Public speaking chapter 10

Goals of effective conclusions

Be memorable Give the audience a reason to remember you and your message. Be clear Repeat the one thing you want your audience to remember at the end of your speech. Be brief The announced ending of your speech should never go beyond one or two minutes.

Ways to begin

Best practices for beginning a speech: Use an interesting statistic or example Quote someone Tell a story Ask a question Establish a personal link Refer to the place or occasion Refer to a recent or well-known event Address audience concerns and needs Mix the methods

Strategies for effective conclusions

Best practices for ending a speech: Summarize Quote someone Tell a story Share your personal feelings Use poetic language Call for action Refer to the beginning Mix the methods

Audience adaptation

Best practices for starting strong: Plan the beginning at the end Don't apologize Avoid using "My speech is about....." Don't overpromise You have to know what you will say before you can preview your key points. Don't conclude by demanding something from your audience unless you are reasonably sure that you can get it. Best practices for ending effectively: End when you say you will end Make sure the ending matches the speech Have realistic expectations

Goals of effective introductions

Focus audience attention and interest Use compelling supporting materials, actively involve audience members, and speak expressively. Connect to your audience Relate your purpose, topic, and content to the audience's characteristics, interests, needs, and attitudes. Put YOU in your speech Link your expertise, experiences, and personal enthusiasm to your purpose and topic. Set the emotional tone Make sure the tone of your introduction matches your purpose. Preview the message Give your audience a sneak preview of your message. Stake your central idea and briefly list key points.

Primacy and recency effects

Primacy effect- is a tendency to recall the first items we see or hear in sequenced information. The beginning of a speech is powerful because audience attention is at its peaks. Recency effect- is the tendency to recall the last items we see or hear in sequenced information. A strong conclusion can ensure that the audience will remember you and your message in a positive way. The goodbye matters as much as the hello

Types of introductions

Topic-specific introductory methods- Rely on topic-related supporting material to capture attention, gain interest, enhance the speaker's credibility, focus on the topic, and set the appropriate mood Situation-specific introductory methods- Rely on the speaker's adapting to the interests and concerns of a specific audience in a particular setting or situation