Public Speaking Chapter 16

status quo

current situation

fallacies

errors in reasoning that occur when a speaker fails to use appropriate or applicable evidence for their argument

warrant

often unstated, connection between data and claim.

pathos

use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience

proposition of value

an argument that seeks to establish the relative worth of something

neutral audience

an audience that is neither open nor opposed to the persuasive proposition

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

an organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech through five sequential steps.

proposition of policy

argument that seeks to establish an appropriate course of action

proposition of fact

argument that seeks to establish whether something is true or false

persuasion

art of influencing or reinforcing people's beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions

receptive audience

audience that is generally supportive of, or open to, the persuasive proposition

hostile audience

audience that is opposed to the speaker or to the persuasive proposition

ethos

audience's perception of a speaker's credibility and moral character

identification

connection that is fostered between the speaker and their audience by highlighting shared attributes or attitudes

backing

foundational evidence which supports a claim, such as examples, statistics, or testimony

data

preliminary evidence on which a claim is based

causal reasoning

process of formulating an argument by examining related events to determine which one caused the other

deductive reasoning

process of formulating an argument by moving from a general premise to a specific conclusion

inductive reasoning

process of formulating an argument by moving from specific instances to a generalization

coercion

process whereby thoughts or behaviors are altered through deceptive or harmful methods

argument

proposition supported by one or more reasons or pieces of evidence

claim

proposition you want the audience to accept

logos

rational means of proving an argument

syllogisms

reasoning beginning with a major premise, then moving to a minor premise, before establishing a specific claim

evaluation criteria

set of standards for judging the merit of a proposition

refutation pattern

speech designed to anticipate the negative response of an audience, to bring attention to the tensions between the two sides of the argument, and to explain why the audience should change their views

causal pattern

speech designed to explain a cause-effect relationship between two phenomena

direct method pattern

speech designed to present a claim with a list of several supporting pieces of data

persuasive speeches

speeches which aim to convince an audience to think or behave in a particular way

speeches to actuate

speeches which seek to change or motivate particular behaviors

speeches to convince

speeches which seek to establish agreement about a particular topic

demographics

statistical information that reflects the make-up of a group, often including age, sex, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status, religion, and political affiliation