Public Speaking Final

Janis' Eight Symptoms of Groupthink

Illusion of invulnerability Unquestioned Belief Rationalizing Stereotyping Self-Censorship Illusions of Unanimity Direct Pressure Mind Guards

Results of Groupthink

Incomplete Survey of Alternatives Incomplete survey of objectives Failure to examine risk of preferred choice Failure to reevaluate previously rejected alternatives Poor information search Selection bias in collecting information Failure to work out contingency plans

Logos

Refers to persuasive appeals directed at the audience's reasoning.

Uncertainty Avoidance

Refers to the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguity.

Audience Demographics

Religion Age Gender Socio-Economic Status Political Affiliation Geography Race Social Groups Disability

Functions of Transitions

To show comparisons To contrast ideas To illustrate cause and effect To illustrate sequence of time or events To indicate explanation To indicate additional examples To emphasize significance To summarize

Examples of Low Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures

United States, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, and Norway

Necessities for a Balanced Outline

Unity Coherence Balance

How to reduce confusion

Use analogies to build prior knowledge Demonstrate underlying causes Appeal to different learning styles

Build credibility with your language

Use words appropriately Use language accurately Use active voice Use "I" Language Avoid Powerless Speech Use Culturally sensitive and gender neutral language

Linear Active Cultures

approach tasks systematically, preferring to do one thing at a time and in an organized fashion. They tend to be cool, factual, decisive planners.

Dyadic Communication

happens between two people, as in conversation

Propaganda

information represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response

10 Steps of Constructing a Speech

1. Select a topic 2. Analyse the audience 3. determine the speech purpose 4. Compose a thesis statement 5.Develop the main points 6.Gather supporting material 7.Separate the speech into its major parts 8.Outline the speech 9.Consider presentation aids 10.Practice delivering the speech

Low-Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures

Are more accepting of uncertainty in life therefore allow more variation in individual behavior

Examples of Low Ranking Linear Active Cultures

Argentine, Brazil, mexico, Sub-Saharan Africa, and The Arab Middle East

Functions of the Introduction

Arouse your audiences attention introduce the topic and purpose Establish your credibility to address the topic Preview the main points Motivate the audience to accept your speech

Monroe's Motivating Sequence

Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action

Information

Data presented in an understandable context

How to convey information

Definition Descriptions Demonstrations Explanations

Disinformation

Deliberate falsification of information; it purposefully misleads.

Reasons to inform an audience

Enlighten rather than advocate Present new and interesting information

Examples of High Ranking Linear Active Cultures

Germany, Switzerland, United States, and Great Britain

Janis' Antecedent Conditions to Groupthink

High Group Cohesiveness Structural Faults Situational Context

Fallacies in reasoning

Inoculation Effect Logical Fallacy Begging the Question Bandwagoning Ad hominem argument Red Herring Fallacy Hasty Generalization Non Sequitur Appeal to Tradition Slippery Slope

Main Parts of the Speech

Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

5 Cannons of Rhetoric

Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery

Universal Values

Love Truthfulness Fairness Unity Tolerance Responsibility Respect for Life

Qualities of Effective Delivery

Naturalness Enthusiasm Confidence Directness

Mass Communication

Occurs between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people. In mass communication the receivers of the message are not present with the speaker, or are part of such an immerse crowd that there can be little or no interaction between speaker and listener.

Collectivist Cultures

Personal identity, needs, and desires are viewed as secondary to those of the larger group (Examples: Venezuela, Peru, Taiwan, and Pakistan)

Examples of High Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures

Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium, and Japan

As feedback goes down

Preparation should increase

Pathos

Proof by emotion

Ethos

Proof through character

Functions of the conclusion

Signal to the audience that the speech is coming to an end and provide closure Summarize the key points and goals Reiterate the thesis or central idea of the speech challenge the audience to respond

Misinformation

Something that is not true

Methods of Delivery

Speaking from Manuscript Speaking from Memory Speaking Impromptu Speaking Extemporaneously

Individualistic Cultures

Tend to emphasize the needs of the individual rather than the group, upholding such values such as individual achievement and decision making (Examples: United States, Australia, Great Britain, and Canada)

High-Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures

Tend to structure life more rigidly and formally for their members

Small Group

involves a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another

Public Speaking

occurs when 1. there is a reason to speak 2. there's an attentive audience and 3. the speaker has a specific message or aim