Public speaking chapter 8

Sequence of standard outline numbering

1. First main idea 2. First subpoint of I 3. Second subpoint of I 4. First subpoint of B 5. Second subpoint of B 6. First subpoint of 2 7. Second subpoint of 2 8. Second main idea It is rare to go beyond #8, but if you do, step #9 and up will be numbers in parentheses, and lowercase letters.

How many subdivisions should you use?

At least 2, or one for each point. 5 is a bit too much. If you have one, add it to the main idea it is related to.

Internal summary

Happens during the middle of the body, summarizes the body section of the speech. It's recommended so the audience could sink in your info. They are usually said at the same time as internal previews so transitions could be made between major points, and ideas.

The order of main ideas in a speech(It is used in Roman numerals)

I. First main idea II: Second main idea III: Third main idea

Signposts

Organizational cues for the audience if they don't know what you're talking about. It is shown through previews, transitions, and summaries.

Final summary

Summarizes the main ideas, and exposes the audience to them in your speech. It is said before your conclusion.

Motivated sequence

The 5 steps for writing a problem solution speech(for persuasive speeches).

What comes next after the first main idea?

The first subpoint. If it's longer than a line, the second sentence begins beneath the first word of the point that precedes it.

What should you put underneath your specific purpose in your outline?

The intro, blueprint, body, and conclusion.

Speaking notes

The outline you will use when you present your speech(it should be brief).

Primacy or Recency(Organizing your supporting material #1)

This is recommended if you have a few brief facts that back up the main point, and if one is extremely good.

Organizing your materials topically(Organizational pattern#1)

This would be good if your central idea has natural divisions. The ideas are sorted based on recency, primacy, complexity, or the speaker's discretion.

Transition

When a speaker is done talking about one idea, they make a signal to the audience to tell them they are moving on to the next idea. However, if done at the end of the speech, the audience may not listen because the speech is done. Saying the words, "finally," and "in conclusion" indicate to the audience that you're done.

Problem Solution organization(Organizational pattern#5)

When the ideas are based off of a problem and its solutions, or a solution and its problems. It is mostly used for persuasive speeches. When you write your speech based on this, write it as you would for the cause and effect organization, but focus on how to solve the problem. It doesn't matter what order the problems, and solutions are said, but it depends on how much info the audience knows on the topic.

Cause and effect organization(Organizational pattern#4)

When the ideas are based off of a situation's causes, or effects.

Spatial organization(Organizational pattern#3)

When the ideas are organized by location, or direction(Ex. "As you enter the room, the table is to your right, the easy chair to your left, and the kitchen door straight ahead.").

Chronological organization(Organizational pattern#2)

When the ideas are organized by time. Use this if your speech has a number of steps to it.

Recency

When the ideas are sorted from most essential to least essential(opposite of primacy). According to this, it is recommended to save the best for last because the last words may impact the audience the most. This is recommended if the audience knows a little about your topic.

Primacy

When the ideas are sorted from most essential to least essential(opposite of recency). According to this, it is recommended for a speaker to say the most essential, or convincing part first. If the audience doesn't know your topic very well, or dislike your central idea, the beginning of the speech is the most important so they get familiarized with the topic. When you do this, you need to define your topic, and other key words. The order of the speech does matter, because if you start off with the least important info, the audience would have already felt disinterested.

Complexity

When the ideas are sorted from simple to more complex. Use this depending on your topic(ex. teachers use complexity to organize their lessons in school).

Nonverbal transition

When the speaker gives a facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement to show they're moving to the next idea. This is sometimes mixed with a verbal transition.

Internal preview

When the speaker mentions things that will be explained during the middle of the speech.

Initial preview

When the speaker talks about what the main ideas will be in the intro. It is usually said at the same time as the central idea, or at the end of the intro.

Standard outline form

When you use numbered, and lettered headings to show how parts of your speech are related to one another. This is the form you should write your outline in.

How to organize your supporting material

You can either use: 1. the 5-standard organizational patterns. 2. If that doesn't work in your topic, use one of these: (1) primacy or recency, (2) specificity, (3) complexity, and (4) "soft" to "hard" evidence.

Why shouldn't you put your purpose statement in your speaking notes?

You won't be saying it during your speech.

Specificity(Organizing your supporting material #2)

Your supporting material could be several things such as random examples, and regular summaries. It doesn't matter which one(out of the two) is said first.

Preview

When a speaker says what's coming soon.

Summary

A rundown of what the speaker has said. The purpose of this to to make sure the audience remembers them.

What are speaking notes?

A shorter outline. You can make this after you know your outline very well. Speaking notes shouldn't be word-for-word, otherwise it won't look/sound good while presenting.

Verbal transition

A word, or phrase that shows the similarity between two ideas(Ex. when you say the same word as you did before, or by using a synonym or pronoun that is related to a crucial word, or idea).

"Soft" to "Hard" evidence(Organizing your supporting material #4)

Can be organized continuously throughout your speech. "Soft" evidence is organized based on the speaker's opinion, and it includes hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, and analogies. "Hard" evidence includes accurate examples with statistics.

5 organizational patterns of main ideas

Choose at least one of the main ideas: topical, chronological, spatial, cause and effect, and problem solution.

Developing your preparation outline

Clustering may help. You can also use geometric shapes and arrows to demonstrate how the main points, subpoints, and supporting material are related. Some people also use technology. If you're using this, you need to practice it really well. There are may other ways to do this, but you want to create a good speech where you could distinguish the unity and coherence. You want everything to go well together, and run smoothly. Write in full, and complete sentences.

Preparation outline

Detailed summaries of your speech. They have the central ideas, main ideas, supporting material, and maybe the specific purpose, intro, conclusion, and references.

Complexity(Organizing your supporting material #3)

Determines the organization of the supporting material. It's recommended to say the easier facts before the hard ones.

What should you do with your specific purpose in your outline?

Don't put it in your outline- put it on the top of the outline.

Acknowledging cultural differences in organization

Each culture organizes speeches differently.