Public Speaking Final

List and explain the three types of questions that give rise to persuasive speeches. (You should also be able to write examples of each type)

-*Questions of Value:* Require the audience judgement based on a person's beliefs about right and wrong, good or bad, etc. "Is it morally justifiable to keep prisoners in solitary confinement for extended periods of time?" -*Questions of Fact*: seeks to persuade an audience to accept the speaker's view of the facts of an issue. Questions of fact that cannot be answered absolutely. Ie. "Will the economy be better or worse next year" -*Questions of Policy*: deal with specific courses of action, deciding whether something should or should not be done. Ie. "what steps should be taken to reduce the erosion of America's coastlines?

Identify and explain the strategies a speaker can take to boost her or his credibility when speaking to persuade.

-Explain your competence(establish your credibility): "advertise your expertise on the speech topic" aka reveal your qualifications -Establish common ground with your audience(relate to your audience): basically, relating to your audience. Identify with your listeners by showing your shared values, attitudes and experiences. -Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction (delivery)

What are the three different types of credibility? How do they differ from one another?

-Initial credibility: the credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak -Derived credibility: the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself. -Terminal credibility: the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech

What is Monroe's motivated sequence? In which situations is this particular organization pattern most useful? What should happen at each step?

-It is a pattern of organization that was tailor-made for policy speeches that seek immediate action. ANSVA basically your intro -Attention: gain the attention of the audience Preview is going to be a little more loose goosey than normal. Doesn't have to a spoiler about everything Basically your three main points: -Need: make the audience feel a need for change (heres something that needs to happen or needs to stop happening, make them sad lol. Prove that theres a need, sad numbers/statistics/ stories work as well) -Satisfaction: provide a solution to the problem (clearly state a solution, effective practical evidence) -Visualization: show benefits of your plan(outside from even just fixing the problem, here is where we may include emotional appeals) Visualize, paint a picture of your world once your plan has taken place Basically conclusion -Action: call for action. Say what you want the audience to do. (Specific behavior stated. Tell them exactly what they're supposed/you want them to do) Personal statement= what have you done

Identify and explain the patterns of organization appropriate for a persuasive speech. (You should be able to identify the pattern from its definition as well as from examples)

-Problem-Solution Order -Problem-Cause-Solution Order -Comparative Advantages Order -Monroe's Motivated Sequence

What is the purpose of speeches for special occasions?

-The aim of speeches on special occasions is neither to inform nor to persuade but to fulfill the special needs of the occasion

When you give a persuasive speech on a question of policy, what do you generally seek from the audience? (The textbook lists two options)

-Types of persuasive speeches on questions of policy *Gain passive agreement that a policy is desirable, necessary, and practical*: the speakers goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. *Motivate the audience to take an immediate action*: the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

What are the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker?

1. Competence: how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject 2. Character: how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

What ethical considerations must speakers make when planning persuasive speeches?

Be sure not to doctor quotations, pass of opinions as facts, or pander to prejudice or stereotypes. Make sure your goals are ethically sound. Be honest: don't quote out of context, portray a few details as the whole story or misrepresent the sources of facts and figures. Stay away from name calling and other abusive language.

What does it mean to speak to persuade?

Definition of persuasion: to change your target audience's beliefs, thoughts or actions. The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

What is a logical fallacy?

Fallacy= an error in reasoning

Is it appropriate to mention losers in a speech of presentation? Why or why not?

If the award is won in a public competition and the audience knows who the losers are, you might take a moment to praise the losers.

When planning a speech of introduction, what considerations should you make for audience? If introducing the same person, should you prepare different speeches of introduction for different audiences?

If the speaker is not well known to the audience, you will need to establish her or his credibility by recounting some of the speaker's main achievements and explaining why she or he is qualified to speak on the topic at hand. Obviously, you do not need to do this if the speaker is well known to the audience. If you are introducing the same speaker to different audiences, some of the information will be the same, but it would be slanted differently.

Name and explain the different types of reasoning appropriate for a persuasive speech. (You should be able to identify the type from its definition as well as from examples)

Reasoning= the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence -*Reasoning from specific instances*: reasoning that moves from particular facts to general conclusion. -*Reasoning from Principle*: reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion -*Casual reasoning*: reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between cause and effects -*Analogical reasoning*: reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

What is the target audience?

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

What is the difference between a speech based on a question of fact and an informative speech?

The situation for an informative speech is nonpartisan. The aim is to give information as impartially as possible, not to argue for a particular point of view. A persuasive speech on a question of fact is partisan, the speaker acts as an advocate.

When you give a persuasive speech on a question of value, what do you need to justify to the audience?

You must justify your claim.

What is the difference between speaking to inform and speaking to persuade?

Your objective is much more ambitious than in speaking to inform. Audience analysis and adaptation become much more demanding.

Comparative advantages order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

Problem-Solution Order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which first the main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Problem-Cause-Solution Order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first man point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

*Speeches of Acceptance*

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition. -Give thanks for a gift or award -Should Thank the people giving the award Acknowledge the people who helped the recipient win the award -Brevity, Humility, and Gracious (BHG

*Speeches of Introduction*:

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience. The three purposes to accomplish are: build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker, build enthusiasm for the speaker's topic, and establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility -Conventionally, names are saved till the end

*Speeches of Presentation*:

a speech that presents someone a gift, award, or some other form of public recognition. The main purpose is to tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award. -Are given when someone receives a gift or an award -These speeches explain why the recipient is receiving the award This includes explaining the purpose and criteria and purpose of the award (can also acknowledge the nominees who lost, maybe thank them for participating)

bandwagon fallacy

adduces that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

slippery slope

fallacy assumes that taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second set and so on down the slope to disaster

red herring fallacy

introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion

appeal to novelty fallacy

occurs when a speaker assumes that because something is new, it is therefore superior to something that is older

appeal to tradition fallacy

occurs when a speaker assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Hasty generalization

occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases, on the basis of atypical cases

False cause

occurs when speakers assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

invalid analogy

occurs when two cases being compared are not essentially alike

either-or fallacy

sometimes referred to as a false dilemma, forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives

*Commemorative Speeches*:

speeches of praise or celebration. A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution or an idea. -Pay tribute to a person, group, institution, or an idea -The purpose of this speech is to inspire the audience and/ or to have them admire the person/group/thing being praised -Feelings centric

ad hominem fallacy

substitutes an attack on the person for discussion of the real issue in dispute