Public Speaking midterm (UF spc2608)

Specific purpose for an informative speech

Acting as a teacher, ex: To inform my audience about the rise and fall of ancient Rome

Specific purpose for a persuasive speech

Acting as an advocate, ex: to persuade my audience to convert to buddhism

Charts

useful for visually displaying quantitative or statistical information

Qualities of voice

pitch, volume, rate, pauses, vocal variety, articulation, dialect, pronunciation

Testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Transition

(n.) a change from one state or condition to another ex: Not that we have discussed this, let us go to this

how to decided which main points to use

- Make it two or three - Put things into categories

Cite sources orally

- The book or magazine your are citing - The author or sponsorship of document - The author's qualifications - The date it was published

Three Guidelines for Ethical Listening

1. Be courteous and attentive 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker 3. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas

Steps in speech preparation

1. Brainstorm 2. Choose topic 3. General purpose 4. Specific purpose (what you hope to accomplish) 5. Central idea

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking

1) Make Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound 2) Be Fully Prepared For Each Speech 3) Be Honest In What You Say 4) Avoid Name Calling and Other Forms Of Abusive Language ​5) Put Ethical Principles Into Practice

Tips for intro

1) keep relatively brief 2) Look for intro materials while researching 3) be creative in devising 4) Don't worry about exact wording until after preparing body of speech 5) Work out intro in detail. 6) Don't start talking too soon

demographic characteristics of an audience:

1. Age 2. religion 3. racial, ethnic, cultural background 4. gender and sexual orientation 5. group membership

Judging the reliability of research documents

1. Authorship - make sure the author is credible 2. Sponsorship - An organization responsible for a document if there is no author 3. Recency - look up publication date and make sure recent enough to use

questions to ask about specific purpose

1. Does my purpose meet the assignment? 2. Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4. Is the purpose too trivial (young-sounding) for my audience? 5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

How to practice delivery

1. Go through preparation outline aloud 2. Prepare your speaking outline 3. Practice your speech several times aloud using the outline 4. Polish your delivery (vocal variety etc) 5. Give your speech a dress rehearsal

Ethical public speaking checklist

1. Have I examined my goals to make sure they are ethically sound? 2. Have I fulfilled my ethical obligation to prepare fully for the speech? 3. Is the speech free of plagiarism? 4. Am I honest in what I say in the speech? 5. Do I use the power of language ethically? (avoid name-calling) 6. All in all, am I ethical in speech?

Tips for conclusion

1. Keep an eye out for concluding material 2. Conclude with a bang 3. Keep it relatively short 4. Work it out in detail

Four tips for using testimonies

1. Quote of phrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased source 4. Identify the people you quote or phrase

Four methods of speech delivery

1. Reading verbatim from a manuscript 2. Reciting a memorized text 3. Speaking impromptu 4. extemporaneous speech (use note cards)

Answering - impromptu speaking

1. State the point you are answering 2. State the point testimony 3. Support your point 4. Summarize

Formulating specific purpose statement

1. Write as full infinite phrase, not fragment 2. Express purpose as statement, not a question 3. Avoid figurative language in purpose statement 4. Limit to one distinct idea 5. make sure not too vague or general

Appropriate number of steps in an info speech

2-5

How many main points should you have?

3-4

Find information from academic databases

Academic OneFil and Jstor Citation: includes title, author name, etc Related subjects: additional articles Abstract or article: The full text

Back ups to technology

Always bring a back up of your slides

Adapting to your audience before you speak

Asses how your audience will respond to what you say Adjust what you say to make it as convincing as possible

At what stage you should consider your audience in the speech preparation process

Before the speech: part of your preparation During the presentation itself

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Types of examples and stories

Brief extended hypothetical

Ways to organize main points

Chronological order (1990, 1991, 1992) - inform Spatical order - follow a directional patter (north, central, southern) - inform Casual order - show cause-effect relationship (both) Problem-Solution Order - states problem and the solution (persuasive) Topical Order - Divide speech topic into subtopics (used most often)

Choosing the best visual aid

Could bring it in depending on size and availability, could use a model if not etc

Types of endings

Crescendo - speech builds to power Dissolve - Emotional appeal by fading step by step

Tips for research interviews (before)

Define the purpose of the interview decide who to interviews arrange the interview decided to record the interview prepare your questions

Types of visual aids

objects, models, graphs, charts , videos, speaker, photographs, drawings

Elements of good speech delivery

Does not distract the audience, use direct eye contact, and speak with intelligence

Guidelines for effective information speeches

Don't overestimate what the audience knows Relate the subject directly to the audience Don't be too technical Avoid abstraction - through description, compare, contrast Personalize your ideas Be creative

Appearance

Dress to impressive and dress for the occasion

which type is the life of a speech

EXAMPLES

what might be the most important audience characteristic to know given a specific topic:

Ex: If you are talking to a frat, want to focus on group membership

types of supporting information you can use

Examples Statistics Testimony

Types of testimony and when to use

Expert - testimony from experts Peer - testimony from friends with firsthand experience Quoting vs phrasing - Testimony from what someone else says (quote)

Informing audiences about concepts processes

Explaining a process so people understand it better Explain a process so people can perform it - Use chronological or topical order

Articulation

Failure to form particular speech sounds ex: saying lemme instead of let me

Organizing the body of information speech

Figure out order of main points - chronological - topical - spatial - upper, middle, lower Mississippi

Questionnaires

Fixed alternative questions: fixed choice between two or more responses Scale questions: like fixed alternative responses but allow more leeway Open-ended questions: give lots of leeway in responding

Parts of an intro and importance to each

Get attention of audience

Objectives of the intro

Get the attention and interest of your audience Reveal the topic of your speech Establish credibility Preview the body

Start speech research early

Gives you time to think about what you found and really put the pieces together

Types of Plagiarism

Global plagiarism Patchwork plagiarism Incremental plagiarism Paraphrase

The value of examples in speeches

Help you clarify your point Reinforce your ideas personalize your ideas

Way to emphasize when you have a very unpopular topic

Highlight the local angle - person, place, or thing

Ways to analyze your audience

Identify the general demographic features of your audience Measure the importance of those features

Pluses and minuses of presentation technology

If there is too much going on, it will dominate your speech. If there is just a right amount, it will help the communication of the speech

Time limit on speeches

If time is cut, modify presentation to most essential points

qualities of a good conclusion

If you have carefully built to a peak of interest, people will know you are ending

Types of general purpose statements

Informing (explain, report, demonstrate) and Persuading (sell, advocate, defend)

3 types of audience disposition

Interest - need to be interested in the topic Knowledge - People more interested in what they know about it Attitude - Frame of mind in favor or opposed to a person, policy etc

Internet vs library

Internet - everything is on there and not everything is truthful Library - Everything goes through people so it is all good info

Research interviews

Interviews to collect data

Audience wondering when listening to an informative speech

Is the information communicated clearly and accurately? Is the information meaningful and interesting to the audience?

Importance of drawing on your own knowledge for speeches

It brings the speech to life and makes it more convincing

Rules to keep in mind when preparing main points

Keep main points separate Try to use same pattern for wording main points Balance time devoted to main points

Not being too technical

Know what can be explained to an ordinary audience and what can not

Parts of speech conclusion

Let audience know you are ending and reinforce the central idea

Delivering with visual aids

Make sure listeners can see them Do not pass visual aids among the audience Only display when speaking about them Explain them clearly Do not look at visual aid when explaining it Practice with them Check the room before

Ethical guidelines for using stats

Make sure stats are representative Statistical measures used correctly Statistics from reliable source

Importance of organizing a speech

Makes you look more trustworthy and reliable

Adapting to your audience as you speak

May need to go over points again or modify if they do not seem pleased

Organizing supporting materials

Need to be relevant to main points

Rules for a specific purpose statement

Needs to be concise and clear and include the audience (keeps them center of attention) Ex: to inform my audience about the benefits of music therapy for people with psychological or cognitive disabilities

Rules for a good general purpose

Needs to be general and you must know what you want to achieve by speaking ex: persuade, inform, explain

Length of intro and delivery

Needs to be pretty brief and wait till audience has quieted down to speak

Purpose statement phrasing

Needs to being with what you want to achieve by speaking (to inform, persuade) not a question, not a fragment, no figurative language, one distinct idea

Specific purpose of an informative speech

Not too broad or general Include: chronological, spatial, topical

Egocentric audiences

People being concerned with their own values and beliefs Speaker: need to adapt your speech to audiences interests

Advantaged of using visual aids

People find the message more interesting, grasp it easier and retain it longer

Speeches about objects

Person, place,structure Chronological spacial topical

Brainstorming

Personal inventory: make a list of your hobbies, skills etc Clustering: make 9 columns including people, place, thing, events, processes, plans, and policies, problems, concepts, natural phenomena Internet search: encyclopedias, subject-base website etc

Speech connectives

Phrases connecting ideas 1. transitions 2. internal previews 3. internal summaries 4. signpots

Effective use of visual aids

Prepare visual aids well in advanced Keep visual aids simple Make sure visual aids are large enough Use limited amount of text Use fonts, colors, and images effectively

Personalizing ideas

Present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

Visual aids in intros

Provide images that enhance the impact of the speaker's words - relate to your speech topic

Relating the subject to the audience

Put your audience directly into your speech ex: "Your body can not go any further .." - use you and your

How to get information about an audience?

Questionares

Major functions of a conclusion

Reinforcing my idea Short part of my speech Have strong language

Rounding off stats

Relate the statistics to what you are talking about and do not make them too complicated

Way to grab an audience's attention

Relate the topic to the audience State importance of your topic Startle your audience - sexually assaulted comment Arouse curiosity/build suspense Question the audience - how would you respond? Begin with a quote tell a story

Tips for research interviews (after)

Review your notes asap (main points and things that will help with your essay) transcribe your notes

Ways to vividly end a speech

Say things like "in conclusion" or "Let me end by saying"

How speech should change if audience gets larger

Should become more formal

Length of videos

Should not be longer than 30 seconds

What is informative speaking

Speaking designed to display knowledge and understanding

Jargons/technical language

Specialized or technical words and expressions spoken by people who share a particular occupation or interest. - should not use if talking to a generalized audience

Establishing credibility at beginning of speech

Stating you know what you are talking about - does not have to be firsthand

How to reinforce your central idea

Summarize your speech End with a quote Make a dramatic statement Refer to the intro

Pharaphrasing

Summary of author's ideas - used when quote is more than one or two sentences - used when wording of quote is obscure

Central idea phrasing

Sums up your speech 1.Needs to be a full sentence 2. not a question 3. avoid figurative language 4. not vague

Supporting materials in speeches

Supports to speakers point of view

Preparing bibliographies

Take notes on what you read Have notes in good format Make a separate entry for each note distinguish between direct quotes, paraphrases etc

Take research notes effectively

Take plenty of notes Record notes in consistent format Make a separate entry for each note distinguish between direct quotes, paraphrases etc

Why you should limit the number of main points

The audience will be confused and have trouble sorting them out

Types of informative speeches

objects, processes, events, concepts

Contrast

The state of being noticeably different from something else when put or considered together.

barriers of information speeches

Topics interesting to them may not be interesting to listener

Physical setting factors

Try to see the size of the room, what time you will be presenting etc. If there is nothing you can control, make sure to do a great job at speaking

Find information from periodicals guide

Type in a subject in the database text box and citations will appear. Abstract (summary) may appear. Proquest, World News Digest

Find information from government resource

Usa.gov - web pages from governments United States Census Bureau - statistical info World Facebook - info of every country

How to narrow a google search

Use questions Be specific Look at different resources (news, images etc.)

When to use different rates of speaking

When looking at the nature of the occasion, the mood they are trying to create, who the audience is

How to help examples or statistics have more impact

When they are put together. Shows the examples to be typical

preliminary bibliography

a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

Catalogue

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

Call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves

Quotation books

offer famous or notable quotations on a variety of subjects

Brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

Internal previews

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next ex: Now that we have seen this, let's look at some solutions

Internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points ex: Let's summarize

Preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body - signal you are going into body and will help with understanding rest of the speech

Comparison

a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Description

a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

Extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas ex: So how serious is the problem?

Reference work

a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers (encyclopedias, yearbooks, etc)

Advantages/disadvantages of wikipedia

advantage: convenient, vast amount of info disadvantage: not very reliable

Hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

Speeches about events

anything that happens or is regarded as happening - chronological or topical

Qualities of speakers body

appearance, movement, gesture, eye contact

Managing the Q and A

approach questions with a positive attitude listen carefully direct answers to entire audience Be honest and stright forward Stay on track

Mean

average

Five resources for finding what you need in the library

catalogue, call number, reference work, biographical aids, quotation books

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words importance: will help you control

Biographical aids

contain brief life and career facts about contemporary men and women

Eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person - constantly scan the room/look at whole audience

Tips for research interviews (during)

dress appropriate and be on time Explain the purpose of the interview Set up recorded Keep interview on track Listen carefully Don't overstay your welcome

situational audience analysis

examination of the time and place of a speech, the audience size, and the speaking occasion in order to develop a clear and effective message

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people Avoid by: giving credit to the author for their words

Preparing for Q and A

formulate answers to possible questions practice the delivery of your answers (brief and to the point)

audience centered

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation importance: You gain a desired response from the audience

Choosing the right type of graph

line graph - most common (two lines) pie graph - Simple distribution patterns Bar graph - comparison between two or more iteams

Gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech - do not allow gestures to distract your message

impromptu speaking

no prep - listen to what others are saying so you can respond - take notes of major points

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own How to avoid: don't leave your speech for the last minute

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own How to avoid: Start working on your speech right away and use several sources

Kinesics

study of body language

pronunciation

the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spoken ex: not saying the p in pneumonia

When verbal and nonverbal messages conflict

the listener is most likely to believe the nonverbal, body language than the message

Main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution