

phonological loop

the part of working memory that holds and processes words + numbers - the store is about 2 seconds - ex: repeating a phone number to your just long enough to type it in.

cultural transmission

the passing of knowledge and and values to the next generation. It is in-group through education and socialization.

prosody

the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry

meaning-focused coping

the person concentrates on deriving meaning from the stressful experience

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to stimuli (people, objects) increases liking of them

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression

frustration-aggression hypothesis

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

Socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

Globalization

the process by which tangible (products) and intangible (values, ideas) spread across the globe.

Operationalization

the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study

Racialization

the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people

Medicalization

the process of defining human behaviors or characteristics as medical condition, often results from shifting attitudes, new scientific evidence, or new treatments. Positive consequences: increased insurance coverage for specific obesity treatments Negative consequences: patient not accepting personal responsibility for weight loss

gene regulation

the process of turning genes on and off

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

manifest functions

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

primary auditory cortex

the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. -Duration = lifetime -Capacity = unlimited

Evolutionary approach of motivation

the role that instincts play in motivation. - ex: what do humans do to survive? What is not-learned and just instinct. - think about baby: cries, sleep, eat. Basic instincts that all humans have

just noticeable difference (JND) (difference threshold)

the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect eg: 5 lb vs 5.2 lb (may not be enough difference of weight to notice) But, 5 vs 5.5 lb the difference is noticeable

difference threshold (just noticeable difference)

the smallest difference between two stimuli that a person cat detect 50 % of the time.

cultural diffusion

the spread of beliefs and behaviors from one cultural group to another. It is a cultural exchange between out-groups. Eg: Popularity of sushi (Japanese cuisine) in America

Intoxication

the state in which the body is poisoned by alcohol or another substance and the person's physical and mental control is significantly reduced

Epigenetics

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

Epidemiology

the study of disease incidence (new cases of disease) and prevalence (proportion of population with a disease).

game theory

the study of how people behave in strategic situations

Behavioral genetics

the study of the effects of heredity on behavior (hardwiring component to behavior)

molecular genetics

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes (segments of DNA)

occupational prestige

the subjective evaluation people give to jobs as better or worse than others

working memory

the system that manipulates and processes information and focuses attention. This memory is best assessed with tasks that require attention and shifting, information manipulation, or other more complex cognitive processes.

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get - good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

Social desirability bias

the tendency of research participants to provide the most favorable or acceptable responses to research questions. eg: Participants may overemphasize positive behaviors (eg: studying) while downplaying to underreporting undesirable behaviors (eg. consuming alcohol).

trained incapacity

the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency to be more likely to agree to a large request after agreeing to a small one

Closure (Gestalt)

the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

size constancy

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

shape constancy

the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

effort justification

the tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time, effort, or money devoted to something - people sometimes come to love what they suffer to achieve. - ex: Going to medical school after working so hard

Generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses - ex: the opening of desk door makes similar noise as the refrigerator door. So, guinea pig gets excited and gets excited which is a conditioned response as he hears the noise of desk door.

gender schema theory

the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

place theory of hearing

the theory that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies

opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

Cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (mental conflict theory)

Lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape using suspensory ligaments to help focus images on the fovea of the retina

Spatial inequality

the unequal distribution of wealth or resources in a geographic area, so that some places are richer than others resulting in health-compromising factors in low-income neighborhoods.

latent functions

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

Extinction (classical conditioning)

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent - ex: when refrigerator door opens and carrot are not given many times the guinea pig stops responding to conditioned stimulus.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

the widely used American revision of the original French Binet-Simon intelligence test modified and furthered by Lewis Terman by including teenagers and adults. - used to measure the intelligence of immigrants (which was a huge problem - the test tested language ability which presented a clear issue, a language barrier)

Differential association theory (deviance)

theory of deviance that individuals learn specific deviant behaviors and values/norms through interactions with others with those same behaviors. -ex: If gang members carry illegal firearms, new members quickly learn that this is "normal" and expected.

ego depletion theory

theory of self-control suggests that self-control is a limited resource; and just like a muscle, it gets tired over time, making it more difficult for us to keep exerting self-control

signal detection theory

theory that looks how we make decision under conditions of uncertainty- discerning between important stimulus and unimportant "noise"

Acetylcholine

there are certain nuclei in the frontal lobe that send diffuse projections up to a number of areas in cerebral cortex - involved in helping you contact with your muscles. *** action potential (muscle contraction) associated with this neurotransmitter

cultural relativism

there are no "right" or "wrong" cultural practices. Not judging a culture to our own standards, instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context.

Zona pllucida (egg)

thick layer of glycoprotein (protein with branching sugar chains) on the outer side of the plasma membrane of the egg cell.

confounding variable

third variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables.

Preventative checks

those that decrease the birth rate - typically voluntary, such as waiting to marry and having fewer children.

semicircular canals

three fluid-filled (endolymph) canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance

surrender

to give up

American Sign Language (ASL)

total combination of hand movements, locations, facial expressions, and body language that help them to form meaningful words. - hand movements and locations = sound - hand shape and location = morphemes

complex traits

traits controlled by multiple genes, the interaction of genes with each other, and with environmental factors where the contributions of genes and environment are undefined - Mendelian polygenic inheritance patterns - ex: happiness, aggressiveness, intelligence

Cornea

transparent thick sheet of fibrous tissue that starts to bend with light. - first part of the eye that light hits

avoidant-avoidant conflict

two options are both unappealing

bilaminar disc

two-layered disc (epiblasts and hypoblasts) that forms from the inner cell mass at the beginning of the second week (Gastulation)

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information

Neonatal reflexes

unlearned and involuntary response to a stimulus that disappear when we age. (typically present until 1 year old) - Rooting reflex - Babinski reflex - Moro reflex - Tonic neck reflex -Galant reflex - Palmer grasp reflex - Sucking reflex - Stepping reflex - Swimming reflex

Secondary Traits (Allport)

unlimited number of traits that only show up in specific situations - more of preferences or attitudes - ex: love for modern art, reluctance to eat meat

altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others: helping others without personal gain

proactive coping

up-front efforts to ward off or modify the onset of a stressful event

Counterbalancing

used to control for the potential effects that the order of intervention administration may have on the results. Eg: If participants were given two different interventions, A and B, separating participants into two groups: One receiving intervention A first and other receiving intervention B first

Radiofrequency lesion

used to destroy tissue on surface and deep inside the brain. Wire is inserted into the brain to determine the area. Then, high frequency current is passed that heats up and destroys the tissue. - limitation: destroys both the cell body and axons that pass through that area

shading and contour

using light and shadows to perceive form (depth/contours) - crater/mountain)

Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Valence

value placed on the desired outcome. - if the researchers also asked participants to rate how much they wanted to lose weight, it would be a measure of it.

mnemonic device: Pegword system

verbal anchors link words that rhythm with the numbers.

Caste System

very little social mobility, because your role is determined entirely by background you were born to and who you are married to. -A lot of social stability - ex: Hindu cast system

cortical granules

vesicles located just under the plasma membrane of an egg cell that undergo exocytosis during the cortical reaction

vibrational theory of olfaction

vibrational frequency of a molecule gives that molecule its specific odor profile

Strong Self Efficacy

views challenges as tasks, deeper interest, recover quickly from setbacks

occipital lobe

vision and visual perception

Flashbulb memory

viviid, detailed type of autobiographical explicit memory for an event that was extremely: -Emotional -Important -Personal _Distinct **High Confidence in memory but Low Accuracy.

convergent intelligence

was proposed by Guilford to describe IQ test related intelligence, such as puzzles, vocabulary words, and arithmetic.

Eysenck's Trait Theory of Personality

we all posses all traits which we express to different degrees. - not everyone has psychosis - PEN theory: - Psychosis (loss contact with reality) - Extroversion (extrovert) - Neuroticism ( anger, anxiety, irritability)

Situational approach to Behavior

we are placed in new situations every day and these situations affect our behavior

out-group derogation

we are super friendly in our in-group, but not friendly to out-group- we discriminate.

false consensus effect

we assume everyone else agrees with what we do, even if they do not.

In-group favoritism

we favor/friendly to people in our own group, but those in out-group we are neutral.

Chunking (encoding)

we group info we are getting into meaningful categories we already know to ease memorization. - ex: a grocery list: bananas, oranges, blubbers, bread, rice, chicken, peanuts, baking soda, flour, eggs, butter. - bananas, orange, blueberries = fruits - bread, rice = grains -chicken, peanuts = protein ** it is easier to encoded and remember this information of grocery list if we put them into familiar categories in our memory.

Similarity (Gestalt Principle)

we group together figures that are similar to each other

3x2 factorial design

we have three levels of the first variable crossed with two levels of the second variable. Such a design gives us 3x2=6 treatment conditions in the experiment. Two independent variables, 3 of first, 2 of 2nd.

Continuity (Gestalt)

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns, rather than discontinuous ones - squiggly line example

similarity bias

we will not befriend people different from us

At which week does the fertilization happen?

week 2

Full-term gestation period

week 37-42

devil effect

when a negative trait can impact opinions about other aspects of a person - opposite of halo effect -ex: ugly:- dumb, poor, dishonest

Howthorne Effect

when a subjects of an experimental study attempt to change or improve their behaviors simply because it is being evaluated or studied.

source monitoring error

when an individual incorrectly attributes a memory to the wrong source. Eg: An individual who read on the AAMC website (source ) that the MCAT is adding a new behavioral science section, but when recalling this information remembers hearing it from a friend (incorrect source).

Apposition

when blastocyst gets attached to the endometrium

social isolation (time-out)

when community voluntarily isolate itself from mainstream, based on their own religious/cultural other beliefs.

identification (conformity)

when people act/dress a certain way to be like someone they respect. They will do that as long as they maintain respect for that individual. - ex: football player was admired and bought his jersey, but then he engaged un domestic violence and once it was made public the identification of the player by people significantly dropped. ** the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

conjuction fallacy

when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event ex: feminist bank teller Linda instead of just bank teller Linda. It is more likely that she is a just bank teller even if your instinct is telling you otherwise.

galant reflex

when skin is stroked, baby moves/swings to the side it was stroked - usually lasts up to 6 months

objectification

when someone is reduced to a physical object where only external qualities matter and is treated as less important

social persuasion

when someone says something positive to you, it helps you overcome self-doubt

divided attention (multitasking)

when we simultaneously attend to two (or more) tasks at the same time

escape learning (aversive control)

when you perform a behavior to terminate ongoing aversive stimulus. There is a surprise component in this learning. - ex: when fire breaks up you run to exit

priming effect

where exposure to one stimulus affects response to another stimulus, even if we haven't been consciously paying attention to it. - Ex: We are primed to response to our name

blind spot

where the optic nerve connects to the retina - no rods or cones

Sclera

white of the eye; maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue

Proletariat

working class, where their worth is determined by their ability to perform manual labor

public declaration

you're more likely to follow through if you've told everyone

self-image

your view of yourself in a particular situation or circumstance - by Carl Rogers

Zimbardo Prison Study (Stanford Prison Experiment)

• Purpose: how conformity/obedience can result in acts different from usual (on their own) or even contrary to how they think they would act. The answer is complicated (not only bad people do bad things). Certain situations can make otherwise ordinary people behave in strange ways. • Goal: How social norms/conventions can influence behaviours of participants playing the roles of prisoners/guards. • Prisoners/guards get so caught up in roles that they had to stop experiment early. • Participants knew all about the study - no physical or psychological deception • Prison had no windows and clocks so it became an environment different from outside world. • Half of prisoners left from breakdowns; no guards left

sensory adaptation

diminished response by the nervous system when presented with an unchanged stimulus over a period of time. (Troxler effect) eg: if you fixate on the black plus sign in the middle of the image without moving your eye, the grey circle around the plus sign eventually disappears. - fixation on the plus sign = unchanged peripheral visual stimulus, which results in diminished response by the optic nerve, and the circle seems to disappear. Slight movement of the eye from fixation point will result in change of the stimuli and grey circle will appear.

Mood disorder

disorder that is characterized by persistent disruption in emotional state. - ex: depression

Traits

distinguishing qualities and characteristics that compose us. - ex: our temperament or our eye color

pathological defense mechanisms

distort reality by pretending something hasn't happened - denial = most important defense mechanism - ex: If someone has breast cancer, they just deny the cat that they do. - acronym: Pathological liar/ denier

Elimination disorders

distress/ disability from urination/deification at inappropriate time or place. - ex: urinary accidents

anxiety disorders

distress/disability from abnormal worry/fear. Some are specific to certain stimuli like phobias, while others are not specific to certain stimuli, including generalized anxiety disorder. - Panic disorder involves panic attacks (intensive anxiety) - General anxiety disorder - Social anxiety disorder - selective mutism

Feeding and Eating Disorders

distress/disability from behavioral abnormalities related to food. - ex: Anorexia nervosa (takes in insufficient amounts of food) - bulimia nervosa (binge eating then purging (induced vomiting)

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

distress/disability from behaviors that are unacceptable disruptive or impulsive for someone's culture. Inability to control inappropriate behaviors.

Substance-Relates and addictive disorders

distress/disability from the abnormal use of substances that affect mental function. - include alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives hypnotic, anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, others. - can cause mood abnormalities, anxiety symptoms, or psychosis. Also including gambling.

Transformationalist Perspective

doesn't have specific cause or outcome. Believe national governments are changing, perhaps becoming less important but difficult to explain change so simply. They see the world order is changing. Just a new world order is being designed. Outcome unknown.

master status

dominant social position can be achieved and ascribed status (eg: ex-convict)

Amphetamines

dopamine reuptake blocked

Monamine Neurotransmitters (NTs)

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine

poverty magnet

drag people away from the core part of society, and experience a greater degree of social exclusion

Sigmund Freud and dreams

dreams are our unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted (little scientific support) -manifest and latent content

death instinct

drives aggressive behaviors fueled by an unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself or others

Transdermal

drug is absorbed through skin (eg: nicotine patch) - drug un patch has to be very potent (powerful), released into bloodstream over several hours. - this administration drug occurs slowly, since the drugs have to be absorbed through the skin before the effects can be felt.

Depressants

drugs that -reduce neural activity -slow body functions -lower central nervous system activity (decrease arousal/stimulation in areas of our brain) - decrease heart rate, decrease blood pressure -decrease processing/reaction time (make us think/act slowly) -cause dizziness

Stimulants

drugs that excite CNS -increase HR/BP -increase alertness - more awake -more energetic - can cause people to feel glittery/nervous - Vasoconstrictor

mnemonic device:acronym

each of the letter of a popular word you know stands for the first letters of a set words you need to remember. ex: Homes to remember great lakes of the US - Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.

cosmopolites

People who live in a city because of its cultural attractions, restaurants, and other features of the best that a city has to offer

Interposition (overlap)

Perception that one object is in front of another. An object that is in the front is closer.

social network

informal and nonhierarchical webs of interaction between nodes (individuals ), which are linked by ties.

Storage of memory

information retention

encoding of memory

information transferred into memory

Oral

ingesting something - slowest routes because it goes through GI tract - half hour = 30 min - ex: pills, alcohol

multinational/transnational corporations

Business firms with major operations in more than one country.

By which week does fetal development happen?

By week 10

controlled processing

"explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious

motion parallax

"relative motion" Things farther away move slower, closer moves faster.

structural plasticity

* delayed potential, does not happen immediately - sprouting (increase connection between neurons) - rerouting (new connections between neurons - pruning (decreased connection between neurons )

Theory of Planned Behavior

* implication + intentions (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control) the idea that people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

Paracrine Hormone Actions

** Regional effect hormone has its effects locally on cells other than those in which they were produced. Produced in one tissue and regulate a different tissue of the same organ. Ex: sex steroids (made in leydig cells of testis and has effect on semniferous tubules to make sperm)

Autocrine hormone actions

** effects on the cell that makes it -a hormone secreted by a cell that affects the same cell from which it came or the cells immediately next to it

Endocrine hormone actions

** response that is far away - ex: from pituitary gland to gonads.

parasympathetic nervous system

*** starts either in the midbrain or in the very bottom of the spinal cord - long axon neuron ---> short axon neuron --> target cell "rest and digest" - pupils constrict -decreased respiration rate / decreased heart rate (back to normal) - decrease in epinephrin (adrenaline) and norepinephrine - increase glucose storage -increase digestion - bladder constricts (pushes urine out)

sympathetic nervous system

*** starts in the middle of the spinal cord: - short axon neuron --> long axon neuron --> target cell - "fight or flight" -the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations - pupils dilate (want to be able to see better/ bring in more light) - increase respiration rate (more oxygen) -increase heart rate (more oxygen) - increase glucose release (more energy) increase epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine - decrease in salivation (nervous when you are doing public speaking) - decreased digestion (takes too much energy, want to divert energy to other areas) - bladder relaxes (allows urine to be collected)

Brainstem

-Pons, Reticular formation, medulla ** acronym: Pavlov's Really Frickin Mad - controls basic functions such as heart beat and breathing - also is a crossover place for senses

aging and cognitive abilities

*Stable - implicit memory (Procedural memory = once you learn how to ride a bike you will still remember it even when you age) - Recognition (if you learned something, the ability to pick it out of the list later remains relatively stable whether you are 27 or 67) * Improve - Semantic memory will improve until age 60 and only then starts declining - crystallized intelligence (ability to use knowledge and experience and since older adults had more time to learn and experience things they have better ability to apply it) - emotional reasoning (better in older adults because of more experience) * Decline - Free recall and sometimes cued recall - Episodic memory (old episodic memories that where encoded in the past are relatively stable but it becomes harder to encode more episodic memories as we age) - Processing speed - Divided attention (it becomes harder to switch attention between the tasks and we become more easily distracted)

Attitude to behavior process model

*event -->attitude + knowledge --> behavior A model of how attitudes guide behavior that emphasizes the influence of attitudes and stored knowledge of what is appropriate in a given situation on an individual's definition of the present situation. This definition, in turn, influences overt behavior. - ex: Tommy has an attitude of not eating junk food because he has a family history of cholesterol. He stays away from junk food due to attitude + knowledge.

synaptic plasticity

*immediate and more delayed potential - results from changes in the firing rate of presynaptic neuron, which alters the amount of neurotransmitter released in the synaptic cleft and number of receptor on postsynaptic target.

Costa and McCrae trait theory

- "Big Five" or FFM -openness (independent vs. conforming) -conscientiousness (careful vs. carless, disciplined vs. practical) - extraversion (talkative vs. quiet) - agreeableness (kind vs. cold) - neuroticism (stable vs. tense, calm vs. anxious) * acronym: OCEAN

Dyad

- 2 members - 1 social tie - more intimate - group ceases to exist if one member withdraws

Triad

- 3 members - Up to 3 social ties - More stable - One member can leave and group can still exists

Tetrad

- 4 members - Up t 6 social ties - Least stable - will usually split into 2 groups of 2

Elementary mental functions (Vygotzky)

- 4 of them that babies have: 1. Attention 2. Sensation 3. Perception 4. Memory

Larger groups

- 5+ members - many social ties - social processes may occur (eg: groupthink, social loafing)

social cognitive theory

- Alber Bendura's theory that suggests that people learn through observing others.

Schizophrenia symptoms: Negative ("pathological deficits")

- Apathy: A lack of motivation -Social withdrawal -Flat affects: Emotional flattening/monotone speech -Poverty(lack) of speech -Anhedonia: inability to experience pleasure

Jeffry Alan Gray

- Biopsychological theory of personality - proposed that personality is governed by the behavioral inhibition (punishment/avoidance) and activation (reward) systems. * Acronym: 50 shades of Gray is based on punishment/reward

Things that can influence absolute threshold

- Expectation = Are you expecting a text? - Experience = Are you familiar of the phones text vibration sound? - Motivation = Are you interested in the response of the text? - Alertness = Are you awake or drowsy= You will notice the text if you are awake.

Psychosexual Theory of Development

- Freud - believed early childhood is the most important age/period in which personality develops. Most personality developed by age 5. Early experiences play a large role in personality development. This development influences behavior later in life. - 5 stages - if completed successfully, result is a healthy personality. If issues aren't resolved at a certain age, the fixation occurs. - depending on what stage we are at the fixation of energy is going to be at different body parts.

2 areas of brain with most glucocorticoid ( cortisol) (secreted in response to stress) are

- Frontal cortex - responsible for impulse control, reasoning, judgment, and planning. - Hippocampus - learning and memory ** We do see atrophy (shrink, damage of neurons) in theses areas subjected to stress.

Schizophrenia symptoms: Positive ("pathological excesses")

- Hallucination: False sensory perception (eg: hearing voices) in the absence of stimuli - Delusion: False belief (eg: neighbors are aliens) despite evidence to the contrary _Disorganized/incoherent speech _Disorganized/agitated behavior

theory of multiple intelligences

- Howard Gardner - expanded ides of what can be included in intelligence - Gardner divided into 7 then 9 independent intelligence ( intelligences that do not depend on each other and hence intelligence in one area does not predict intelligence in other areas) - includes logical-mathematical intelligence, verbal-linguistic, spatial-visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical. Later 2 more added: naturalist and existential. * Strength: - you can have different intelligence independently - intelligence is more than just "Book smart" * Problem: - No way to test this theory (not supported by research) - Intelligence vs talents/abilities (but may be thus is just a labeling)

types of taste buds

- fungiform - located anterior part of the tongue -foliate - located on the side of the tongue - circumvallate - located on the back of the tongue

Theory of Primary Mental Abilities

- L.L. Turnstone - 7 factors of intelligence: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory. * Strength/ Evidence: - Breakdown seams intuitive - Ex: Possible to have high inductive skills without high verbal comprehension * Problems: - How can scores vary together statistically (suggests underlying intelligence factor)? - Limited in what it considers to be an intelligence.

nativist theory

- Noam Chomsky proposes that language is innate and biologically determined and it occurs during critical period early in life (Tim-sensitive)(birth - age 8 or 9) - Thought that humans had a language acquisition device (LAD) that allows them to learn language based on the fact that all languages share commonalities such as having verb, nouns, and so on.

Specific changes that are happening to the brain during adolescence

- Prefrontal cortex = higher order functions = continues to develop - Limbic system = amygdala (emotions) and hypothalamus (controls endocrine system) = continue to develop - corpus callous = changes happen to this structure in particular to language and language learning. This changes happen before and during puberty, and they stop soon after puberty. This explains why it is easier to learn a new language much easier during childhood and up to puberty.

triarchic theory of intelligence

- Robert Sternberg - 3 independent intelligence: analytical creative, practical * Strength: - Reliable, easy to study by research * Problems: - Research shows that scores of all intelligences vary together - Are these 3 sides of the same coin? Going back to the idea of general intelligence (g factor)

psychoanalytic theory

- Sigmund Freud A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior: id, ego, superego

tend-and-befriend response

- Sometimes better response to stress is to have a support system and important biological component of this response is the hormone oxytocin. - Oxytocin is associated by pair binding, and it can moderate the stress response. Oxytocin is strongly linked to estrogen (a major sex hormone in women), so why this response is stronger in women. -under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

assortative mating (homogamy)

- THE BEST Non-random mating where individuals with certain phenotype/genotypes/ similarities tend to mate with each other at a higher frequency - ex: large animals mate with large animals and small animals mate with small animals. - can result in inbreeding = which can increase the likelihood of harmful recessive traits being passed onto offsprings.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

- This method uses radio waves - creates detailed structural images of the brain - A person's head is placed in the machine and he/she is exposed to a strong magnetic filed. This magnetic field causes atoms in the brain to line up, to align in a certain direction. After this is setup, a radio wave is added to that magnetic filed, which disrupts the orientation of the atoms in the brain. As the atoms line back to align with the original magnetic field they emit a signal. Most importantly different types of atoms emit different types of signals. These allows a creation of more detailed pictures of the brain.

dopamine pathways

- Ventral tagmental area (VTA) in midbrain produces neurotransmitter dopamine - VTA sends dopamine to the amygdala (control emotions) --> nucleus accumbens (NAcc, controls motor function) --> prefrontal cortex (focuses attention and planning) --> hippocampus (part of temporal lobe, involved in memory formation)

Sociocultural cognitive development theory

- Vygotsky - believed that children learn actively through hands-on processes, and suggests parents/caregivers/cultural believes/language/attitudes are all responsible for development of higher function of learning. - Children internalize information with interaction with others, thus social-interaction is important development of cognition.

Interactionist Theory

- Vygotsky proposes that language acquisition is a result in both biological (eg. normal brain development) and environmental/social factors, particularly the interactions that occurs between children and their caregivers.

Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics

- Watson & Crick DNA(transcription) --RNA (codons)(translation)--protein

Examples of stimulants

- caffeine = inhibits the enzyme that breaks down cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) - cocaine = blocks dopamine reuptake, can be used as an anesthetic/vasodilator - amphetamines (adderall) = both block dopamine reuptake and stimulate presynaptic dopamine release - Nicotine = acts on acetylcholine, increase HR/BR, suppresses appetite (the reason people gain weight when they quit smoking) - THC (marijuana/cannabis)= works on anandamide. Increase dopamine and GABA activity - Methamphetamines (Meth) -MDMA (Molly/Ecstasy)

Thanatos Drive (Freud)

- death drive drives dangerous or destructive behaviors, and underlies the desire to hurt oneself or others - ex: fear, anger, hate

Alcohol

- decreased inhibitions, so decreasing cognitive control - decrease self awareness -luck of coordination, slurring of speech - think slower -disrupt REM sleep (no or little memory formation and learning processes)

Hyporelexia

- decreased muscle stretch reflexes

Groups of Psychoactive Drugs

- depressants -stimulants -hallucinogenes -opiates

Evolutionary game theory

- describes how complex social behaviors (ex: mating, aggression, altruism) persist in population tells us those with best fit to environment will survive and pass on to offspring and those genes will become more common in successive generations

insecure-avoidant attachment

- developed from insensitive, unresponsive caregivers - in a new environment, infants are apathetic or overly clingy toward caregiver - infants are indifferent to, or not comforted by, a caregiver's return - associated with worse long-term effects (eg, less satisfaction in adult relationship, poorer health outcomes)

Other Disorders

- distress/disability from any person that appears to have a mental disorder causing distress/disability but doesn't fit into other categories - rare

Hypnosis

- does not occur naturally (induced) - usually involves getting a person to relax and focus on breathing, and they become more susceptible to suggestion in this statute , but only if they want to. Awake relaxed - alpha waves

Frontal lobe

- executive functions - voluntary motor initiation - Broca's area

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

- external = this is done by placing electrodes on someones scalp at predetermined position usually by using a cap with electrodes that are filled with a conductive gel. - not invasive - We do not get a picture of the brain with this method instead we get a stripe with wavy lines - brain function - measures electrical activity that is generated by neurons in the brain (sum total) - CANNOT tell us about activity if individual/groups of neurons. - can tell us about seizures, sleep stage, cognitive tasks

complex innate behaviors

- fixed action patterns (mating dance) - migration (birds flying south in winter - circadian rhythms (biological clock, waking up early to sing)

Which nerves are involved in taste sensation?

- front = 2/3rd (0.6) carries signals 7th cranial nerve via chorda tympani -posterior = 1/3rd (0.3) carries signals via 9th and 10th cranial nerves (glossopharyngeal and vagus)

Malthusian catastrophes

- large scale positive checks that decrease population growth. - dramatically reduce the population to a level that the available resources can easily sustain, by slowing or stopping population growth entirely - widespread famine, disease epidemics, large scale wars

Gestation starts counting from?

- last menstrual period (LMP) - week 0

Operant conditioning: Shaping

- learning through practice - gradually reinforce behaviors that approximate the target behavior ex: giving food to mouse for exploring the wheel before even the mouse starts running on the wheel (target behavior)

Eros drive (Freud)

- life drive life-giving drive; part of the id responsible for sex, eating, and drinking.

Prosody

- located in the right hemisphere - Contribute ti linguistic functions such as intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. - may reflect various features of the speaker: - the presence of irony or sarcasm - emphasis, contrast and focus

Identity moratorium status

- low commitment, high exploration - People at this level are still trying new activities and thinking about career path, but have not yet arrived at a decision.

intramuscular injection

- made directly into muscle tissue - can deliver drug slowly or quickly * quick delivery: epiPen = given to someone experiencing an allergic reaction which starts closing airways. EpiPen delivers epinephrine quickly and allows airways to open. This injection is usually done on thigh because it has the most access points to blood vessels. * Slow delivery - vaccines = this is why your arm muscle get so sore after vaccine shots.

Protein/ Polypeptide hormones

- made up from amino acids (can be very small from 3 to 100s) bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell which triggers a secondary messenger to convert the signal to a response inside the cell (Ex: growth hormone, insulin)

Bourgeoisie

- minority the rich upper class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people who have wealth, power and influence

Benzodiazepines

- most common prescribed suppressant/depressant -prescribed for same thing as barbiturates: -sleep aid (to treat insomnia) - anti-anxiety or seizures (anticonvulsant) * - enhances brain's response to GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter). They open up GABA-activated chloride (Cl-) channels in neurons, and make neurons more charged (-) which makes more resistant to excitation. - 3 types: short, intermediate, and long acting: -short and intermediate are usually for sleep (insomnia) - long acting is for anxiety - benzodiazepine and alcohol bind to a site on the GABA receptor complex that regulates the sensitivity of the receptor complex - - zelam, - zolam (suffixes)

injection

- most direct - fastest route -intravenous means goes right to vein - takes effect within seconds - can be very dangerous (likely to inject bacteria and unexpected toxins) especially when using an infected needle

sleep walking/talking

- mostly genetic - occurs during stage 3 and 4 (slow wave) - harmless - occurs more often in children partially because they have more stage 3 and 4 than adults

Drive-Redcution Theory (Motivation)

- motivation is a result of disruption of homeostasis, which produces a physiological need (eg, hunger) which leads to drive (desire to eat). - Homeostasis is reestablished once the drive is reduced.

In-attention blidness

- not noticing thing right in front of you - also known as Perceptual Blindness - we are not aware of things not in our visual field when our attention is directed elsewhere in the field. - "missing something right in front of you" - inability to recognize an unexpected object, event, or stimuli that is in " plain sight". This is due to psychological lapse in attention, rather than a defect or deficit in sensory perception - ex: You can't say where the nearest fire extinguisher is because you failed to notice it because your attention typically is elsewhere. This is true even though fire extinguishers are bright colored and essential for survival (which should bring them to your attention)

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

- nucleus accumbens (NAcc) - amygdala - hippocampus

Personality disorder: Cluster A

- odd and eccentric (weird) 1. Paranoid = profound distrust + suspicion of others 2. Schizoid = emotionally detached in relationships and shows little emotions. 3. Schizotypal = odd beliefs/magical thinking

Somatic symptom disorder diagnostic criteria

- one or more somatic (bodily) symptoms that cause distress or significantly disrupt daily life - excessive thoughts and emotions related to somatic symptoms (worry, anxiety) -excessive behaviors related to somatic symptoms (researching symptoms, going to the doctor)

Moral Development Theory

-Kholberg - focused on moral reasoning and differences between right and wrong. - people pass through 3 stages of development of cognition

Anger - Stress Response

-Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman tested nation that stress is associated with increased vulnerability to heart disease, and they interviewed the patients during their study and characterized them as wither Type A or Type B. - Type A = easily angered individuals, aggressive, competitive - Type B = easy going ** Those who had heart attacks later were mostly type A. The toxic component of Type A personality was being prone to hostility and anger accompanied by fight aspect of sympathetic response.

false positive

-NO signal is present -Signal detected

Correct rejection

-No signal - NO detection

Behavioral Theory

-Observable -says that personality is the result of learned behavior patterns based on person's environment. - it's deterministic, in that people begin as blank states and the environment completely determines their behavior/personalities. - Does NOT take thoughts and feelings into account. - Environment --> Behavior - focuses on observable and measurable behavior, rather than mental/emotional. - the psychoanalytic theory will be the most opposite if this theory because it focuses on mental behavior.

Delusion of grandeur (grandiose)

-The false belief in one's own superiority, greatness, or intelligence. -Ex: "I need to get to Washington for my meeting with the president."

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)

-Two or more distinct personalities exist in a single body. Both identities have influence on person's thoughts and behaviors. - under cases of extreme stress, person's conscious awareness dissociates/separates from painful memories, thoughts or feelings. - extremely rare disorder

cognitive dissonance

-When individuals thought and actions do not align. -unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

universally attractive features

-Women: Physical - large eyes, high cheekbones, a narrow jaw line, a slender build, and a lower waist-to-hip ration. Social traits - warmth, affection, and social skills. -Men: Physical - tall, having broad shoulders, and a narrow waist. Social traits - achievement, leadership qualities, and job skills.

Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)

-a form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing - no obstruction - Diagnosed by sleep study (a polysomnography) and looking for 5+ apneas/hour - there is a problem with brain's control system with ventilation - ex: cheyne-stokes breathing as a result of heart failure, stroke, and renal failure.

3 types of nerve fibers for pain and temperature

1. A-beta fibers: -large diameter -myelinated -fast conductivity 2. A-delta fibers -medium diameter -less myelinated -medium conductivity 3. C-fibers -small diameters -unmyelinated -low conductivity

Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson)

1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution

Managing stress

1. Exercise 2. Meditation 3. Religious beliefs faith 4. Cognitive flexibility (change the perception about things happing around us, seeing things from other prospectives)

Sound wave path

1. First hits outer part of the ear known as the pinna. 2. Then the sound gets funnels from the pinna to the auditory canal (also known as external auditory meatus) 3. Then from the auditory canal they hit the tympanic membrane (also known as eardrum) 4. As pressurized wave hits eardrum, it vibrates back and forth, causing 3 bones to vibrate in this order: 1. malleus 2. inches 3. stapes (three smallest bones in the body also known as ossicles). 5. Stapes is attached to oval window (elliptical window). The oval window then vibrates back and forth. 6. As it gets vibrated, it pushes fluid and causes it to go around organ of corti (membrane in the middle of cochlea. 7. As tip of cochlea (the innermost part of circle) the flood has to go back. Fluid goes back, but it goes back to round window (circular window) and pushes it out. 8. As hair cells (cilia) move back and forth in the cochlea, spiral ganglion cells get activated and electric impulse is transported by auditory nerve to the brain.

Coping with stress

1. Perceived control 2. Optimism 3. Social support (very important)

Cross's Nigrescence Model

1. Pre-encounter: African-Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as being more desirable and would view a doctor of this race as being more skilled 2. Immersion-Emmersion: Someone in this stage would view the majority Caucasian culture with resentment and distrust and prefer to be treated by someone of his or her own race. 3. Internalization Stage: integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices.

steps of fertilization

1. Sperm binding ( when sperm comes into contact with zona pellucida) 2. Acrosome reaction (enzymes leak into zona pellucida and digest it) 3. Cortical reaction ( enzymes in cortical granules get injected into zona pellucida and digest the glycoprotein which prevents other sperm from binding to the egg) 4. Sperm binds to plasma membrane and acrosome is gone, cortical granules are released, the plasma membrane fuse and all the genetic material gets released into eggs. Fusion of genetic material is fertilization.

Operant conditioning steps: principles of training a new behavior

1. increase motivation state (not giving food for 24 hours) 2. Shaping - rewarding successive approximation of desirable behavior (giving food to mouse for exploring the wheel) 3. Continuous reinforcement - reward desirable behavior every time it occurs (giving food to the mouse for running on the wheel) (best way to train animals to perform a new behavior)

Piaget: Preoperational Stage

2-7 years - Representing real things with words and images ** Developmental hallmark: - Pretend play - Egocentrism - Language development

Central Traits (Allport)

According to trait theory, traits that form the basis of personality. - Less dominant than cardinal traits - ex: honesty, sociability, shyness

Piaget: Formal operational stage

12+ - thinking about hypothetical scenarios - grasping abstract thoughts ** Developmental hallmark: - abstract logic - moral reasoning develops

Source Traits (Cattell)

16 underlying personality traits that influence surface behavior

GI (greatest) generation

1901-1924 oldest people

Silent generation

1925-1945 great depression

Baby boomers

1946-1964

Generation X (Gen X)

1965-1980 - the 70s loved drug Xstasy)

Millennials (Generation Y)

1981-1996

Generation Z (Gen Z)

1997-2003

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level - occurs even when you are resting - also takes place when you take a drug: *eg. if you take amphetamine (a stimulant which increases your heart rate) your body quickly tries to lower your heart rate and get back to normal - if a regular drug user takes the drug at the same time of the day or at the same location, the brain starts recognizing external clues and starts lowering the heart rate before even you take the medication. This is why you need higher dose over time. (Habituation) - if you take the same high dose in different external environment and your brain doesn't head start you may get drug overdose. - if you get external cues and do not take the drug, you will crash because you did not take the drug to counteract the slowing down of the heart rate that your brain created.

false consciousness

A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position. Owners can promote this by controlling classes, making it more difficult for workers to see their oppression/ exploitation - opposite of class consciousness

Schachter-Singer Theory

A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced. ** Event --> PR + identify reason for the situation (PR) (consciously) ---> Emotion -Ex: A man, who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. Simultaneously, the man interprets that his allergy to bees makes this encounter threatening, his heart beat increases, and he starts sweating. He labels the emotion he is experiencing as fear.

Trait Theory

A theory that suggests that personality is the result of a combination of traits that are relatively stable over time. - patterns of behavior - it describes traits instead of explaining them (description vs. explanation) - relatively stable characteristic (causes individuals to consistently behave in certain ways)

question order bias

A type of bias that can occur in sample surveys, in which the order of the question influences the responses of participants

cohort study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individuals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease

Case-control study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as controls

systemic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. - ex: first showing a picture of a spider, then showing a spider in a cage and then showing a spider out of the cage.

sensory memory

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less. -auditory (echoic) = few seconds Visual (iconic) = less than a second

Adrenal gland / hormones

ACTH (produced by anterior pituitary gland) acts on adrenal cortex. - adrenal cortex = adrenal steroid hormones ( glucocoticosteroids like cortisol - adrenal medula = catecholamine hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

posterior pituitary gland hormones

ADH (antidiuaretic hormone )and oxytocin

mimicry

Ability of an animal to look like another more harmful animal

Visual sensitivity

Ability to detect low light intensity -Rods are responsible for it

Personality disorder: Cluster C

Anxious, fearful (worried) 1. Avoidant = inhibited, feel inadequate and try to avoid putting themselves in a situation where they can be criticized. 2. Dependent = submissive and clingy: ex; those who stay in physically abusive relationship 3. Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder = very focused on life being ordered and things being perfect and for them being in control to an extent where it annoys other people

Semi-periphery nation

Are between core and periphery nations, with economies that are relatively more diversified than those of periphery nations. (India, Brazil)

dermatome

Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

Urban decline

As people move out of city centers, city can fall into disrepair. Buildings abandoned, unemployment/crime rises. Population of city declines.

Regression

Behaving as if much younger to avoid unacceptable thoughts/behaviors (eg: moving back in with parents to avoid personal responsibilities)

Back stage self

Behavior in private -"Actor" can relax & no longer needs to perform -Behavior is spontaneous & free from evaluation or judgment by others

Inherited (innate) behavior

Behavior that is influenced by peoples genes and does not depend on a learning experience. (encoded by DNA)

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people that are passed on between generations in society.

Repression

Blocking unacceptable thoughts/behaviors from consciousness (eg: being unaware of a traumatic past experiences)

global aphasia

Both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia are present and they affect on language globally not just one part of language.

hypocritin/orexin

CNS control of sleep and arousal

Nicotine

CNS stimmkulant by working as a acetylcholine agonist

Humanistic theory of personality

Carl Rogers - uses Maslow's (first humanistic theorist) and say that personality qualities are nurtured early at life. that is nurtured in a growth-promoting climate. - 2 factors that need to be present for growth promoting climate and self-actualization: genuine (open who we are) and acceptance (our acceptance of other with no judgment) - conscious (opposite of Freud's theory that focuses on unconscious) -People continually seek experiences that make them better, more fulfilled individuals- motivated by enhancing the organism. -The individual shapes his or her own personality through "free will", when person will grow towards self-actualization as long as there are no obstacles. - the most basic motive of all people is self-actualization, innate drive to maintain and enhance oneself to full potential.

Antagonist

Cell response blocked

neural crest cells

Cells at the tip of the neural fold; this group of cells gives rise to many components of the peripheral nervous system.

Organ of Corti

Center part of the cochlea, containing hair cells, basilar membrane and tectorial membrane

Communism

Classless, moneyless community where all property is owned by community

Lewy bodies

Clumps of protein Alpha synuclein observed in degenerating dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson's patients

Trait Behavior

Consistent and enduring personality disposition

Aggregate

Collection of individuals who share a common location but do not identify as a group. Eg: All the people at a given cafe at 6:00 AM.

Reference group

Comparison group to which an individual compares self

stereotype threat theory

Conditions that bring a stereotype to mind contribute to poor performance among members of various stigmatized groups. Eg: Female perform more poorly on math test when they are first reminded of stereotype that "girls are bad at math"

Central (foveal) vision

Cones are sensitive to certain wavelengths (colors) and high-intensity (bright) light

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

Social class

Economic assets such as income and property

9 month milestones

Crawling

mania

DIG FAST - Distractibility - Insomnia - Grandiose - Fleeting thoughts - Agitation - Speech (pressured) - Thoughtlessness (risky behaviors)

Sperm head contains

DNA and acrosome

Dopamine antagonists

Drugs that directly block dopamine from binding to receptors -Most antipsychotic drugs are like this.

phrenologists

Each brain area is devoted to a certain personality characteristic, thought and emotion. Those who attempted to describe personality by feeling the bumps on a persons skull

Functionalism theory

Each part of society works to maintain dynamic equilibrium. Macro: Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons

Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)

Efferent neurons of the PNS that synapse to control skeletal muscle

explicit (declarative) memory

Episodic and semantic

economic capital

Financial assets -ex: money, income, property

Alfred-Binet

First who developed an intelligence test, but he wasn't intended to. He developed a test in order to establish a child's mental age and measure a child's intellectual development and predict how well they will do in school later on. This test was designed for French children.

Concentration segregation

Form of segregation where there is a clustering of different groups - people of same race cluster in one vicinity

Centralization segregation

Form of segregation where there is clustering and segregation in a central area

dizygotic twins

Fraternal twins -twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time - share 50% of their genes - like regular siblings who share some genes

Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy

Free association and dream analysis which are used to analyze unconscious

Structures of the limbic system

HAT Hippo. -Hypothalamus -amygdala -thalamus - hippocampus

Secondary group

Group of individuals who come together to accomplish something. (coworkers) -Large in size -more impersonal

Out-group

Group to which an individual does not identify or belong

negative control

Group with no response expected

Ambient stressors

Global stressors that are integrated into the environment. Perceivable , but hard to control. Can negatively impact us without us being aware of them. Stuff we just put up with our daily lives. - ex: pollution, noise, crowding

12 month milestones

Gross motor: Stands alone (many can walk well).

Primary group

Group of individuals who are emotionally close. -Smaller in size -High degree of interaction (Family)

Raymond Cattle Trait theory

He proposed that we ALL have 16 different personality traits - 16 personality factor questionnaire (16PF)

24 months milestones ( 2 years)

Jumping (2 feet lead ground)

class consciousness

Karl Marx's term for awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production ex: preliterate came together against bourgeoisie

learning/performance distinction

Learning a behavior and performing it are 2 different things - not performing the behavior does not necessarily mean, you did not learn the behavior

Retina

Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones

spatial mismatch

Low income households reside far from where suitable job opportunities are

Pars intermediate (intermediate lobe of pituitary hormone) hormones

MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone)

Rationalization

Making excuses for unacceptable thoughts/behaviors (eg: justifying cheating because "the course is impossible"

mass psychogenic illness or epidemic hysteria

Mass hysteria can be a result of of psychology, like when large amount of people believe they have same illness despite lack of disease.

stages of psychosexual development

Mnemonic: Old age parrots love grapes. 1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage

Relative size

Monocular cue that give sense of form of an object. -the closer the object it is perceived as being bigger.

Characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy

Max Weber (sociologist) studied structure of organizations, 5 main characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy, regardless of goal of organization: 1. Division of labour - people are trained to do specific tasks. · Pro - people are better at tasks, and increased efficiency. · Con - increase alienation in workers, separating them from other works, and they don't see work from beginning to end. Also trained incapacity, where workers are so specialized lose touch with overall picture. 2. Hierarchy of organization - each position is under supervision of higher authority. · Pro - clarify who's in command · Con - deprive people of voice in decision making, and shirk responsibility, especially in unethical tasks. Also allows them to hide mistakes. 3. Written rules and regulations · Pro - clear expectations, uniform performance, equal treatment of all employees, and sense of unity/continuity to organization. · Con - stiffens creativity, and if too much structure discourages employees from taking initiative. Goal displacement (rules become more important than goals) 4. Impersonality - how individuals and officials conduct activities in unbiased manner · Pro - equal treatment · Con - alienation, discourage loyalty to the group 5. Employment based on technical qualifications -hiring in bureaucracy is based on qualifications on person has and not favouritism · Pro - decrease discrimination · Con - decrease ambition (only secure job and do nothing more). Peter Principle, where every employee in hierarchy keeps getting promoted until they reach level of incompetence1.

Strong ties

More solid connections, such as those between family and close friends.

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

Most common form of dementia characterized by a decline in forming new memories, thinking and performance skills, decline or loss of cognition with 3 stages: • mild - early stages = loss of some memory, attention, planning, semantic memory, abstract thinking • moderate • severe = language impairment, loss of emotion control, loss of control for some bodily functions , loss the ability to perform basic functions of living such as toileting, bathing, dressing, and eating. - there is a amyloid protein plaque between the neurons in the brains with people with AD but the role it plays in the development and progression of the disease is still uncertain. - atrophy of brain tissue, especial the cerebrum, is noticeable (decrease in number of neurons) - tangles = TAU protein plaques within the neurons - basalis nucleus = group of neurons at base of cerebrum that are often lost early in course of AD. Important for cognitive functions- sends long axons to cerebral cortex and through cerebrum, and release acetylcholine. Contribute to cognitive functions of disease. - ApoE4 involved in metabolism of fats is strongly related to AD. - high blood pressure - increases the risk of AD - things that decrease AD = higher education, challenging jobs with difficult thinking

Myer-Briggs personality test

Most widely administered personality test in the world based on theories of Carl Jung - 4 letters that characterize you in one of 16 personality types.

social mobility

Movement of individuals, groups, and families between or within status categories in society (eg. middle class to upper class) Can be horizontal and vertical

Ethnic villages

Native culture brought here when the people who live here immigrate. They settle together with people of similar backgrounds and create a community that looks like their home. Ex. Chinatown/Little Italy.

Prejudice

Negative belief and feeling about someone based on membership in a social group

Discrimination

Negative treatment of someone based on membership in a social group

afferent neurons

Nerve cells that carry sensory impulses towards the central nervous system

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)

Neurons that control the lower motor neurons as well as the muscles of the head and neck - somas of these neurons are mainly located in the outside surface of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex) - the axons of these neurons synapse on lower motor neurons either in the brain steam or in the spinal cord which will contract the skeletal muscles

Korsakoff's syndrome

Nutritional deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), which results in a deficit in the ability to recall recent events. Often due to severe malnutrition, eating disorder and most often with sever alcoholism. - These groups usually don't ingest or absorb properly all the nutrients they need including thiamine B1) - at first the person with this syndrome might have damage to certain parts of the brain resulting in poor balance, abnormal eye movement, mild concussion or memory loss = at this stage it is called Wernicke's encephalopathy which is a precursor for this syndrome. - If Wernicke's encephalopathy is diagnosed on time, then it is possible to reverse the damage or at least prevent more of it. If left untreated Wernicke's encephalopathy will progress severe **** syndrome. - the main symptom of this syndrome is severe memory loss which pairs up with confabulation (which is when patient makes up story usually to fill up the gap in his or her memory). - unlike AD, this is not progressive and if diagnosed in early stages is treatable. - the main treatment is thiamine (B1) infection, stay on healthy diet and complete elimination of alcohol.

non-associative learning

Occurs when an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus - es: habituation = person tunes out the stimulus - dishabituation = occurs when previously habituated stimulus is removed. - Sensitization = increase in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus.

Side-effect discrimination

One institution can unintentionally influence another institution negatively. - ex: unjust verdict of criminal justice towards African-American will unintentionally influence the employer to not hire the person.

Heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

universal emotions

Paul Ekman found 6 main emotions ** SAD FiSH sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise, happiness 7. contempt (expression of moral superiority, lifting of only one side of the face)

Rural rebound

People getting sick of cities and moving back to rural areas

Pull Factors of Immigration

Reasons to migrate to a new area such as Economic Opportunity ($) Jobs/ workers were needed Land Peace and stability Freedom to make a better life

low-effort syndrome/coping

Refers to the coping responses of minority groups in an attempt to fit into the dominant culture. - ex: minority students art school may learn to put in only minimal effort as they believe they are being discriminated against by the dominant culture

Moro reflex

Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment - disappears at about 4-6 month of age

sucking reflex

Reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple if placed in the mouth - disappears about 3-4 months

scotopic vision

Rod-mediated vision, which predominates in dim light.

Peripheral vision

Rods, present primary in the periphery of the retina) are more sensitive to light than cones.

18 months milestones

Run (run away from home when we are 18)

Daily hassles (stressor)

Seemingly minor events of daily life. - ex: long store lines, forgetting car keys, aggravating roommate, email spam etc - for minorities might include racism - can also be associated with low sosiceconlimic status = inadequate income or unemployment

Spotlight model of attention

Selective attention - takes info from 5 senses, but don't pay attention to everything.

Social constructionism theory

Social actors define what is real and knowledge about world is based on interactions Macro and Micro

Conventional (Kholberg moral development)

Society's norms and values 3. Conformity and interpersonal accord = wanting to be "good" to secure the approval of others. Ex: I will do the homework so the teacher to like me and praise me. 4. Law and order = obeying laws of society. Ex: I am not going to speed because it is against the law.

Method of problem solving: Insight

Solution occurs in an "A-ha!" moment, typically after a mental break from the problem (incubation = stop thinking about the problem). -valuable -occurs infrequently

Traditionalism

Tendency to follow authority. Shown to be common in twins

law of common fate

The Gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination

Detoxification

The physical process of freeing the body of an addictive substance. - sometimes strong medications are required for strong addiction (break addiction cycle). - Some symptoms are: vomiting, nausea, pain etc. ex. - For Opioids such as heroine act at neural receptor site for endorphins to reduce pain and give euphoria (a highly addictive substance). Methadone activates opioid receptors, but acts more slowly, so it dampness the high. Reduces cravings, eases withdrawal and if heroin is taken the user can't experience the high because receptors are already filled with longer-acting methadone. - For stimulants like tobacco (addictive ingredient: nicotine), medications replace nicotine by delivering low levels of nicotine through patch, or deliver chemicals that act on nicotine receptors in brain. In this case, it prevents release or reuptake of dopamine. Helps reduce cravings. - For alcoholics, meds block receptors in reward system of alcohol. Also reduce symptoms of withdrawal and cravings. Reduce withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, and dysphoria (dissatisfaction with life). Important to prevent relapse during this early stages by minimizing negative symptoms.

Casual mechanism

The process by which a cause brings about an effect. Manipulation of independent variables and measuring its effect on dependent variable.

Blastulation/blastula

The process by which a morula develops into a blastula Contains trophoblast (secretes hCG and ultimately becomes placenta) and inner cell mass that becomes the embryo Implants into endometrium of uterus

Heritability

The proportion of variation (differences) among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The proposition that physiological response and emotions occur simultaneously -Ex: A man who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. Simultaneously, the man's heart beat increases, he starts sweating, and he labels the emotion he is experiencing as fear.

Ethology

The scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in natural environments.

social stigma

The shame or disgrace attached to something. Eg in the past, have an illegitemate child (outside of marriage) was seen as a source of shame for women - stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination

Sleep stage 1

Theta waves -hypnagonic hallucination = hearing or seeing things that are not there -Tetris effect = if you play Tetris right before bed, you might see visual images of blocks during sleep -hypnic jerks = muscle twitch

Relative height

Things higher are perceived to be farther away than those that are lower.

Self-referencing (encoding)

Thinking about new info and how it relates to you personally -ex: preparing to teach - the idea that you are learning this material in order to teach it to someone else. You learn it a lot better because you out more effort into organizing it and understanding the information the best way you can. (involves a great deal of processing)

Cardinal Traits (Allport)

Traits that are characteristics that direct most of the person's activities (the person's dominant traits that influence all of our behaviors including secondary and central traits)

Sublimation

Transforming unacceptable thoughts/behaviors into acceptable thoughts/behaviors (eg: taking up boxing as a way to channel ones anger)

social reproduction

Transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next

positive control

Treatment with known response

Speech Shadowing Task

Two different sounds projected into different ears- asked to repeat things that are projected in one ear only.

MKO (more knowledgeable other)

Vygotsky's term for someone who helps a child learn a new concept by working with that child in his/her zone of proximal development.

Gender Oppression (Feminist Theory)

Women are not only unequal as men, but they're oppressed and abused.

Structural oppression of women

Women's oppression and inequality are due to capitalism, patriarchy and racism. Women are exploited because of capitalism model, but not all women express oppression in the same way. Men are associated with the mind, while women are associated with the body.

Recency bias

Your most recent actions are important--> people place emphasis on your more recent actions/performances

Pragmatics

dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge. - is affected by prosody.

monamine hypothesis of depression

depletion of monamine neurotransmitters in central nervous system directly causes depression symptoms.

binocular cues

depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence that depend on the use of two eyes

labeled-line theory of olfaction

describes a scenario where each receptor would respond to specific stimuli and is directly linked to the brain.

Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation

describes feelings of discontent experienced by those who are being deprived of something they feel entitled ex: Women were not allowed to vote in the United States before 1920, and as a result many felt deprived of this right of citizenship.

correlation coefficient (r value)

describes linear relationships between two variables - r values range from (-1 to 1) -direction (sign) and strength

mental set

describes when a problem solver gets stuck on a method that worked in the past but is not right for the current problem. ex: Most villagers we're feeding their children as they had always done (certain food, twice a day) even though this method resulted in malnutrition.

Techniques of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

desensitization and self talk which are used to replace destructive thoughts/behaviors with healthy ones

smell adaptation

desensitized receptors in your nose to molecule sensory information over time.

strain theory of deviance

deviance theory that predicts that individuals experience tension where there is a disconnection between goals and the available means for achieving those goals. - ex: A parent who is unable to feed her child(goal) because there is not enough food (lack of means) experiences strain. This strain causes individuals to seek deviant means of achieving the goals.

lexicon

dictionary - a set of vocabulary items. entire set of morphemes in a language.

Social impairment

impaired performance of unfamiliar tasks in the presence of others

Anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

Anomia Aphasia

inability to name objects

visual agnosia

inability to recognize objects - is a disorder of the ventral pathway

anosmia

inability to smell one or more smells

Agraphia/dysgraphia aphasia

inability to write

false information

inaccurate recollection of an event -ex: an experiment has been done where participants had to watch a video where car stopped under the yield sign. Then some of the participants where provided wrong information that the car stopped under the stop sign and other participants did not get that information. The participant who got the information about stop sign were more likely to choose that they saw car stopping at stop sign where in reality the video showed that the car stopped in yield sign.

age cohort

include individuals born within a specified time frame (egL everyone born between 1980 and 1990).

Positive checks

increase the death rate, slowing population growth by shortening the average life span. - can be small scale such as increased death rates due to Flu virus

Hypertonia

increased muscle tone or tightness

Reinforcement

increases the likelihood of the behavior happening again

standard error

indicates how different the population mean is likely to be from sample mean.

Rational choice/social exchange theory

individual behaviors and interactions attempt to maximize personal gain and minimize personal cost Micro:

Hyperglobalist perspective

individual countries become less important as countries become interdependent and global society takes presence

secondary deviance (labeling theory)

more serious consequences, characterized by severe negative reaction that produces a stigmatizing label and results in more deviant behaviors. - ex: Teammates of an athlete label players behavior as deviant and they exclude him from practices and call him a terrible player. Reaction will be that he needs to continue to use steroids to be a better player. Reaction might be to use steroids more frequently of try more dangerous forms of drugs. Repeated deviance gives him a reputation of deviance and the stigma of deviance stays with him for the rest of his career.

Polynandry

more than one husband

Polygyny

more than one wife

Brute fact

most basic and fundamental facts that have no explanation

GABA (brain) and glycine (spinal cord)

most common inhibitory NTs - the other 2 G's are inhibitory

Prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe)

most frontal region of the frontal lobe; involved in higher-order cognitive processes (planning, decision making, emotional control) - fully development and maturation this region occurs up until age 25. - ex: Phineas Gage had iron rod penetrate his ------. After the incident, he became rude and rough, behaved inappropriately. - helps to regulate emotional responses, such as dampening anger so that, for example, lashing out at bosses does not occur.

internal validity

mostly concerned with causality, cause-and-effect relationship such as changes in dependent variable will result changes in independent variable.

sensorimotor cortex

motor cortex (frontal lobe) + somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

gross motor skills

motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking or moving our arms

Suburbanization

movement away from cities to get larger home (American dream) - however commute for work can be longer and harder to get quick medical help - suburbs form their own economic center and become independent from the cities that border

Kinesthesia

movement of body, behavioral awareness of body movement -BEHAVIORAL -ex: if you are playing basketball and every time you are stretching to hit the ball you body can detect your body movement. If some ways of stretching will result in success, you are able to teach your body to learn that specific pattern.

Emmigration

movement of individuals out of the country

Urbanization

movement of people from rural to urban areas

Immigration

movement of people into the country

Activist movements

movements aim to change some aspect of society

regressive/reactionary movements

movements that resist change in society

Anatagonist muscle

muscles that cause opposite movement - ex: front and back muscles of the leg: when one is activated the other one is inhibited most of the time

conversion disorder

must look like neurological symptoms only - like problems with speech, swallowing, seizures, paralysis, blindness that are not explained by medical condition.

Core nations

nations, usually United States and Western European countries, that profited from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported resources (raw materials).

Distress

negative stress that builds over time and is bad for your body

fictive kinship

relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations even though the relationships are not based on either consanguineal or affinal ties - adapted children

Cults

religious groups that are small, secretive, and highly controlling of members and have a charismatic leader

Intuition

relying on instinct. - high chance of error

cued recall (retrieval)

remembering with the aid of a hint of clue

free recall (retrieval)

remembering without a hint or clue

Ablation of hippocampus

removal of hippocampus that results in anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new memories. - bilateral hippocampal ablation would also result in some degree of retrograde amnesia, the inability to recall memories that were previously encoded. (past memories)

Fundamentalism

renewed commitment to traditional religion as a reaction to secularization

Study design: Mixed method

research employs both quantitative (numeric) and qualitative (non-numeric) approaches to gain a more comprehensive understanding of topic.

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Comparative research

research mythology in the social sciences that aim to make comparisons across different countries or cultures.

rote rehearsal

retaining information in memory simply by repeating it over and over - eg: Being introduced to Bob in a party over and over and you keep repeating his name thinking that you will remember his name. But if later on you try to recall Bob's name, you will most likely not able to do that. -This is not a successful technique for encoding memory because you are not putting effort to remember the information, you are just simply repeating it in a hope to remember it.

Clonus

rhythmic contraction of antagonist muscle

3 years old

ride tricycle

goal displacement

rules become more important than goals of organization