Public Speaking Chapter 16
status quo
current situation
fallacies
errors in reasoning that occur when a speaker fails to use appropriate or applicable evidence for their argument
warrant
often unstated, connection between data and claim.
pathos
use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience
proposition of value
an argument that seeks to establish the relative worth of something
neutral audience
an audience that is neither open nor opposed to the persuasive proposition
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
an organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech through five sequential steps.
proposition of policy
argument that seeks to establish an appropriate course of action
proposition of fact
argument that seeks to establish whether something is true or false
persuasion
art of influencing or reinforcing people's beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions
receptive audience
audience that is generally supportive of, or open to, the persuasive proposition
hostile audience
audience that is opposed to the speaker or to the persuasive proposition
ethos
audience's perception of a speaker's credibility and moral character
identification
connection that is fostered between the speaker and their audience by highlighting shared attributes or attitudes
backing
foundational evidence which supports a claim, such as examples, statistics, or testimony
data
preliminary evidence on which a claim is based
causal reasoning
process of formulating an argument by examining related events to determine which one caused the other
deductive reasoning
process of formulating an argument by moving from a general premise to a specific conclusion
inductive reasoning
process of formulating an argument by moving from specific instances to a generalization
coercion
process whereby thoughts or behaviors are altered through deceptive or harmful methods
argument
proposition supported by one or more reasons or pieces of evidence
claim
proposition you want the audience to accept
logos
rational means of proving an argument
syllogisms
reasoning beginning with a major premise, then moving to a minor premise, before establishing a specific claim
evaluation criteria
set of standards for judging the merit of a proposition
refutation pattern
speech designed to anticipate the negative response of an audience, to bring attention to the tensions between the two sides of the argument, and to explain why the audience should change their views
causal pattern
speech designed to explain a cause-effect relationship between two phenomena
direct method pattern
speech designed to present a claim with a list of several supporting pieces of data
persuasive speeches
speeches which aim to convince an audience to think or behave in a particular way
speeches to actuate
speeches which seek to change or motivate particular behaviors
speeches to convince
speeches which seek to establish agreement about a particular topic
demographics
statistical information that reflects the make-up of a group, often including age, sex, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status, religion, and political affiliation