PUBLIC SPEAKING EXAM COMM350

What are the ethical concerns when giving speeches?

"A good speaker has good goals" - It's not just about achieving goals or ends, but also about the means we use to achieve those ends. Must defend the truth.

What is audience analysis all about?

"Information is power" Knowing about your audience allows you to make better choices regarding the examples, language, and organizational patterns you might use in a speech, increasing your power as a speaker.

Simile

- A comparison between two objects that allows each object in the comparison to retain its unique differences

Traditional Aids

- Aids that do not apply electronic means to communicate ideas to the audience (graphs, tables)

Ideograph

- An ill-defined, politically powerful term or phrase that can push people to action

Arguments from the Past

- Appropriating historical events, facts, or people to justify present or future actions or explain events in the here-and-now

What are the elements needed for informative speaking?

- Attention Getter - Thesis Statement - Initial Credibility (appearance/research) - Preview to body - Transition to body - Body (3 main points) - Summary, conclusion, clincher

Ancient Romans and Greeks and their impact on public speaking

- Classical Greeks were the first to put emphasis on developing oratorical skills, ex. the Odyssey - Sophists: teachers who taught the public how to speak well because the people were who advocated for public policy - Formal Greek Schools:

Metaphor

- Comparisons that show how two things are alike in an important way, despite being quite different in most ways

Preparation Outlines

- Detailed outlines that use full sentences next to symbols in an effort to help you organize the speech

Types of Speaking Outlines

- General Purpose Statement: A brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech (3 types) 1.) to inform 2.) to persuade 3.) to celebrate

Narrative Paradigm

- Humans are storytelling beings by nature

Ambiguous Language

- Language that does not have precise, concrete meanings

Hierarchical Language

- Language that is structured according to more or less, higher or lower

Types of Listening

- Listening for appreciation - Listening to comprehend - Listening to criticize - Active listening - Spare brain time - Passive Listening

Word-cluster approach

- Meaning is conveyed through more complex structures such as stories

Single-word approach

- Meaning is derived from individual words used in a strategic way

How to do research for speeches

- Once you determine your topic, you need to focus your research around a question for that topic (research question)(open-ended) - Refine topic -Note taking

Demagoguery

- Refers to a speech that attempts to win over all audience through appealing to their prejudices and emotions, particularly those of fear, anger, and frustration

Repetition

- Repeating either the same phrasing pattern for main points, or a phrase you just stated, in order to maximize the audience's ability to receive the information

Alliteration

- Repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words

- Parallelism

- Similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses

Technological Aids

- Some speeches are enhanced with the use of video

How to prepare a speech for different audiences

- Speaking in terms the audience knows, using examples designed to resonate with them, and referencing statistics they are more likely to care about

Arbitrary Language

- Symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things

Narrative Coherence

- The degree to which a story makes sense in the world in which we live

Narrative Fidelity

- The degree to which a story matches our own beliefs and experiences

Antithesis

- Two ideas that sharply contrast with each other and are juxtaposed in a parallel grammatical structure

Presentation Aids

- Visual devices used to assist a speaker in communicating ideas to the audience

Abstract Language

- Words are not concrete or tangible items; they are only representations

What goes in an introduction, body, and conclusion of a speech?

-Intro: 5 main goals: attention getter, thesis statement/argument, credibility statement, preview to main body of speech, transition to body of speech Body: 3 main points, at least 2 sub points per main point, each with 2 pieces of evidence and a transition after each Conclusion: Summary (restate thesis), restate 3 main points, clincher

Types of Public Speaking

1.) Informative 2.)Persuasive 3.)Epideictic Address

Different types of audiences

1.) Innovators 2.) Thinkers 3.) Believers 4.) Achievers 5.) Strivers 6.) Experiencers 7.) Makers 8.) Survivors

How to set up a Persuasive Speech (Stages of Persuasion)

1.) Issue Awareness: The first step in the persuasive process in which the speaker alerts the audience about the issue requiring its attention 2.) Comprehension: The second step in the persuasive process in which the speaker provides context for the issue in dispute so the audience understands what the speaker is talking about 3.) Acceptance: The third step in the persuasive process in which the audience decides whether or not to agree with the position for which the speaker advocated 4.) Integration: The fourth stage in the persuasive process in which the audience makes the speaker's position a part of their own personal philosophy and worldview

What kind of language should I use?

1.) Language you know and are comfortable with 2.) Eliminate wordiness 3.) Know when to use a thesaurus and when not to 4.) Use active, rather than passive, voice whenever possible 5.)Use "I, me, we" language 6.) Respect differences in others 7.) Avoid "ist" language (sexist, racist, etc.)

Organizational Strategies

1.) Place strongest point first 2.) Place strongest point last 3.) Knowing who, how, and when to reference members of the audience within the speech

Specific Purpose Statement

A narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech

Handouts

Distracting

Special Occasion Speaking

Epideictic - Eulogies: should be celebratory but are often sad - Wedding Toasts: celebration of love Award Ceremonies: Often short and should focus on meaning of award, not self

Methods of Persuasion

Ethos: Credibility Logos: Logic Pathos: Concerned with audience's emotions, sympathies, and imaginations

Ways to reduce Speech Anxiety

One technique is to face your fear head on until you realize that there is nothing to be fearful of. - Visualize success - Change your mental approach - Breathing - Proper preparation and practice

How to become a better listener

Overcome distractions 1.) Biological 2.) Environmental 3.) Hecklers

What is Speech Anxiety?

Speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking, also known as Performance anxiety or stage fright. It is a specific manifestation of Sociophobia (the fear of people and/or social situations). The fear of public speaking is a combination of fears, fear of rejection, fear of criticism, fear of judgment, and fear of failure. Academics call the fear of public speaking "communication apprehension" and define it as "the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communicant with another or others".

Spotlight Syndrome

The belief encouraged by the room setup that all eyes are focused on you as the speaker

Episteme

Universal knowledge, or understanding about the common characteristics of like materials