Public Speaking

In public speaking, sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against what?

A set of ethical standards or guidelines

__ listeners give their undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand his or her point of view

Active

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment is called ___ listening

Appreciative

Audience-centeredness involves keeping your audience foremost in mind

At every step of speech preparation and presentation

Mayor Kathleen Baldwin has been asked to address the Wakefield Community Association about the issue of constructing a swimming pool in the neighborhood. The most important factor Baldwin should consider when analyzing her audience is probably its

Attitude toward the topic

Most library catalogues allow you to search for books by

Author, title, keyword

__ is a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas

Brainstorming

A(n) ___ example is a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

Brief

__ are used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves

Call numbers

The __ lists all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

Catalogue

The __ is a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the main points of a speech

Central idea

Listening to understand the message of a speaker is called __ listening

Comprehensive

What are two kinds of listening most closely tied to critical thinking?

Comprehensive listening and critical listening

Ivan is attending a union meeting in which the union president is discussing the company's plan to decrease wages in exchange for an increase in vacation time. As Ivan listens, he is trying to determine whether or not to vote for the plan. According to your textbook, Ivan is engaged in __ listening

Critical

Listening to evaluate a message for the purpose of accepting or rejecting it is called __ listening

Critical

According to your textbook, the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being is called

Egocentrism

At a coffee shop on campus, Rachel listens to her friend Shanti discuss his feelings about his mothers recent death. According to your textbook, Rachel is engaged in __ listening

Empathic

__ listening is listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

Empathic

Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy __ responsibilities

Ethical

__ is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

Ethics

__ is the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Ethnocentrism

A(n) ___ is a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

Example

According to your textbook, a(n) ___ example is a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

Extended

(T or F? Taking account of your listeners' racial, ethnic, or cultural background is an important factor in situational audience analysis

False

(T or F?) Adapting your message to the needs of a particular audience means that you must inevitably compromise your beliefs.

False

(T or F?) After conducting a research interview, you should wait a few days to review and transcribe your notes

False

(T or F?) Although the specific purpose statement for a speech should not be phrased as a question, it is acceptable to phrase the central idea as a question

False

(T or F?) Because listeners recognize that public speakers are promoting their self-interest, it is acceptable for speakers to alter evidence

False

(T or F?) Because the brain can process many more words per minute than we talk, the resulting spare "brain time" makes listening easier

False

(T or F?) Even if you can't identify the author or sponsoring organization for an Internet document, you can still use the document in your speech as long as it is up to date

False

(T or F?) Hearing and listening are identical

False

(T or F?) It is only necessary for a speaker to identify his or her source when quoting verbatim--not when paraphrasing

False

(T or F?) Listeners usually find generalizations more interesting and convincing than specific statements

False

(T or F?) Listeners usually realize how tense a speaker is

False

(T or F?) Most successful speakers do not experience stage fright.

False

(T or F?) One key to successful speaking is determining which audiences are worthy of your best efforts to communicate your ideas

False

(T or F?) Protecting a speech's freedom to express his or her ideas implies agreement with those ideas

False

(T or F?) Skilled listeners try to remember a speaker's every word

False

(T or F?) The central idea of a speech is usually formulated before the specific purpose

False

(T or F?) The larger an audience becomes, the greater is the speaker's ethical responsibility to be fully prepared

False

(T or F?) To improve your listening, you should think of listening as a passive process

False

(T or F?) When taking research notes, you should only write down information that you know you will use in your speech

False

(T or F?) Your textbook recommends taking word-for-word notes as a way to improve your listening skills

False

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker are called__

Feedback

While listening to a speech about gun control, Scott thought back to his experiences as an intern with the police department and decided that the speaker was knowledgable about the subject. What was Scott doing?

Filtering the message through his frame of reference

"Do you think gun control is a workable solution to the problem of violence in U.S. schools?" is an example of a(n) ___ question

Fixed-alternative

The knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes through which each listener filters a message make up the listener's __

Frame of Reference

Gabrielle, a psychology major, waited until the last minute to begin preparing her persuasive speech. When her friend Ken learned that she was panicking over the assignment, he gave her the outline of a speech he had delivered in class the previous semester. Gabrielle used the speech and presented it as her own. Which of the following is true?

Gabrielle is guilty of global plagiarism because she took a speech entirely from a single source and passed it off as her own

The primary purpose of speechmaking is to

Gain a desired response from listeners.

Even if your speech as a whole is ethical, you can still be guilty of __ plagiarism if you fail to give credit for quotations, and other specific parts of the speech that are borrowed from other people

Incremental

When your general purpose is to __, you act as a teacher or lecturer

Inform

When gauging your audience's disposition toward the speech topic, you should take into account their

Interest in the topic, knowledge about the topic, attitude toward the topic

According to your textbook, __ is anything that impeded the communication of a message

Interference

Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement: "To persuade my audience that our state legislature should protect internet privacy and increase spending for education"

It contains two unrelated ideas

Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement: "Why should the university raise tuition?"

It's expressed as a question

Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement: "Something should be done about rising sea levels"

Its too vague

Which of the following violates the speaker's ethical obligation to be honest in what she or he says

Juggling statistics, quoting out of context, citing unusual cases as typical examples

Dr. Kristin Lutz is preparing an informative talk about the genetic relationship between twins for a group of expectant parents. The most important factor Dr. Lutz should consider when analyzing her audience is probably its

Knowledge of the topic

__ is the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

Name-calling

When a speaker ___, she restates or summarizes an author's ideas in her own words in her own words.

P`araphrases

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own is called __ plagiarism

Patchwork

When you want to change or structure the attitudes of your audience, your general purpose is to __

Persuade

If you present another person's language or ideas as your own, you are guilty of __

Plagarism

__ is controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his or her presentation

Positive Nervousness

A __ is a list, compiled early in the research process, of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

Preliminary bibliography

The library resources discussed in chapter 1 include

Reference works, newspaper and periodical database, academic databases

The __ is what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

Residual message

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers are called ___ questions

Scale

What does critical thinking include?

Seeing the relationships among ideas, judging the credibility of statements, assessing the soundness of evidence

What should public speakers do to avoid ethnocentrism?

Show respect for the cultures of the people they address

What is the central idea of a speech the following main points? I. Isabel Baumfree was born into slavery in the state of New York during the 1790s. II. After undergoing a conversion experience and changing her name to Sojourner Truth, she began preaching during the 1840s. III. Over the next few decades, she became a celebrated speaker for various reform causes.

Sojourner Truth was born into slavery, underwent a conversion experience, and became a speaker for various reform causes

"To persuade my audience that the U.S. space program provides many important benefits to people here on earth" is an example of a(n)

Specific purpose statement

The __ is a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in her or his speech

Specific purpose statement

If there is no clearly identified author for a document on the Internet, you should try to determine the __ that is responsible for the document

Sponsoring organization

__ is anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

Stage fright

Which of the following does your textbook recommend for doing speech research

Start early, take notes efficiently, think about your materials as you research

The three kinds of supporting materials discussed in your textbook are

Statistics, examples, and testimony

What is the first step toward improving your listening skills?

Take listening seriously

According to your textbook, which of the following is a factor in situational audience analysis

The size of the audience

(T or F?) A hypothetical example is an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

True

(T or F?) As a general rule, the larger your audience is, the more formal your speech presentation should be

True

(T or F?) Avoiding ethnocentrism is important for listeners as well as for speakers

True

(T or F?) Because each person has a different frame of reference, the meaning of a message will never be exactly the same to a listener as to a speaker

True

(T or F?) Even though there can be gray areas when it comes to assessing a speaker's goals, it is still necessary to ask ethical questions about those goals

True

(T or F?) Examples are especially useful for getting listeners involved in a speech

True

(T or F?) Listening and critical thinking are so closely allied that training in listening is also training in how to think

True

(T or F?) People spend more time listening than doing any other communicative activity

True

(T or F?) Public speaking and ordinary conversation are similar in that both involve adapting to listener feedback

True

(T or F?) Speechmaking becomes more complex as cultural diversity increases?

True

(T or F?) The central idea for a speech should be stated as a full sentence

True

(T or F?) When business managers are asked to rank-order communication skills most crucial to their jobs, they usually rank listening as number one

True

(T or F?)Because people have different frames of reference, a public speaker must take care to adapt her or his message to the particular audience being addressed

True

(T or F?)It is normal--even desirable-- to be nervous at the start of a speech

True

(T or F?)Public speaking has been taught and studied for thousands of years

True

(T or F?)The most important task in preparing to conduct a research interview is deciding what questions to ask during the interview

True

When taking research notes, you should distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas

True

You should never cite an article in your speech on the basis of the abstract alone

True

__ is mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

Visualization

Which of the following is likely to help you deal with nervousness in your speeches?

Visualize yourself giving a strong speech, Focus on communicating rather than on being nervous. Be thoroughly prepared for each speech

Which recommendation is a way to help you deal with nervousness in your speeches?

Work especially hard on your speech introduction