pub hlth final (quiz questions)

what are two essential public health services performed by offering a college course called "principles of public health"

- assuring a competent public health and personal health workforce - inform, educate, and empower people about health issues

Which of the following statements are false? - everyone agrees on the definitions of "tyranny" and "the common good" - it wasn't until computers were invented that stats were used to monitor health outcomes - public health practices are the driving force behind the 20th century population boom - moral or religious opposition rarely prevents scientific process

- everyone agrees on the definitions of "tyranny" and "the common good" - it wasn't until computers were invented that stats were used to monitor health outcomes - moral or religious opposition rarely prevents scientific process

why are most epidemiological studies observational rather than experimental

- lower costs - ethical problem when epidemiologists experiment on humans - certain extent to which experiments can be conducted on humans without infringing on their rights

Which of the following public health practices were in use long before modern science explained their success? - quarantine - disease surveillance - sewage systems - disinfection

- quarantine - disease surveillance - sewage systems - disinfection

Alexis de Tocqueville could have predicted which of the following public health problems? - refusing to have your child vaccinates - refusing to wear a face covering during COVID-19 - refusing to use less polluting material for your business - refusing to put on a seatbelt

- refusing to have your child vaccinates - refusing to wear a face covering during COVID-19 - refusing to use less polluting material for your business - refusing to put on a seatbelt

difference btwn a risk factor and cause?

- risk factor is something that increase the chances of an outcome or disease - a cause is directly correlated to an outcome and without that cause the outcome would not have occurred

what are two public health services that those who believe in market justice likely oppose

- the seventh public health service to link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of healthcare when otherwise unavailable - enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety

From the lecture, you learned that patterns of alcohol use within the US have changed since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The amount of alcohol consumption has increased by 40% in the US among women of child-bearing age (who already drank alcohol pre-pandemic). What is one reason this statistic may warn us of a future major public health problem? Please select the reason discussed heavily in lecture. - this may increase COVID-19 infection rates - this may result in a spike in incidence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) - this may increase breast cancer risk - this may interact to reduct efficacy of some medications with anticipated higher blood alcohol levels (BALs)

- this may result in a spike in incidence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Match the job with the essential public health service: 1. epidemiologist, orange county 2. diabetes care coach, UCI hospital 3. Health inspector, city of santa ana 4. dean, school of public health

1. monitor health status to identify community health problems 2. inform, educate, empower people about health issues 3. enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety 4. assure competent public health and personal healthcare workforce

match the covid-19 advice with its type of prevention: 1. cover your mouth and nose with a mask when around others 2. get rest and stay hydrated. take over the counter medicines, such as acetaminophen, to help you feel better 3. after release from the ICU, you may need physical and cognitive rehab care 4. clean your hands often, either with soap and water for 20 seconds or a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol

1. primary prevention 2. secondary prevention 3. tertiary prevention 4. primary prevention

Of the reasons below, select the BEST two that explain why non-immunized school-age children in the United States are often protected from diseases such as diphtheria, measles, polio, and smallpox. A. Because they are still protected by maternal antibodies. B. Because the vast majority of the other children have received mandated vaccines. C. Because some of these diseases have been eradicated. D. Because such diseases exist only in underdeveloped countries. E. Because they are not part of the group targeted by these infectious microbes.

B and C

of the reasons below, which explain why non-immunized school age children in the united states are often protected from disease such as diphtheria, measles, polio, smallpox? a. because they are still protected by maternal antibodies b. because the vast majority of the other children have received mandated vaccines c. because some of these diseases have been eradicated d. because such disease exist only in underdeveloped countries e. because they are not part of the group targeted by these infectious microbes

B and C

of the conditions and disorders that the united states recommends all children be screened for, the two with the highest annual incidence are: a. phenylketonuria (PKU) b. hearing loss c. sickle cell anemia d. cystic fibrosis e. primary congenital hypothyroidism

B and E

The increase of new infectious diseases coincided with the increase of modern agricultural practices that have created massive ecological changes. Describe two epidemics that were caused by this phenomenon, either from the book or the short documentary.

One epidemic would be mad cow disease; mad cow disease was spread by an agriculture practice that involved grinding up discarded animal parts and adding them to feed for other cattle. The consumption of this contaminated beef led to an outbreak in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases. Another epidemic caused by modern agricultural practices would be methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), because an increase in antibiotic use in animal feed has caused drug resistant bacteria that spreads from animals to humans when they consume the infected animal meat.

The United States is failing to break the chain of infection for COVID-19 at multiple links. For two of the links in the chain, name a reason our interventions are not working as they should. (For example, if the question was about HIV, the Portal of Entry link is not being broken enough because many men don't use condoms; they complain that the condoms make sex less enjoyable.)

The infectious agent link is not being broken enough because of failures for widespread testing for COVID-19 and also failures to distribute the vaccine because the US healthcare system does not have the capacity to do so for the large population. The susceptible host link is also not being broken enough because the United States has failed to provide everyone with equal access to healthcare, so individuals from lower income communities are not able to get vaccinated, tested, or treated for COVID-19.

_______ illnesses generally develop suddenly and last a short time, often only a few days or weeks. _______ conditions develop slowly and many worsen over an extended period of time - months to years.

acute, chronic

which of the following did dr. noymer discuss with regard to human factors that can amplify or reduce viral infection rates?

anything that amplifies or reduces human to human contact will, in turn, amplify or reduce viral infection rates

data collected through the vital statistics system and other methods by the us census bureau (part of the department of commerce) is then converted into rates to inform many public health purposes. this data is called the:

census data

From the lecture, which perspective would best explain how risk or resilience factors experienced by a parent via the grandmother during pregnancy could impact the grandchild? - historical - lifespan - DOHaD - cross generational

cross generational

from the lectures, which perspective describes how risk or resilience factors during fetal development may have significant consequences on that individual's short and long term physical and mental health? - developmental origins of health and disease - cross generational - lifespan - triple hit

developmental origins of health and disease

how does the metaphor of building a house explain the impact of the timing of risk and resilience factor on health?

early foundational development impacts future risk or resilience later in life

prevalence refers to ______ cases whereas incidence refers to _______ cases

existing; new

which of the following is the most common route of transmission of the HIV virus in developing countries? - sharing of needles - homosexual sexual realtions - heterosexual sexual relations - in utero transmission - blood transfusions

heterosexual sexual relations

Which link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? "Quarantine is used to keep someone who might have been exposed to COVID-19 away from others. Quarantine helps prevent spread of disease that can occur before a person knows they are sick or if they are infected with the virus without feeling symptoms. You have been in close contact with someone who has or is suspected to have COVID-19 so it is important for you to stay home, separate yourself from others, and monitor your health." http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ acd/docs/COVHomeQuarantine.pdf - means of transmission - susceptible host - infectious agent - portal of entry

mean of transmission

Which link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? "Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces daily in household common areas (e.g. tables, hard-backed chairs, doorknobs, light switches, phones, tablets, touch screens, remote controls, keyboards, handles, desks, toilets, sinks) In the bedroom/bathroom dedicated for an ill person: consider reducing cleaning frequency to as-needed (e.g., soiled items and surfaces) to avoid unnecessary contact with the ill person." (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cleaning-disinfection.html)

means of transmission

genetics does not predispose a person to _______ - diabetes - minority stress - anorexia - schizophrenia - high blood pressure

minority stress

Which link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? "N95 respirators reduce the wearer's exposure to airborne particles, from small particle aerosols to large droplets. N95 respirators are tight-fitting respirators that filter out at least 95% of particles in the air, including large and small particles." (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/respirator-use-faq.html)

portal of entry

epidemiological statistical methods can help understand

potential human risk to communicable disease via elucidating patterns of animal behaviors

what is the difference between public health and medical care?

public health focuses on the prevention of disease through organized community efforts, policies, intervention, and education of the public to promote health - medical care focuses on the diagnosing and providing treatments to an individual patient

the seesaw metaphor for risk-resilience would suggest that

risk and resilience factors interact in a dynamic way to impact health outcomes

A confidential registry was established that allows matchmakers to avoid arranging marriages between carriers of _____ and several other debilitating conditions.

tay-sachs disease

a ______ may cause ______

teratogen, birth defects

Birth defects may be caused by a variety of environmental agents, called _________________, which include some bacteria and viruses, various drugs including alcohol, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and radiation.

teratogens

which was not a factor in the early spread of HIV in the 1960s and 1970s? - increased air travel - disruption of traditional african cultures - changes in attitudes about sex - the civil rights movements - rise in injection drug use

the civil rights movement

the metaphor of the balance scale tries to facilitate the communication of what?

the complex interactions of risk and resilience factors for influencing future health outcomes

the p value

the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothesis test, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct

when plotting data, it is standard practice to list one variable on the ________, and the other on the _______ of the graph

x-axis, y-axis