Public Speaking Final 2500 Clemson University

Extended Example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

Denotative Meaning

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Connotative Meaning

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Mental Dialogue with the Audience

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Burden of Proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Target Audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Reasoning

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Ad Hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. Ex: The head of the commerce commission has a number of interesting economic proposals, but let's not forget that she comes from a very wealthy family.

Either-Or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. Ex: The government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor.

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. Ex: How dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption at a time when we are working to improve the quality of life for all people in the United States.

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Appeal to Novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old. Ex: Our church should adopt the 2011 New International Version of the Bible because it is 400 years newer than the King James Version.

Appeal to Tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. Ex: I don't see any reasons to abolish the electoral college. It has been around since the adoption of the Constitution and we should keep it as long as the United States exists.

Slippery Slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented Ex: A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Line Graph

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space

Problem-Solution-Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Problem-Cause-Solution Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Comparative Advantages Order

A method organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed actions.

Speech to Gain Passive Agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Speech to Gain Immediate Action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Question of Fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Question of Value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Question of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Brief Example

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Example

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Acceptance Speech

A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

Speeches of Introduction

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

Speech of Presentation

A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

Creating Common Ground

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Demographic Audience Analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Invalid Analogy

An analogy in which two cases being compared are not essentially alike Ex: Employees are like nails. Just like nails must be hit on the head to get the to work, so must employees.

Hypothetical Example

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Situational Audience Analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion.

Ethos

Credibility (Is the meaning)

Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.

Pathos

Emotional Appeal

Supporting Materials

Examples, Statistics, Testimony

Inclusive Language

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, sexual orientation, or other factors.

Appreciative Listening

Listening for pleasure of enjoyment

Critical Listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.

Empathic Listening

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

Comprehensive Listening

Listening to understand the message of a speaker

Logos

Logical appear of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Statistics

Numerical Data

Open Ended questions

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want. (AAQ) Ex: What is your opinion on drinking?

Fixed-Alternative questions

Questions that offer a fixed choice between tow or more alternatives. (AAQ) Ex: Do you know what the drinking age is? Yes No I don't Know

Scale questions

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers. (AAQ) Ex: How often do you believe you should drink Never - - - - Sometimes - - - - Always - - - - Drinking Now

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Analogical Reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. Ex: If you're good at tennis, you'll probably be good at Ping-Pong.

Reasoning from specific instances

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Causal Reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Peer Testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Expert Testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

Credibility (Is the word)

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

Terminal Credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Initial Credibility

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

Derived Credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

Need

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Parralelism

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

Abstract Words

Words that refer to ideas or concepts

Concrete Words

Words that refer to tangible objects