PTE Reading and Writing: Fill in the Blanks: - July 2023

This year's hole in the Earth's protective ozone layer — which grew to be larger than Antarctica — is finally set to close this week. ____________ like a shield, ozone absorbs UV light from the sun. Its absence means more of this high-energy radiation reaches the Earth, where it can harm living cells. The ozone layer is depleted by chemical reactions that involve the by-products of human-made chemicals that ___________ in the atmosphere. The size of the annual hole — which forms during the southern hemisphere's summer — is strongly dependent on weather conditions, and boosted by cold. Despite these natural fluctuations,experts _________ the hole to close permanently by 2050, in response to restrictions on ozone-depleting chemicals introduced in 1987. The current hole, which has been unusually large, is on track to last only a few days less than its __________ last year, which was the longest-lived on record since 1979. 1) Thinking, Perceiving, Acting, Rolling 2) vanish, absorb, defuse, linger 3) subject, expect, reject, object 4) nemesis, enemy, counterpart, alliance

Acting, linger, expect, counterpart

Organic milk and dairy products may contain higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids and slightly higher amounts of iron, vitamin E, and some carotenoids. _______, organic milk may contain less selenium and iodine than non-organic milk. These are two minerals that are essential for health. A review of 67 studies found that organic meat contained higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids and slightly lower levels of saturated fats than conventional meat. A higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids has been ___________ with many health benefits, including a reduced risk of heart disease. However, several other studies found no differences. While several studies find that organic foods can have significant positive outcomes, others have found insufficient evidence to recommend organic over conventional. An observational study comparing the nutrient intakes of nearly 4,000 adults consuming either organic or conventional vegetables found _____________ results. Although a slightly higher intake of certain nutrients was seen in the organic group, this was most likely _____________ higher overall vegetable consumption. 1) Therefore, Additionally, However, Moreover 2) fascinated, associated, appreciated, diss

However, associated, conflicting, due to

It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on the candidates' track records and future policy promises. ____ truth, many of us are swayed simply by the way that politicians look. Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political candidates and in each case to select the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate selected by students _____ looking the most competent was also the one who'd had real life electoral success, the implication being that voters too had been swayed by the candidates' appearance (there's little evidence that appearance and competence actually ______. Unsurprisingly, being attractive also helps win votes, especially in war time (in peace time, looking trustworthy is more of an advantage). Other research has shown that we're more likely to vote for male and female candidates with _____ voices. 1) For, By, In, With 2) as, for, where, since 3) corporate, cooperate, correlate, convince 4) deeper, violent, deep, more violent

In, as, correlate, deeper

A University of London team found that people who went with their initial response on a test of visual perception (questions included picking out an anomaly in a pattern of symbols) did better than those who were given more time to ponder. ________ the subconscious brain recognized a rotated version of the same symbol as different, the conscious brain reasoned that 'an apple is still an apple whether rotated or not', the researchers on the project _______. When the subjects had time to engage their higher- level functions _________ of relying on their intuitive responses, they were more _________ to be wrong. 1) Even, Whereas, Whether, Therefore 2) claimed, concluded, speculated, asked 3) instead, because, in spite, together 4) likely, involved, agreeable, susceptible

Whereas, concluded, instead, likely

Conservationists have long debated whether the koala should go on the Australian national threatened species list, __________ the koala is clearly in trouble in some parts of the country - Queensland, for example, high numbers __________ by disease - in other parts such as Victoria and South Australia the problem is not that koala populations __________, but that they have grown to the point where they are almost too numerous. For a species to be classed as vulnerable, its population ____________ __________ by more than 30 percent over the last three generations or 10 years. The problem is that when such a stipulation is applied to koalas, the Victorian boom offsets the Queensland bust, and the species stays off the list, This has repercussions because northern koalas are different to southern ones, They are smaller, for example and they contain a genetic _________ not represented in the south for this reason , a split listing has been devised koalas from New South Wales, the ACT and Queensland are now officially "Vulnerable'; those from Victoria and South Australia are not considered Queensland are not officially 'Vulnerable'; those from Victoria and South Australia are not considered

While, are afflicted, are falling, must have decreased, variation, for this reason,

Cells are now ______ as a unifying concept. A cell is the smallest ______ of structure and function. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Cells vary in size. With few exceptions, individual cells are _____ small they cannot be seen unaided. In 1665, a British scientist named Robert Hooke observed cells for the ____ time using a microscope. A microscope is an instrument that magnifies an object. Most images of cells are taken with a microscope and are called micrographs. 1) determined, revised, claimed, accepted 2) unification, uniting, unity, unit 3) much, ever, so, even 4) earliest, first, last, latest

accepted, unit, so, first

In England it is well known that access to university, on average, varies substantially by the level of parental income and that students from poorer family's access different types of universities than those from wealthier backgrounds. However, the question of whether graduates' earnings vary _________ their socioeconomic background amongst graduates attending similar universities and taking the same subject has remained poorly understood, __________ limited by data availability. Our unique administrative database offers substantial advantages in __________ this crucial question. The findings are also relevant for myriad other issues that benefit from better information on variation in graduates' earnings, including: student choice of subject and institution; better information for schools ____________ advise and guide students whilst at school; and the operation and cost of the higher education finance system. 1) according to, contrasting by, abiding by, equaling to 2) hardly, thus far, until then, otherwise 3) addressing, uplifting, up taking, observing 4) to help, have helped, help, helped

according to, thus far, addressing

Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some ___________ with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general __________ of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist. This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets. The book can be used to _____________ a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or independently of any course — simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more _____________ view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. 1) acquaintance, concomitance, in

acquaintance, characteristics, supplement, realistic

Many types of scientific evidence show that involvement in social relationships benefits health. The most striking evidence comes from prospective studies of mortality _______________ industrialized nations. These studies _________ show that individuals with the lowest level of involvement in social relationships are more likely to die than those with greater involvement. The risk of death among men and women with the fewest social ties was more than twice as high as the risk for adults with the most social ties. Social ties also reduce ______ risk among adults with documented medical conditions. Among adults with coronary artery disease, the socially isolated had a risk of subsequent cardiac death 2.4 tunes greater than their more socially connected ___________ In addition to mortality, involvement in social relationships has been associated with specific health conditions as well as biological markers indicating risk of preclinical conditions. Several recent review articles provide consistent and _________ evidence linking a low quantity or quality of social ties with a host of conditions. 1) off, beneath, across, on 2) impotently, consistently, competently, inadvertently 3) mentality

across, consistently, mortality, peers, compelling

In order to _________ the widespread problem of low literacy, educators and policymakers must first understand why so many students struggle to read. One reason is undiagnosed reading disabilities such as dyslexia or other brain-based learning difficulties, which are more effectively addressed when identified in children as early as kindergarten and ideally before the second grade. Environmental factors such as low _________ to literature or language barriers can also limit reading success. Many experts also argue that a major ___________ factor is the lack of training teachers receive in identifying children who are at risk of reading failure and in building oral language and linguistic skills. Additionally, teachers may not receive explicit instruction on how to teach reading skills, and existing reading curricula often do not __________ with the current science on how students learn. Studies suggest that __________ the science of reading practices studied by psychologists, linguists, and neurobiologists into the classroom will dramatically reduce the number of children who are on track to become functionally illiterate adults. 1) progress, address, distress, compress 2) expedition, e

address, exposure, contributing, align, incorporating

Most inventors _________ to make money from an invention by licensing it to a larger company that will manufacture and sell the invention. However, they __________ the risk that potential licensees with whom they discuss the invention may learn enough about it to steal it or prevent them from patenting it. This means that the inventor would not receive any royalties from the invention. Sometimes an inventor will ___________ a provisional patent application to prevent this problem. They would need to make sure that their invention meets the requirements for patent protection. If it does, a provisional patent application can give their invention patent pending status for a minimal fee. This will ___________ an inventor's intent to move forward with obtaining patent rights for the invention. Another ___________for inventors to consider is requiring potential customers to sign a non-disclosure agreement,also known as a confidentiality agreement. This may be appropriate if the invention may not meet the patent requirements at this stage of its development, which means that they could not file a provisional patent application. 1) offer, claim, target, aim 2) face, avoid, reduce, accept 3) pro

aim, face, file, signal, option

Although it symbolizes a bright idea, the traditional incandescent light bulb is a dud. It wastes huge ____________ of electricity, radiating 95% of the energy it ___________ as heat rather than light. Its life is also relatively short, culminating in a dull pop as its filament fractures. Now a team of researchers has ___________ a light bulb that is not only much more energy-efficient -- it is also expected to __________ longer than the devices into which it is inserted. Moreover, the lamp could be used for rear-projection televisions as well as general illumination. The trick to a longer life, for light bulbs at least, is to __________ that the lamp has no electrodes. Although electrodes are undeniably convenient or plugging bulbs directly into the lighting system, they are also the main reason why lamps fail. 1) counts, rations, amounts, proportions 2) consumes, lasts, invents, pursues 3) involved, devised, excluded, revised 4) carry, last, use, take 5) assure, ensure, ascertain, ensue

amounts, consumes, devised, last, ensure

Neuropsychological testing is one way to ____________ cognitive health. However, this option can be costly and labor intensive. In many cases, basic screening will suffice for an understanding of a given individual's cognitive health status. There are a number of excellent tools available to _____________ for basic screening and tracking of cognitive health. Many of these tools are designed for use with older people, but some are meant for use with younger people as well. The Alzheimer's Association website offers a cognitive assessment toolkit that includes the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit algorithm for the assessment of cognition. This assessment uses patient history, observations by clinicians, and concerns ____________ by the patient, family, or caregivers. The toolkit further includes three measures _____________ for use by professionals to assess and track a patient's cognitive health. These measures include the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition, Memory Impairment Screen, and the Mini-Cog brief psychometric test. 1) obsess, assess, possess, access 2) stationers, practitioners, petitioners, questioners 3) raised, rising, arising, praised 4) validated, intimidated, dila

assess, practitioners, raised, validated

Don't expect a straightforward answer from Chanan Tigay about the _____________ or even the existence of what was promoted as the earliest version of the fifth and final book of the Jewish Torah, known to Christians as the Book of Deuteronomy in the Old Testament. As an author who spent years trying to _____________ a juicy mystery and get it down on paper, Tigay wants you to read his book, "The Lost Book of Moses: The Hunt for the World's Oldest Bible" to find the answer. But at a talk on Wednesday, the writer, journalist, and fellow offered listeners an enticing peek, describing how he landed on the story of the mysterious manuscript and about his years trying to track ___________ the document. From the author's description, it was a wild, Indiana Jones-type ride that included a competition to find the relic, false starts, dead ends, trips to faraway places, and an ultimate breakthrough close to home. 1) authenticity, area, imagination, scale 2) build, unravel, cross, envisage 3) down, envisage, out, of

authenticity, unravel, down

The translation aims foremost at accuracy and ______________ including the liveliness of the dialogue form. We have striven to preserve the natural ____________ of the speech. This both helps and, in a way, hurts the readability of the translation. After all, these texts portray people speaking, and speaking to one another, and humans are not always the most ____________ of speakers. This is recreated by Plato. Socrates' Defense is almost entirely comprised of Socrates speaking at length to his judges and so he sometimes finds himself, because he goes on for quite a while, and keeps_________________ qualifications, and then loses his way, and so he moves to a new grammatical construction. Similarly, characters sometimes ___________ one clause on top of another. Usually these run-on sentences are easy to follow and the effect is often an increasing intensity, but once or twice in Socrates' Defense Socrates seems rather to be finding his way into an idea and is less than eloquent. 1) competitiveness, complexity, completeness, competition 2) bestow, flow, outflow, glow 3) inconsequent, sequent, eloquent, consequent 4) pile, tile, vile, file

completeness, flow. Eloquent, inserting, pile

Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the ____________ loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph.D.'s. Some have placed the dropout's loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22,000 ________________ sent to former graduate students who were ______________ in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless. The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph.D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well _____________, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates. 1) conventional, consequent, contradictory, contemporary 2) questions, questionnaires, commissionaires, luminaries 3) enrolled, enrolls, enrolling, enrollment 4) financially, considerably, traditionally, practically

consequent, questionnaires, enrolled, financially

Rationing may be of several types. Informal rationing, which precedes the imposition of formal controls, may consist of admonitions to consumers to reduce their ____________ or of independent action taken by suppliers in allocating scarce supplies. Rationing according to use prohibits the less important uses of a commodity. Rationing by quantity may limit the hours during _________ the commodity is available or may assign quotas of a commodity to all known and approved claimants. Rationing by value limits the amount consumers may spend on commodities that cannot be ___________, consumers being allowed to make their own selections within the value limits imposed. Point rationing assigns a point value to each commodity and allocates a certain number of points to each consumer; this system is employed during periods of critical and increasing shortages when individuals begin _________ unrationed for rationed items, thereby spreading shortages. Consumers in a rationed economy are usually _____________ to save by purchasing government bonds or by increasing their deposits in savings banks so that unspent money will not be used for increased purchases of unrationed items or for purchases on t

consumption, which, standardized, substituting, exhorted

Although not written about extensively, a few individuals have considered the concept and act of cheating in history as well as _________ culture. J. Barton Bowyer writes that cheating 'is the advantageous ________ of perceived reality. The advantage falls to the cheater because the cheated person misperceives what is assumed to be the real world'. The cheater is taking advantage of a person, a situation, or both. Cheating also ________ the 'reality' or what others call 'deception'. Deception can involve hiding the 'true' reality or 'showing' reality in a way intended to deceive others. Options: 1) periodical, utter, virtual, contemporary 2) distortion, multiplication, inheritance, promotion 3) deserts, involves, anticipates, subscribes 1) periodical, utter, virtual, contemporary 2) distortion, multiplication, inheritance, promotion 3) deserts, involves, anticipates, subscribes

contemporary, distortion, involves

The establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by starting a chain of events which __________ in war between Germany and the United States. The complete destruction of democracy, the __________ of Jews, the war on religion, the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis, and especially the plans of Germany and her allies, Italy and Japan, for world conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another world war. While speaking out against Hitler's atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 ____________ trade with any belligerents or loans to them. In 1937 the President was empowered to declare an arms embargo in wars between nations at his __________. American opinion began to change somewhat after President Roosevelt's "quarantine the aggressor" speech at Chicago (1937) in which he __________ criticized Hitler's policies. Germany's seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938) also aroused the American people. 1) fulminated, culminated, cultivated, disseminated 2) persecution, construction, protection, allocution 3) prohibi

culminated, persecution, prohibited, discretion, severely

Coconut crabs spend most of their lives on land, but they start out in the ocean. On the new moon, a female coconut crab __________ larvae (which she's been carrying around in her abdomen since they were just fertilized eggs) into the ocean, and the babies ___________ around in the currents for a month or so before dropping to the seafloor and finding nice, cozy snail shells to move into. Just like your childhood hermit crab friend, young coconut crabs move in and out of shells as they ______________ up and get used to living on land. Sometimes a juvenile coconut crab will use a coconut husk or empty sea shell as _________ until its own shell gets harder. After about a year, the teens of the species eventually find there are no shells left on the beach large enough to ______________ their bulk, so they move out altogether. From here on out, they live the rest of their lives out of the water — coconut crabs will drown if totally submerged. 1) deposits, discards, consumes, flaunts 2) bloat, afloat, float, gloat 3) follow, bulk, brush, sum 4) fellow, assistant, trophy, armor 5) abrogate, affiliate, approximate, accommodate

deposits, float, bulk, armor, accommodate

The prospect of learning something from history is what makes sociologists tick. It is through ________ a systematic understanding of the forces which shape our lives that we _____ exercise control over them. The founding thinkers of sociology, who _______ to prominence during the development of what we are pleased to call modernity, thought so. It Is the intimate relationship between the development of sociology and the development of modernity that the course begins with. This relationship is an intimate one, because it is _______ with the social change instituted In the development of the modern world that a discipline such as sociology and social science in general could either exist or have anything to study. 1) developing, delivering, covering, deterring 2) can, wish, deny, doubt 3) referred, came, supposed, conferred 4) only, roughly, randomly, never

developing, can, came, only

While there are many project management techniques and tools, there are considerable ___________ in applying these methods to different projects. For example, a large, complex, multiyear construction project is very different from a 12-month ISO 9001 quality management system implementation or a three-month process improvement and machinery upgrade project. While the basic principles apply in all situations, the project management methodology must be ____________ to fit the benefit-to-cost ratio for each situation. Managers often fail to use project planning tools and techniques appropriate to the anticipated outcomes of the project and the resources available. Aspiring project managers may utilize a wide ___________ of project management tutorials and other resources, including college-based, association-based, and consultant-sponsored classes and courses. The Project Management Institute offers certification as a Project Management Professional (PMP) to those who pass a rigorous exam and ____________ their proficiency by planning and managing a successful project. 1) difficulties, deviations, conflicts, differences 2) scaled, abjured, obfuscated, beguiled 3) sort, category, range, cla

differences, scaled, range, demonstrate

Atomic nuclei come in a dizzying number of varieties. Scientists have discovered 118 chemical elements, _______ by the number of protons in their nuclei. Each of those elements has a variety of isotopes, different versions of the element formed by switching up the number of neutrons inside the nucleus. Scientists have predicted the ________ of about 8,000 isotopes of known elements, but only about 3,300 have made an appearance in detectors. Researchers expect FRIB will make a ___________ dent in the missing isotopes. It may identify 80 percent of possible isotopes for all the elements up through uranium, including many never seen before. The most familiar nuclei are those of the roughly 250 isotopes that are stable: they don't _________ to other types of atoms. The ranks of stable isotopes include the nitrogen-14 and oxygen-16 in the air we breathe and the carbon-12 found in all known living things. The number following the element's name ___________ the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. 1) anguished, vanquished, languished, distinguished 2) existence, persistence, nonexistence, consistence 3) sizable, quotable, portable, sociable 4) decay, stray, array, foray 5) indi

distinguished, existence, sizable, decay, indicates

The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an ________ of truth. A state's relation with its neighbors, at least in the __________ years, is greatly ____________ by its frontier policy, especially when there are no settled borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and princes to gain their _________ (as well as handsome tributes for the coffers of the state), and, security of the 'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas adjoining the frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in this connection that the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and __________, was yet to emerge in India under Mughal rule. 1) element, exertion, evidence, explanation 2) cultivating, early, formative, developing 3) fame, credit, allegiance, prestige 4) delineated, divided, circled, described

element, formative, influenced, allegiance, delineated

Just as young people used to spend unmonitored time playing with friends in the neighborhood, outside the periphery of adults, they are now __________ with each other in the cyberworld, talking with each other about each other, often without adult or parental monitoring. While technology allows young people to connect in _________ ways, such as the opportunity to share ideas, photos, videos, and more, the unsupervised _________ of the cyberworld demands the need for guidance, guidelines, and social responsibility. Cyberbullying can happen ________ there is online social interaction. For example, some young people use social media, video games, texting, or anonymous apps to bully other youth, post embarrassing pictures, share private information, or send threatening messages. Students can use their access to a large online audience to encourage their peers to join them in targeting someone with gossip, rumors, and _____________ stories. 1) complying, engaging, coping, fighting 2) dull, meaningful, trivial, inconsequential 3) nature, stature, ability, benefit 4) anywise, anyhow, anywhere, anyways 5) interesting, untrue, authentic, true

engaging, meaningful, nature, anywhere, untrue

African culture varies not only between national boundaries, but within them. One of the key __________ of this culture is the large number of _________ groups throughout the 54 countries on the continent. For example, Nigeria alone has more than 300 tribes, according to Culture Trip. Africa has been importing and exporting its culture for centuries; East African trading ports were a crucial link between East and West as early as the seventh century, according to The Field Museum. This led to complex urban centers along the Eastern coast, often connected by the movement of raw materials and goods from ____________ parts of the continent. It would be impossible to _____________ all of African culture with one description. Northwest Africa has strong ties to the Middle East, while Sub-Saharan Africa shares historical, physical and social characteristics that are very different from North Africa, according to Britannica. 1) features, conjectures, issues, doubts, 2) ethnic, ethic, eugenic, epic 3) forelocked, interlocked, unlocked, landlocked 4) conceptualize, characterize, symbolize, synthesize

features, ethnic, landlocked, characterize

When we are very concerned about certain of our physical ______________ a nose that is stubbornly a bit too large, eyes that are slightly too far apart, hair that is not as lustrous as it should be - we miss an overall point about our relationship to our appearance: how beautiful we feel has nothing to do with the __________ structure of our face or body. It isn't what we look like that counts: it's how we feel inside. Our self - assessments are in the end solely ________ our relative degrees of self-love and self-contempt. There are people of ideal _________ and exceptional beauty who cannot bear what they see in the mirror and others who can contemplate a less than svelte stomach or a no longer so supple kind of skin with indifference and defiant good humor. And at a tragic ____________ there are heart- breakingly fine-looking people who starve themselves to ill-health. 1) gestures, component, pastures, features 2) reflective, objective, conjunctive, subjective 3) called in, based on, ruled out, summed up, 4) distortions, apportions, proportions, abortions 5) humanity, extreme, feeling, supreme

features, objective, based on, proportions, extreme

An analysis of more than 500 graduates found no significant difference between business schools that offered traditional courses and those that emphasise a 'learning-by-doing' approach to entrepreneurship education. The research challenges the ongoing trend across higher education institutes (HEIs) of ________ on experiential learning, and suggests that universities need to reconsider their approach if they ______ increase entrepreneurship among their students. Ms Inna Kozlinska, research associate at Aston Business School and author of the study, said: 'Entrepreneurship education ________ as a major force capable of generating long-term socio-economic changes through developing entrepreneurial, creative, flexible and wise individuals. There is an ongoing shift towards experiential learning in business schools, _____ there is little empirical evidence to suggest this approach has better impact than traditional learning. 1) acclaiming, turning, spreading, focusing 2) are, are to, going to, to 3) is seen, has seen, sees, is seeing 4) yet, unless, besides, so

focusing, are to, is seem, yet

Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only ________. I certainly find myself __________ this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be ____________ by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first ____________ Camus' text, I've learned that modern science ________ a very different story. 1) surprisingly, impressively, implicitly, roughly 2) have thought, thinking, thought, thinks 3) seduced, supplanted, secured, supplied 4) encountering, copying, duplicating, enclosing 5) cheats, scales, tells, enlarges

implicitly, thinking, seduced, encountering, tells

In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man _____________ his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence as if it were a _____________ solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our ___________ remain basically ______________ . The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that _______________ documentation of violence has taught us absolutely nothing. 1) exposes, imposes, composes, disposes 2) legitimate, feeble, questionable, doubtful 3) instruction, instillation, instrument, instincts 4) unchanged, fluctuating 5) tedious, educational, valuable, interesting,

imposes, legitimate, instincts, unchanged, tedious

"Most people think success comes from surrounding yourself with others that are like you" says Johansson. "But true success and breakthrough __________ involves discomfort. Discomfort pushes you to ___________. This is ____________ difference of experience, opinion, and perspective come in. Diversity is a well-documented pathway to unlocking new ___________, overcoming new challenges, and _________ new insights." 1) innovation, fascination, composition, intervention 2) fear, grow, pause, hesitate 3) who, where, which, that 4) opportunities, arrival, failure, loss 5) deciding, gaining, standing, living

innovation, grow, where, opportunities, gaining

Symbiosis is a general term for ___________ interactions in which two species live together in a long-term, _____________ association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the term symbiosis to mean a relationship that __________ both parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a broader concept and can include __________, lasting relationships with a variety of positive or negative effects on the participants. 1) interspecific, international, informal, fundamental 2) intimate, ridiculous, noxious, precious 3) benefits, inspires, motivates, exquisite 4) close, last, new, recent

interspecific, intimate, benefits, close

Although a plethora of issues might result in drainage problems at present, certain situations have been witnessed which are more typical than the others. The primary reason behind crawl spaces and __________ basements is that it is not possible to drain the water away from the residence appropriately. Most of the time, the reason for this happens to be the gutters. Either the spigots have become ___________ blocked or they are not pointed away from the house as needed, and the water is not following the appropriate route and is getting ________ in locations around the base, resulting in structural as well as landscape damage. It has also been observed that several types of individuals require drainage solutions after ____________ a new landscaping venture. It is very important to grade your backyard, and even landscapers forget regarding this every now and then. Therefore, if you are thinking of beautifying your garden, always keep in mind to grade away from your residence! 1) intimidated, inundated, fecundated, dilapidated 2) comprehensively, obsessively, submissively 3) stimulated, interrogated, interrelated, accumulated 4) succeeding, completing, depleting, competing

inundated, excessively, accumulated, competing

A flower's colour, however, isn't a full-proof guide to a good lunch. That's because the colour can change depending on the angle at which sunlight hits its petals. A yellow flower, for example, may look somewhat blue from one angle and red from another. Scientists call this kind of colour change ____________. 'It's the same phenomenon that makes a rainbow appear in a soap bubble or on a CD, ' says Beverley Glover. She studies plants at the University of Cambridge in England. In 2009, Glover and her colleagues showed that even when petals look shimmery, bees can still tell which flowers likely hold food. But she and others noticed something odd about iridescence. It's not quite as flashy in plants as in other life forms, Glover says. The backs of jewel, beetles, or the wings of certain butterflies, for instance, shine and shimmer a lot more. The researchers tested their hypothesis in the lab. They trained a group of bees to associate fake purple flowers with getting more nectar. Then the team _________ the bees. They added non-shimmery fake flowers with purple-blue and purple-red hues to the bees' flight path. The bees passed the test, ignoring flowers that weren't _________ purple. Sec

iridescence, tested, perfectly, trained

The Food Standards Authority has ___________ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that ____________ in some foods cooked at high temperatures. This means that people should avoid ____________ their roast potatoes, reject thin-crust pizzas and only easily toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such __________ advice? While studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no _______________ evidence that it causes cancer in humans. 1) issued, ensued, sued, pursued 2) performs, transforms, forms, deforms 3) poaching, boiling, crisping, steaming 4) alarmist, finest, populist, moist 5) illusive, occlusive, reclusive, conclusive

issued, forms, crisping, alarmist, conclusive

Catholics venerate the saints and look to them as examples of lives well lived in the faith. Many find comfort in the ____________ that holy people shared in their same struggles, sins, doubts, or hardships and ask specific saints to pray for them. Some saints are the patrons of certain occupations or causes, and these saints are often invoked to aid people in those professions or situations. For example, St. Judas (Jude) is the patron saint of impossible or ___________ causes, and many Catholics ask him to pray on their behalf for the ____________ of seemingly impossible situations in their lives. Additionally, many Catholics take or are given a saint's name for their confirmation. A confirmation saint is often seen as having an invested interest in ____________ a new Catholic's spiritual growth and is usually chosen because his or her life story ___________ with the neophyte. Most saints have feast days observed by the Catholic Church in which their lives and contributions are formally celebrated, and some have large followings of devotees and even religious orders in their honor. 1) relief, knowledge, disappointment, illusion, 2) complacent, desperate, insidious, satisfactory 3) devo

knowledge, desperate, resolution, fostering, resonates

The geography of Scotland is varied and dramatic. From its rocky high mountains to its deep valleys, rivers, lochs and diverse coastline, Scotland attracts visitors from around the world to revel in the ___________ beauty of this beautiful country. Scotland's coastline ___________ for over 11,000 km, and includes a wide range of features, from white sand beaches in the Hebrides, to deep sea lochs reaching far inland, sheltered pebble enclaves and wide open expanses of sand in Aberdeen shire. This exceptionally diverse and beautiful coastline offers something for everyone. Wherever your self-catering base, the coast will always be an ___________ target for a day trip — whether you decide to indulge _________ water-sports, bird watching, whale spotting or even some wild swimming; Scotland's coast is sure to delight. Scotland's islands are prolific and varied, with exposed Atlantic coasts and sheltered leeward coves. Each of Scotland's islands is home to many different species of flora and __________, as well as varied rock formations and features. 1) deficient, domestic, ascetic, majestic 2) runs, stands, lasts, builds 3) irretrievable, achievable, observable, inconceivable 4) in, on, wit

majestic, achievable, in, fauna

Even after thousands of years exploring Earth, we're still uncovering new things like an ancient 'superhighway' in the Guatemalan rain forest. Hidden beneath a thick layer of vegetation, the ________ of roads stretches over 150 miles and was most likely built by the Mayan empire some 2,000 years ago. The newly mapped roads are connected to the ruins of El Mirador (sometimes called the Kan Kingdom) in northern Guatemala. Archaeologists believe El Mirador ________ around the 6th century BCE, and was at its most powerful around the early first century CE. At that time, it had a population of as many as a quarter of a million, a quarter the size of Rome itself at the time. It also has some of the largest pyramids in the world. It was the _________ of the Mayan civilization, and naturally needed some major roadways. The roads of El Mirador have been known about since 1967, but scientists had no idea how extensive they were until now. The thick jungle obscured the remnants of the road, __________ it difficult to see from the air. 1) network, surface, budget, width 2) has founded, founded, was founded, was founding 3) volume, heart, column, facet 4) makes, making, make, made

network, was founded, heart, making

Communication should be open, honest, and ___________. People feel ____________ to express their thoughts, opinions, and potential solutions to problems. People feel as if they are heard out and listened to by team members who are ____________ to understand. Team members ask questions for clarity and spend their thought time listening deeply ____________than forming rebuttals while their co-worker is speaking. 1) respectful, destructive, harmful, dreadful 2) free, concerned, fearful, nervous 3) complaining, attempting, defending, making 4) rather, along, instead, more

respectful, free, attempting, rather

Long ago, ancient mariners successfully navigated a perilous ocean journey to arrive at Japan's Ryukyu Islands, a new study suggests. Archaeological sites on six of these isles — part of a 1,200-kilometer-long chain — indicate that migrations to the islands _________ 35,000 to 30,000 years ago, both from the south via Taiwan and from the north via the Japanese island of Kyushu. But whether ancient humans navigated there on purpose or ___________ there by accident on the Kuroshio ocean current, one of the world's largest and strongest currents, is unclear. The answer to that question could __________ light on the proficiency of these Stone Age humans as mariners and their mental capabilities overall. Now, satellite-tracked buoys that ___________ a wayward raft suggest that there's little chance that the seafarers reached the isles by accident. 1) incurred, concurred, spurred, occurred 2) drifted, airlifted, sifted, shifted 3) drop, shed, place, embrace 4) insulated, simulated, stimulated, regulated

occurred, drifted, shed, simulated

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge, a stunning technological and artistic achievement, _____ to the public after five years of construction. On opening day-"Pedestrian Day"- some 200,000 bridge walkers ______ at the 4,200-foot-long suspension bridge, which spans the Golden Gate Strait at the entrance to San Francisco Bay and ______ San Francisco and Marin County. On May 28, the Golden Gate Bridge opened to ______ traffic. On May 27, 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge was opened to great acclaim, a ______ of progress in the Bay Area during a time of economic crisis. At 4,200 feet, it was the longest bridge in the world _____ the completion of New York City's Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in 1964. Today, the Golden Gate Bridge remains one of the world's most recognizable architectural structures. 1) opens, closes, appears, equals 2) stationed, looked, marveled, laughed 3) separates, connects, channels, differentiates 4) aquatic, vehicular, airborne, watertight 5) denial, symbol, technique, yield 6) since, until, along, within

opens, marveled, connects, vehicular, symbol, until

The telescope will hover in a gravitationally stable spot known as Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 2, which will allow it to stay aligned with Earth as the planet _______________ around the sun. Because JWST is primarily designed to observe infrared light, it's ______________ to keep it protected from any heat or light that could __________ out the faint signals of distant stars and planets. With the sunshield. It should only reach a maximum of 185 degrees Fahrenheit on the side exposed to solar rays; the opposite side, where the telescope's mirrors, detectors, and other ___________ instruments live, will remain at a chilly - 388 degrees Fahrenheit. The _________ gravitational properties of the Lagrange Point ensure that JWST won't flip around and fry its sensors while the solar panels and computers freeze JWST should be ready to begin its primary scientific mission in roughly six months. The $10 billion telescope is intended to last at least five years once its mission begins, and carries enough propellant to operate for a decade. 1) cohabits, orbits, inhibits, prohibits 2) brutal, crucial, provincial, special 3) disown, drown, frown, windblown 4) duplicate, delicate, rusticate, dediscate 5)

orbits, crucial, drown, delicate, intriguing

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in ___________ to solve new problems. It __________ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then generally starts to slowly _________ as we age. But ____________ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be. 1) order, attempt, return, step 2) peaks, delays, fades, continues 3) plateau, soar, rocket, decline 4) because, while, with, why

order, peaks, decline, while

The practice of giving storms personal names appears to have ___________ with Clement Wragge, an Australian meteorologist who in the 1890s entertained himself by naming storms after women, mythical ______________, and politicians that he didn't like. The modern system of using personal names developed during World War II, when meteorologists began using women's names — often those of wives or girlfriends — instead of _______________ designations based on latitude and longitude. Short and quickly understood, names were easier to _______________ over the radio and easier to keep straight if there was more than one storm in a given area. The system was ____________ in 1953 when the National Weather Service put together an alphabetical list of female names to be used for storms in the Atlantic basin. Male names were added to the list in 1979 when women's groups pointed out the sexism of using only female names. 1) originated, laminated, contaminated, vaccinated 2) figures, figuration, figurative, configures 3) worrisome, cumbersome, awesome, wholesome 4) transmit, transform, transfuse, transect 5) rationalized, decentralized, formalized, immortalized

originated, figures, cumbersome, transmit, formalized

To be really happy and really safe, one __________ to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: "I will take an interest in this or that."; Such an attempt only ____________ the strain of mental effort. A man may ____________ great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. ____________ speaking, human being may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. 1) ought, should, may, believes 2) alleviates, aggravates, aggregates, agglomerates 3) acquire, deny, lack, know 4) kindly, Broadly, Grandly, Sadly

ought, aggravates, acquire, Broadly

A rainbow is most often viewed as a circular arc in the sky. An observer on the ground observes a half-circle of color with red being the color ________ on the outside or top of the bow. Those who are fortunate enough to have seen a rainbow from an airplane in the sky may know that a rainbow can ______ be a complete circle. Observers on the ground only view the top half of the circle since the bottom half of the circular arc is prevented by the presence of the ground. Yet observers in an airborne plane can often look both upward and downward to view the complete circular bow. The circle results because there are a ____________ of suspended droplets in the atmosphere that are capable of concentrating the dispersed light at angles of ___________ of 40-42 degrees relative to the original path of light from the sun. These droplets actually form a circular arc, with each droplet within the arc ___________ light and reflecting it back towards the observer. 1) deceived, perceived, conceived, believed 2) mutually, annually, actually, intellectually 3) conception, collection, connection, competition 4) illuviation, abbreviation, aviation, deviation 5) pervading, submersing, traversing, dispersin

perceived, actually, collection, deviation, dispersing

The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has awarded $2.49 million to cover a ______ of the cost of a collaborative project led by the Australian Maritime College at the University of Tasmania, in __________ with The University of Queensland and CSIRO. The $5.85 million 'Tidal Energy in Australia _ Assessing Resource and Feasibility to Australia's Future Energy Mix' project will map the country's tidal energy in __________ detail before assessing its ability to contribute to Australia's energy needs. 1) wholesome, total, portion, worth 2) disguise, partnership, contrast, revenge 3) unexpected, unforgiven, universal, unprecedented

portion, partnership, unprecedented

The skills you will develop on this course will help you become more confident and competent in managing written and social aspects In your current career. It will ________ you for further study in your area of interest. We plan to provide you with the opportunity to hear about the work of professors who have been involved in the past. We have had confirmation that they will give talks on their subjects ___________ to your group, and help you to clarify potential future directions you might take in your study and career. There are also dedicated careers services available at the University, ___________ you will be entitled to use. The assessments for the first part of the program are designed to develop key study skills and to provide you with the opportunity to brush up on skills you haven't used for a long time, or feel you do not have. This will include some written work essays, as well as group work (short presentations) and you will be taught how to do these. ________ of the assessment for each module will be explained in your first session. 1) send, fund, prepare, protect 2) specially, excessively, generally, exclusively 3) that, which, as, what 4) Dots, Fields, Details, Portraits

prepare, specially, which, Details

Girls are more likely to have books read to them that include female _________ than boys. Because of these preferences, children are more likely to learn about the gender biases of their own gender than of other genders. The researchers ___________ 247 books written for children 5 years old and younger from the Wisconsin Children's Book Corpus. The books with female protagonists had more gendered language than the books with male protagonists. The researchers __________ this finding to "male" being historically seen as the default gender. Female-coded words and phrases are more outside of the norm and more notable. The researchers also compared their findings to adult fiction books and found children's books displayed more gender ___________ than fictional books read by adults. In particular, the researchers examined how often women were associated with good, family, language and arts, while men were associated with bad, careers and math. 1) protagonists, cosmogonists, agonists, expressionists 2) hydrolyzed, paralyzed, catalyzed, analyzed 3) contribute, tribute, distribute, attribute 4) stereotypes, teletypes, prototypes, electrotypes

protagonists, analyzed, attribute, stereotypes

The Babylonians are the innovators behind the most well-known example of early advanced agriculture systems. Built nearly 2,500 years ago, their hanging gardens are thought to be the earliest ____________ of a vertical farm (vertical refers to the practice of growing the plants upward to maximize growing space). Beyond this ancient Wonder of the World, there are myriad examples of how civilizations have worked to _________ their environments to make farming easier or more ______________. One thousand years ago, the Mesoamerican Aztec society ______________ a form of hydroponics (hydroponics is the science of growing plants without soil in a nutrient-rich solution). The Aztecs grew plants on marshy 'rafts' suspended in rivers and shallow lake beds. The remnants of these small, rectangular areas of fertile, arable land, known as chinampas, can still be seen in Mexico City today. 1) prototype, failure, discredit, protocol 2) escape, manipulate, respect, disarrange 3) productive, constructive, connective, counterproductive 4) domineered, pioneered, volunteered, engineered

prototype, manipulate, productive, pioneered

The love of beauty is an essential part of all healthy human nature. It is a moral __________. The absence of it is not an assured ground of condemnation, but the ___________ of it is an invariable sign of goodness of heart. In proportion to the degree in which it is felt will probably be the degree in which nobleness and beauty of character will be __________. Natur0al beauty is an all-pervading presence. The universe is its temple. It unfolds into the numberless flowers of spring. It waves in the branches of trees and the green blades of grass. It _____________ from the hues of the shell and the precious stone. And not only these minute objects but the oceans, the mountains, the clouds, the stars, the rising and the setting sun — all __________ with beauty. 1) quality, quantity, qualification, qualifier 2) absence, presence, contrary, opposite 3) entertained, attained, detained, sustained 4) overflow, overfeed, overfly, overfill

quality, presence, attained, gleams, overflow

The supply of a thing, in the phrase "supply and demand," is the amount that will be offered for sale at each of a series of prices; the demand is the amount that will be bought at each of a series of prices. The principle that value depends on supply and demand means that in the case of nearly every commodity, more will be bought if the price is lowered, less will be bought if the price is __________. Therefore, sellers, if they wish to induce buyers to take more of a commodity than they are already doing, must reduce its price; if they raise its price, they will sell less. If there is a general falling off if in demand-- due, say, to trade depression -- sellers will either have to ________ prices or put less on the market; they will not be able to sell the same _________ at the same price. Similarly, with supply. At a certain price a certain amount will be offered for sale, at a higher price more will be offered, at a lower price less. If consumers want more, they must offer a higher price; if they want less, they will probably be able to force prices down. That is the first result of a change in demand or supply. 1) higher, kept, folded, raised 2) trade, treat, describe, reduce 3) qu

raised, reduce, amount

Invasive mosquito fish are often fearless. Free from the predators of their native range, these mosquito fish run __________, throwing naive ecosystems from Europe to Australia out of whack. To keep the problematic fish in check, scientists are trying to ___________ fear back into the hearts of these swimmers with a high-tech tool: robots. In a laboratory experiment, a robotic fish designed to ___________ one of mosquito fish's natural predators increased fear and stress responses in mosquito fish, impairing their survival and reproduction, researchers report December 16 in iScience. While robofish won't be deployed in the wild anytime soon, the research highlights that there are more creative ways of preventing ____________ behavior from a species than simply killing them, says Michael Culshaw-Maurer, an ecologist at the University of Arizona in Tucson who wasn't involved in the study. "It's just wonderful seeing work in this area." 1) occupant, flippant, rampant, concordant 2) strike, accept, spike, drake 3) bequest, mimic, battle, conquest 4) unprivileged, unprecedented, unwanted, uncharted

rampant, strike, mimic, unwanted

When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it's amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they _________ the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may _________ them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of ________ really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don' t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungry lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as _____________ as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting. 1) polished, accomplished, relished, abolished 2) despise, adore, fancy, imagine 3) superiority, infertility, superficial

relished, despise, superiority, barbarous

The Olympics _________ the noble ideal of sports overcoming the __________ of politics with champion athletes of all nations gathering in the spirit of sportsmanship. However, the stakes go beyond who wins the gold medal. Shortly after each competition, nations begin to vie afresh for the bid to host the next game. Winning the vote to host is not merely an honor, it is a political conquest in global recognition. It also spins revenue from the __________of tourists, participants and Olympic related paraphernalia. However, all that __________ is not gold. For some residents of Beijing, the site of Olympic 2008, the impact of winning the bid cuts deep and far into their personal lives. The capital is expecting to pour billions of dollars into sports facilities and related upgrades ___________roads, public transport, landscaping and sanitation. For the bustling city of bicycles and traffic jams tucked among imperial relics, the Olympics is an opportunity for urban renewal. 1) reproves, represents, reprieves, reprehends 2) jam, benefits, barriers, connection 3) efflux, afflux, reflux, influx 4) flutters, loiters, glitters, jitters 5) by far, as for, such as, in favor of

represents, barriers, influx, glitters, such as

A few years ago, a university professor tried a little experiment. He sent Christmas cards to a sample of perfect strangers. Although he expected some reaction, the __________ he received was amazing — holiday cards _________ to him came pouring back from the people who had never met nor heard of him. The great majority of those who returned a card never inquired ____________ the identity of the unknown professor. They received his holiday greeting card, and they automatically sent one in return. This study shows the action of one of the most powerful of the weapons of influence around us — the rule for ______________. The rule says that we should try to repay, in kind, what another person has provided us. If a woman does us a favor, we should do her one in return; if a man sends us a birthday present, we should remember his birthday with a gift of our own; if a couple invites us to a party, we should be sure to invite them to one of ours. 1) response, respite, rudeness, ignorance 2) caressed, regressed, distressed, addressed 3) through, into, over, after 4) reciprocation. Adjudication, advocation, verification

response, addressed, into, reciprocation

Dams are huge man-made structures that act as barriers on a river. Today, the main reason people build dams is to produce electricity. They are also built to ________ and control the flow of water in a river. __________ history, dams have been used to prevent flooding and to irrigate (water) farmland. Dams supply about a sixth of the world's electricity and they significantly reduce the risk of floods and droughts. They also make water easier to access, especially in desert like areas, where water is in low supply. There are, ____________, some negative effects of damming rivers. Many people's homes are ___________ to make space for the dam, and flooding can occur in the reservoir, which is the area behind the dam where water collects. This can cause valuable farmland to become submerged under the lakes. 1) channel, cross, span, restrict 2) In, For, Against, Throughout 3) again, never, also, however 4) traded up, worn off, knocked down, moved on

restrict, Throughout, however, knocked down

The father's role in society has changed during the last 20 years, with a trend towards acceptance of a nurturant father who is more involved in child care responsibilities. With the birth of a child, father-child issues may ____________ from the family in which the father was born and raised. The healthy, _____________ father is able to put these issues in perspective and resolve them. Thus, bitterness, hostility, or ___________ from the family of origin does not spill into the immediate family. While fathers contribute to their own psychosocial development, they also have an important impact on their children from infancy __________ adulthood. One researcher concludes that fathers who are more involved in infant care giving have infants with greater cognitive development at one year of age than fathers who are less involved in infant care giving. Infants can ____________ fathers from other adults early. 1) resurface, restrict, restore, resuscitate 2) adjusted, mistrusted, entrusted, maladjusted 3) increment, abatement, resentment, alignment 4) though, besides, above, over 5) forgive, distinguish, forget, respect

resurface, adjusted, resentment, through, distinguish

Animal collective behavior ____________ itself in often-mesmerizing visual displays of swarming insects, flocks of birds in flight, and schools of fish pulsating underwater as a single unit. Now, researchers report they've found a possible reason for a ___________ display of collective behavior from fish shoals in sulfur springs in Mexico: deterring predators. Behavioral ecologist Juliane Lukas explains to The Scientist that sulfur mollies gather in large shoals at the surface of the low-oxygen springs to avoid hypoxia. There, they're __________ for the picking by predators such as kingfishers, kiskadees, and other birds. When presented with a threatening stimulus, these 'carpets of fish', as Lukas describes them, repeatedly ___________ the water in a wave-like fashion by diving down for a few seconds, triggering their neighbors to mimic their diving behavior. Lukas and her colleagues decided to investigate why. 1) reveals, reviews, conceals, repeals 2) foliar, unfamiliar, peculiar, familiar 3) snipe, tripe, recipe, ripe 4) disgruntle, disparage, disturb, distinguish

reveals, peculiar, ripe, disturb

Using a combination of scuba gear and remotely operated vehicles, marine biologists in California __________ sampled more than 1,400 corals from the ocean surface. The samples looked identical, and their internal structures were indistinguishable in scanning electron microscope images. Yet their genomes - their full genetic _________ books revealed the corals had diverged millions of years ago. That made sense for one of the species in the Red Sea's Gulf of Aqaba, which was geographically separated from the others. But the other three newly ____________ species lived together on the same reefs in the waters off South Asia. If the corals were living together, why didn't one overtake the other two, the team, wondered. Examining habitat data from their dives, the researchers found the three distinct coral species _________ different water depths, with one abundant in the top 10 meters and the other two flourishing deeper down. The three coral species also had different concentrations of photosynthetic algae and pigments, suggesting they had distinct strategies for hosting their algae partners that provide food. 1) sampled, stapled, rumpled, tripled 2) destruction, construction, obstruction

sampled, instruction, identified, favored

As a historian who's always ____________ for the text or the image that makes us re- evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for ____________ that show our Victorian ancestors smiling. I've found quite a few, and — since I started posting them on Twitter — they have been causing quite a ___________. People have been surprised to see ________ that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us _________ away through our common experience of laughter. 1) fighting, accounting, searching, opting 2) telegraphs, paragraphs, photographs, phonograph 3) problem, stir, result, row 4) picture, evidence, breath, story 5) pull, blink, look, fade

searching, photographs, stir, evidence, fade

The world needs to dramatically reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, if there's any hope of preventing worse and more frequent extreme weather events, That means ___________ to renewable sources of energy - and, importantly, decarbonizing transportation, a sector that is now responsible for about a quarter of the world's carbon dioxide emissions. But the path to that cleaner future is ________, clogged with political and societal roadblocks, as well as scientific. Perhaps that's one reason why the electric vehicle - already on the road, already navigating many of these roadblocks - swerved so dramatically into the climate solutions spotlight in 2021. Just a few years ago, many automakers thought electric vehicles (evs) might passing ___________, says Gil tal, director of the Plig - in hybrid & Electric Vehicle Research Center at the University of California. 1) grafting, drafting, crafting, shifting 2) daunted, daunting, daunt, dauntless 3) fad, gad, tad, lad

shifting, daunting, obstacles, fed

Although online gaming is hugely popular, it is different from person-to-person socializing. But just as with a book club, playing a board game or even going to work, the online game is an opportunity, an excuse even, to ____________ in a community sharing an experience. Sociologists make the point that going to a conference is only partly about the presentations; in reality it is about the coffee, the chat, the jokes, the friendships and contacts you can make. A final thought for banks or for anybody suggesting business interactions can be ______________. Apple was the first computer company to open its own stores. Face to face interactions matter for consumers but also for brands and businesses. This is a ____________ lesson for banks that they should be closing branches. In the commercial world analog products exist when they add value and deliver something the digital world misses. Central banks need to consider carefully the balance of ___________ and digital. 1) externalize, capitalize, socialize, formalize 2) eventual, factual, lingual, virtual 3) sectary, salutary, sanitary, solitary 4) classical, arterial, whimsical, physical

socialize, virtual, salutary, physical

With omicron spreading globally at a dizzying pace, scientists are scrambling to learn as much as they can about the latest worrisome variant of the coronavirus. First __________ in South Africa and Botswana at the end of November, omicron is already __________ too soon become the dominant variant — dethroning delta — in some regions, public health officials warn. In a few places, it already has. So answers, including how sick doe's omicron make people and how well do vaccines ____________ it, can't come fast enough. A rising tide of data on omicron is beginning to provide a glimpse at what's ahead as we enter year three of the global pandemic, though many questions linger. And with many people preparing to gather with family and friends for holidays, experts are _____________ for yet more case surges, compounded by already high infection rates in some countries linked to the still-prevalent delta variant. Omicron's collision with the holidays and travel is "a perfect storm". At this point, even vaccinated people should be __________ precautions, such as wearing masks indoors and testing before family gatherings. 1) spotted, clotted, plotted, allotted 2) poising, poisoned, pointed, pois

spotted, poised, hobble, bracing, taking

Disposal of solid wastes is a __________ and widespread problem in both urban and rural areas in many developed and developing countries. Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and disposal is one of the major problems of urban environment in most countries worldwide today. MSW management solutions must be financially _________, technically feasible, socially, legally acceptable and environmentally friendly. Solid waste management issue is the biggest challenge to the ___________ of both small and large cities'. Valorization of food organic waste is one of the important current research areas. The conventional landfill, incineration, composting, and ways of _____________ solid wastes are common as mature technologies for waste disposal. Traditionally, the most commonly used technologies for the treatment and valorization of the organic fraction of MSW are composting and anaerobic digestion (AD). The generation of organic solid waste (OSW) worldwide is dramatically increasing each year. Most of the OSW's are _____________ of agricultural waste, household food waste, human and animal wastes, etc. They are normally handled as animal feed, incinerated or disposed to landfill sites. 1) slant

stinging, sustainable, authorities, handling, composed

All viruses mutate constantly, and scientists can identify the different ________. Coronavirus has mutated into a number of notable strains since the first case was detected in December 2019, with the latest found in Australia believed to originate in Russia. " _______ this is not considered a variant of concern, little is known about the strain," a letter sent to passengers said. Scientists believe it could be up to 70 per cent more _________ than others and slightly more deadly. However, more studies will be needed to verify this claim. Last month, Germany's Health Minister said the virus ______ first detected in Britain last year now accounts for more than a fifth of all positive tests in the country. The B.1.351 strain was first identified in South Africa, where it has become the dominant type infecting local residents. Cases and deaths in South Africa have started to fall recently after a second ______ of the virus. However, the nation is still battling one of Africa's most severe _________, with more than 46,000 people dead. The P.1 strain was first detected in Brazil, and is suspected of _________ a COVID19 resurgence in the nation. Brazilian authorities said 260,000 people have

strains, Whilst, transmissible, variant, surge, outbreaks, fuelling

Companies are struggling to compete in the market due to the availability of different types of competitors with those competitors providing similar products or __________ products. In addition, consumers nowadays are becoming more critical in term of their needs and wants. _____________, the competition is getting harder day after day. Moreover, with so much variety of products and services, companies have to give more attention on getting the required competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is about how the company is trying to compete in the market. Therefore, it is the __________ of the benefits that the company is going to be able to deliver for its consumers while others are not. However, some studies have identified some factors that may effect on the competitive advantage of companies such as the provided quality, cost reduction, delivering time, ____________, and flexibility to do changes on products or services whenever it is needed. Accordingly, selling the product or service with lower price than the competitors or selling products or services with higher quality than others' products and services will create a good competitive advantage for the company. 1) constitution

substitution, Therefore, determination, innovation

Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to the pulses of the market, from ____ beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces. Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy, and introducing __________ from Alcibiades to Gauss, this _________ book makes the mysteries of math's accessible and its rich ______ brilliantly clear. 1) this, these, the, that 2) widgets, geniuses, mediocrities, labourers 3) inspired, inspiring, inspires, inspire 4) orders, grids, areas, patterns

the, geniuses, inspiring, patterns

It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the most subordinate positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust upon them at the very ___________ of their career. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have janitors now in offices, and our young men unfortunately miss that ___________ branch of business education. But if by chance the professional sweeper is _____________ any morning, the boy who has the ______________ of the future partner in him will not hesitate to try his hand at the broom. It does not hurt the newest comer to sweep out the office if necessary. I was one of those sweepers myself. 1) limitation, threshold, terminal, midpoint 2) voluntary, sanitary, sedentary, salutary 3) assent, consent, absent, present 4) genius, radius, eyesight, faith

threshold, salutary, absent, genius

Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity - doing something truly creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year __________ his late twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the ___________ of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old ... I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading __________ on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where _________ is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age." 1) at, without, though, on 2) junction, inferiority, importance, structure 3) syntax, supremacy, aut

through, importance, authority. Talent

When an iceberg reaches warm waters, the new climate attacks it from all sides. On the iceberg surface, warm air melts snow and ice into pools called melt ponds that can trickle __________ the iceberg and widen cracks. At the same time, warm water laps at the iceberg edges, melting the ice and causing chunks of ice to break off. On the underside, warmer waters melt the iceberg from the bottom up. Icebergs ________ a danger to ships _______ the North Atlantic and the waters around Antarctica. After the Titanic sank near Newfoundland in 1912, the United States and twelve other countries formed the International Ice Patrol to warn ships of icebergs in the North Atlantic. The International Ice Patrol uses airplanes and radars to track icebergs that float into major shipping lanes. The U.S. National Ice Center uses satellite data to __________ icebergs near Antarctica. However, it only Trac0ks icebergs larger than 500 square meters (5,400 square feet). 1) form, under, through, over 2) depose, pose, dispose, compose 3) rescinding, presaging, traversing, conversing 4) monitor, maintain, modify, produce

through, pose, traversing, monitor

Canada is a country of the enormous natural resources. It is the world's largest exporter of fore products and a ___ exporter of fish, furs, and wheat. Minerals _________ a key role in Canada's transformation into an urban-industrial economy. Alberta, British Columbia, Quāebec, and Saskatchewan are the principal mining regions. Ontario and the Northwest (NWT) and Yukon Territories are also ____________ producer of uranium and potash, the third-largest of asbestos, gypsum, and nickel, and the fourth-largest of zinc. Oil and gas are exploited in Alberta, off the Atlantic coast, and in the northwest -- huge additional reserves are thought to exist in the high Arctic; oil price _________ extraction profitable at a growing number of the country's deposit. Canada is also one of the world's top hydroelectricity producers. 1) fine, high, maximum, top 2) have played, had played, were playing, playing 3) similar, significant, numerous, other 4) are made, had made, making, is making

top, have played, significant, is making

Decision Science is a multidisciplinary field of study that focuses on the processes, methods, and motivations behind decision - making. The Decision Science Research Network on SSRN is an open access server that provides a _________ for authors to showcase their research papers in our digital library, speeding up the ___________ and providing the scholarly community access to groundbreaking working papers and early stage research. With an increased focus on the capacity to capture, store, and access data, decision science has become a critical tool in analyzing large quantities of information to reveal ___________ choices. While significantly informed by the cognitive and behavioral sciences, the application of decision science draws together qualitative and quantitative framework that provide ________ into decision- making in business, computer science, public health, environmental science, engineering, economics and finance, and systems of governance and the law. Its ___________ on the transformation of data into actionable knowledge for decision-making makes scholarship in decision science highly collaborative. 1) venue, revenue, avenue, ingénue 2) denomination, dissemination, lami

venue, dissemination, optimal, insights, concentration

The modern research ship takes its origins from the early exploration voyages such as HMS Endeavour and HMS Challenger, both of which were converted vessels, fitted with a range of research facilities to sample and measure across a range of disciplines in extreme environments. Early research vessels were fairly basic and simplistic compared to the state-of-the-art ships we see being developed today. Gradually, the trend of converting other vessels into research ships _______________ by the challenging demands of investigating increasingly complex areas of oceanographic research, such as physical, biological and chemical oceanography; marine geology and geophysics; ocean engineering and atmospheric science in one expedition. In order to carry _______ multi-disciplinary research in extreme environments, specially designed research vessels became a requirement. Research ships are the primary source of oceanographic observations and ___________ so for the foreseeable future. As time _______, science is likely to be conducted in increasingly remote and environmentally challenging areas, including the polar seas, so the ability to operate with minimal interruptions from the natural elements r

was challenged, out, will remain, goes on