Public Speaking Study Guide For Final Exam

Voice

Adjust your volume Vary your pitch: the range of sounds from high to low Adjust your rate: the pace at which you speak Use strategic pauses to emphasize points Avoid vocal fillers such as uh, um, hmm, you know, like Strive for vocal variety Carefully pronounce and articulate words Avoid mumbling or lazy speech such as "wanna"

Chapter 24: Constructing the Persuasive Speech

Argument •A stated position •With evidence and reasoning in support of it •Claim (proposition) •States the speaker's conclusion about a situation •What are you trying to prove? •Evidence •Supporting material •Provides ground for belief •What is your proof for the claim? •Warrant •Provides reasons or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim •Allows audience members to evaluate the validity •Example on page 179 Claims •Claims of fact •Something is or is not true •Something will or will not happen •Two or more competing answers exist •Claims of value •Issues of judgment •Try to show that something is right or wrong/good or bad •Claims of policy •Recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved •Advocating for or against a plan Warrants •Reasons to persuade audience members to accept your evidence as proof • •Motivational •Offer reasons targeted at the audience's needs and emotions •Implied rather than stated outright •Authoritative •How does the audience view the authority figure/speaker •Substantive •Targets the audience's faith in the speaker's factual evidence •Appeals to the audience's rational thinking on a matter Counterarguments •One-sided message •Does not mention opposing claims •Two-sided message •Mentions opposing points of view and sometimes refutes them •Generally more persuasive Avoid Fallacies •Fallacy: •a false or erroneous statement •An invalid or deceptive line of reasoning •Avoid these in your speeches •Need to be able to identify them in other speeches Fallacies •Ad hominem: against the person •Bandwagon: everyone else agrees •Either-Or: a false dilemma •False Cause (Post hoc): mistaking a chronological relationship •Hasty generalizations: too few examples •Red Herring: raising an irrelevant issue •Slippery Slope: the second step is inevitable Call to Action •Asking the audience members to do something -An explicit appeal to take a specific action •In the conclusion •Tel them what they need to do to accomplish the act •Remind them of the benefits

Chapter 9: Finding Credible Sources in Print and Online

Assess Your Research Needs Review your thesis statement What do you need to explain, demonstrate or prove? What will help you accomplish this? ◦Personal knowledge ◦Examples ◦Stories ◦Statistics ◦A mix? Use ATU's Library Library portals give you access to thousands of scholarly research articles and peer reviewed journals ◦cutting-edge and reliable information Resources on library portals: ◦Full text databases ◦General reference works ◦Books, e-books ◦Digital collections ◦Video and music collections ◦Archives Visit : http://library.atu.edu/ Be a Critical Consumer of Online Information Finding accurate information online is not always easy When examining a document, ask yourself: -Who put this information here, and why did they do so? -What are the source's qualifications? -Where is similar information found? -When was the information posted, and is it timely? Be a Critical Consumer of Online Information Keys to your success is to recognize the trustworthiness of your sources ◦Information is data presented in an understanding context ◦Propaganda is information represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response ◦Misinformation is something that is not true ◦Disinformation is deliberate falsification of information Use watchdog sites to check the facts ◦Factcheck.org ◦Politifact.com Investigate a Mix of Primary and Secondary Sources Primary sources provide a firsthand account or direct evidence of events, objects, or people ◦Personal knowledge or experience ◦Government information ◦Digital collections ◦Blogs ◦Interviews ◦Surveys Secondary sources provide an analysis or commentary about things not directly observed or created ◦Books ◦Newspapers ◦Encyclopedias Poetry collections

Chapter 6: Analyzing the Audience

Audience Analysis The process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members' attributes and motivations Purpose is to prepare your speech in ways that will be meaningful to them Audience-centered perspective Throughout the speech preparation process Selection and treatment of topic Organization, wording, delivery Who are your listeners? Must consider the audience's attitudes, beliefs and values Attitudes: general evaluations of people, ideas, objects or events good or bad, desirable or undesirable Beliefs: ways people perceive reality Real or fake Values: shaped by our culture and our own unique experiences Gauge listeners' feelings... toward your topic If the topic is new to listeners... If listeners know relatively little about the topic... If listeners are negatively disposed toward the topic... If listeners hold positive attitudes toward the topic... Toward you as the speaker Establish credibility Identify with the audience - similarities Eye contact and body movement Share a personal story Use inclusive language Toward the occasion Required Voluntary Toward you as the speaker Establish credibility Identify with the audience - similarities Eye contact and body movement Share a personal story Use inclusive language Toward the occasion Required Voluntary Adapt your message to audience demographics Age (table on p. 40) Cultural background Socioeconomic status Income, Occupation, Education Religion Political affiliation Gender and sexual orientation Group affiliations Social, civic, work-related, religious, political Analyze the speech setting and context Physical setting Microphone, projector, etc. Time of event Length of speech How many in attendance Stand or sit Any possible interaction Anybody else speaking Any special events to be considered Tools for Learning About your Audience Conduct interviews Survey the audience questionnaire Use published sources Take Aways...taken from page 37 Audience members are more interested in and pay greater attention to topics toward which they have positive attitudes and that are in keeping with their values and beliefs. The less we know about something, the more indifferent we tend to be It is easier to spark interest in an indifferent audience than it is to turn negative attitudes around Use a combination of the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values to make them more personally relevant and motivating

Introduction

Audience members will decide whether they are interested in the topic of your speech and whether they will believe what you say. A speech introduction serves to: Arouse the audience's attention and willingness to listen Introduce the topic, purpose, and main points Establish your credibility to speak on the topic Motivate the audience to accept to accept your speech goals

Chapter 1: Becoming A Public Speaking

Becoming a Public Speaker: - Public speaking provides opportunity. - Skills employers seek include: - Ability to work in a team - Problem-solving skills - Written communication skills - Strong work ethic - Verbal communication skills - Leadership - Initiative - Analytical skills - Flexibility/adaptability - Detail-oriented - Interpersonal skills (relate well to others) - Technical skills What can Public Speaking do for you? Advance your professional goals Enhance your career as a student Find new opportunities in civic engagement. The Roots of Public Speaking The practice of giving a speech was known as rhetoric. Romans divided the process of preparing speeches into five parts. These five parts became the canons of rhetoric: 1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Memory 5. Delivery Learning to Speak in Public: We aren't born with speaking skills, we learn them. Speaking in public can be less daunting if we draw on expertise we already have: 1. Drawing on conversational skills. 2. Drawing on skills in composition. 3. Developing oral style. 4. Demonstrating respect for difference. Public Speaking as Communication: - Dyadic Communication - Small Group Communication - Mass Communication Communication Process: 1. Source - Encoding 2. Receiver - Decoding - Feedback 3. Message 4. Channel 5. Noise 6. Context

Chapter 2: From A to Z: Overview of Speech

Beginning Stages Analyze your audience How their interests, needs, and opinions will influence their responses toward a given topic, speaker and occasion Demographic characteristics Audience Analysis: learning about audience members' motivations through interviews and questionnaires Select a topic What do you want to speak about? What's the occasion and reason for speaking? Now, use your own interests and expertise to guide you in selecting Determine the speech purpose What do you want to accomplish? To inform, persuade, mark a special occasion? General purpose vs. Specific purpose Compose a thesis statement: Thesis Statement: Clearly expresses the central idea of your speech Concisely identifies in a single sentence what the speech is about Will refer back to this statement to make sure that you are on track Example: General Purpose: To inform. Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about three critical steps we can take to combat identity theft and maintain identity security. Thesis Statement: The best ways to combat identity theft and keep yourself secure are to review your monthly financial statements, periodically check your credit report, and secure your personal information in both digital and print form. Develop your main points Will organize speech around 2 or 3 main points - Primary pieces of knowledge - Can be found in your thesis statement I. Review your monthly bank statements, credit card bills and similar financial records to be certain that you are aware of all transactions. II. Check your consumer credit report at least twice a year. III. Keep your personal identifying digital and print information secure. Gather supporting materials Supporting material: Clarifies, elaborates, verifies your ideas Evidence Builds credibility Personal experiences External sources Separate the speech into its major parts Introduction - Gain the audience's attention and interest - Introduces the topic Body - Main points and subpoints Conclusion - Restates the thesis statement - Reiterates the main points Transitions - Brings the elements together Outline the speech Outline: a plan for arranging the elements of your speech I.Introduction A.Attention Getter B.Thesis Statement C.Preview of Main Ideas II. Main Point 1 A. Subpoint 1 1. Support B. Subpoint 2 III. Main Point 2 A. Subpoint 1 B. Subpoint 2 IV. Main Point 3 A. Subpoint 1 V. Conclusion A. Review of Points B. Restatement of Thesis C. Clincher Delivering your Speech Consider Presentation Aids -Visual or audio or both -Helps the audience to understand points Practice delivering your speech

Chapter 10: Citing Sources in your Speech

Citing Sources in your Speech When you credit sources, you: ◦Increase the chance the audience will believe you ◦Demonstrate a quality and range of research ◦Demonstrate that reliable sources support your position ◦Avoid plagiarism and Gain Credibility ◦Proves you are an ethical speaker by acknowledging the works of others ◦Enable listeners to locate your sources and pursue their own research Alert Listeners to Key Source Information Oral citations credit the source of the speech that was derived from someone else's idea ◦"According to John Smith who wrote an article entitled how to write a speech in 2016...." You want to find sources that have source credibility ◦Include a brief description of the source's qualifications to address the topic Avoid Mechanical Delivery Vary the wording - Avoid repetition ◦For example, don't say, "According to" before every source Vary the order in which you introduce a citation Types of SourcesPages 74-76 Books - first and last names of two or fewer authors Print article - use the same guidelines as with a book Online-only publications - use book guidelines and identify the publication as an online journal Organization website - name the website, source, and last update Blog - name the blogger, source, website, and posting date Television or radio program - name the program, segment, reporter, source, and date aired Online video - name the online video source, program, segment, source, and date aired Testimony - name the person, source, and date Interview - name the person, source, and the date of the interview

Concrete language, abstract, vivid imagery

Concrete language is specific, tangible, and definite. Concrete nouns such as iceberg, stone, lawn, and butter describe things we can physically sense (see, hear, taste, smell, and touch). Abstract language is general or nonspecific, leaving meaning open to interpretation. Abstract nouns, such as peace, freedom, and love, are purely conceptual; they have no physical reference. Politicians use abstract language to appeal to mass audiences or to be noncommittal. Imagery is the concrete language that brings into play the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch to paint a mental picture. Vivid imagery is more easily recalled than colorless language positive responses that do not. adding imagery into your speech need not be difficult if you focus on using strong, active verbs and colorful adjectives.

Elements of an effective delivery

Effective delivery is the controlled use of voice and body to express the qualities of naturalness, enthusiasm, confidence, and directness. Effective delivery key qualities: Strive for naturalness- Rather than behaving theatrically, act naturally. Think of your speech as a particularly important conversion. Show enthusiasm-inspire your listeners by showing enthusiasm for your topic and for the occasion. An enthusiastic delivery helps you feel good about your speech, and it focuses your audience's attention on the message. Project a sense of confidence by focusing on the ideas you want to convey rather than on yourself. Inspire the audience's confidence in you by appealing confidence to them. Be directly engaged directly with audience members. Demonstrate your interest and concern for listeners by establishing eye contact, using a friendly tone of voice, and animating your facial expressions, especially appropriately.

Chapter 4: Ethical Public Speaking

Ethics Ethics is the study of moral conduct. There is a "right" and "wrong" with presenting information. People who show Ethos are considered credible. Source credibility occurs when the speaker... -has a solid grasp of the subject -displays sound reasoning -is honest and straightforward -is genuine Respect your listeners' values Values: our standards/judgments of what's good and bad in life and what's important to us -They shape our world view -They form the basis on how we judge the actions of others Conflicting values are usually the reason for many controversies -Be considerate of your audience members' values Contribute to Positive Public Discourse Public discourse: speech involving issues of importance to the larger community Need to appeal to the greater good versus your own self-interest Need to avoid arguments that target a person versus the issue Use your Rights of Free Speech responsibly The United States protects your right to free speech under the first amendment. However, there are unethical forms of speech such as hate speeches. It is illegal to use: fighting words that promote violence defamatory language and slander speech that invades privacy Some also have a reckless disregard for the truth, and share false information. Observe Ethical Ground Rules Dignity is conduct that is respectful to self and others. Integrity signals that a speaker is incorruptible. Good speakers are: -Trustworthy -Respectful -Responsible -Fair -Civic minded Avoid Plagiarism Plagiarism: the use of other people's words or ideas. Verbally acknowledge your sources Direct quotes, paraphrases Facts, ideas, theories Include a full bibliography with your speech outline.

Chapter 7: Selecting a Topic and Purpose for your Speech

Exploring Topics for your Speech Identify your own personal interests Consider current events and controversial issues Engage the community Steer clear of overused and trivial topics Drunk driving Cigarettes are bad How to change a tire Parking at Tech stinks Brainstorming Brainstorming is a method of spontaneously generating ideas Word association: write down one topic, jot down what comes to mind, repeat Mind mapping: lay out words in a diagram form to show categorical relationships Use the internet to google topics that might be of interest to you General Purpose of your Speech The general purpose of your speech answers the question What is my objective in speaking on this topic to this audience on this occasion? Informative speeches increase the awareness and Understanding of a topic by defining, describing, explaining, or demonstrating knowledge Persuasive speeches effect some degree of change in attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors of audience members Special occasion speeches serve to entertain, celebrate, commemorate, or inspire. Refine the Topic and Purpose Narrow your topic Form a specific speech purpose What do you want the audience to learn/do/reconsider/agree with? Be specific with your aim Compose a thesis statement Central idea Single declarative sentence What the speech will attempt to prove

Chapter 3: Managing Speech Anxiety

Identify What Makes You Anxious -Lack of positive experiences -Feeling different -Being the center of attention Pinpoint the Onset of Anxiety -Pre-preparation anxiety -Preparation anxiety -Pre-performance anxiety -Performance anxiety Use Proven Strategies to Build Your Confidence -Prepare and practice! -Modify thoughts and attitudes -Visualize success -Relax -Briefly meditate -Use stress-control breathing -Use movement to minimize anxiety -Learn from feedback

Chapter 22: Informative Speaking

Informative speaking Purpose: -increase the audience's knowledge -deepen their understanding Informative speeches: -bring new issues to light -offer fresh insights on familiar subjects -provide novel ways of thinking about a topic Gain and Sustain Involvement -Use audience analysis -consider what they already know Present new and interesting information -The audience needs to learn something Use: -Unusual sources -Moving stories -Compelling examples -Striking facts -Analogies Subject Matter for Informative Speeches People Events Concepts Issues Processes Objects Phenomenon Page 158 Communicate your Information Definition -Define something by what it does -Define what it is not -Define by providing concrete examples -Define by comparing it to something similar -Define by illustrating the root meaning of the word Description - Provide a mental picture -Use imagery and concrete words Demonstration -Show how something works Explanation -Provide reasons or causes

Difference in Informative and Persuasive speeches

Informative speeches are to inform and communicate knowledge. People are naturally curious about the world and with its goal of increasing the audience's knowledge and deepening their understanding of a topic. A persuasive speech is meant to influence audience members' attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behavior by appealing to some combination of their needs, desires, interests, and even fears.

Chapter 16-18: Delivery: Methods, Voice and Body

Keys to Effective Delivery •Strive for naturalness •Show enthusiasm •Project a sense of confidence •Be direct Select a Method for Delivery •Manuscript: when you read the speech verbatim •Vary the rhythm of your words •Become familiar enough so you can make some eye contact •Impromptu: unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised •Usually occurs with short notice •Extemporaneous: speaking from an outline with key words or phrases •Maintain eye contact and refer to notes every so often Effective Delivery •Adjust your volume •Vary your pitch: the range of sounds from high to low •Adjust your rate: the pace at which you speak •Use strategic pauses to emphasize points •Avoid vocal fillers such as uh, um, hmm, you know, like •Strive for vocal variety •Carefully pronounce and articulate words •Avoid mumbling or lazy speech such as "wanna" Body Language •Nonverbal communication is important during a presentation •Body language, such as facial expressions, is important •Animate your facial expressions •Maintain eye contact and scan your audience •Use hand gestures that feel natural •Good posture Practice for the Delivery •Focus on the message •Plan ahead and practice often

Body language

Nonverbal communication is important during a presentation Body language, such as facial expressions, is important Animate your facial expressions Maintain eye contact and scan your audience Use hand gestures that feel natural Good posture

Chapter 8: Developing Supporting Material

Offer Examples An example is a typical instance of something Brief examples offer a single illustration of a point Extended examples offer multifaceted illustrations of an idea, item, or event being described. This provides the audience with a bigger picture. Hypothetical examples are what you believe the outcome will be. Share Stories Stories or narratives help us make sense of our experiences, tell tales, and relate to personal experience. Anecdotes are brief stories of interesting and often humorous incidents based on real life. Draw on Testimony Testimony is firsthand findings, eyewitnesses, and people's opinions. Expert testimony includes findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions from professionals trained to evaluate the topic. Lay testimony, or testimony by non-experts, can reveal compelling firsthand information not available to others Provide Facts and Statistics Present accurately and ethically Facts: documented occurrences dates, times, people, places Statistics: summarizes, compares, predicts Frequency: a count of the number of times something occurs. Percentage: the quantified portion of a whole. Average: describes information according to its typical characteristics

Chapter 12: Selecting an Organizational Pattern

Organizational Pattern Helps the audience follow the speaker's ideas and link points together to maximum effect The way you organize your ideas affects your audience's understanding Arranging Speech Points Chronologically Chronological pattern ◦arranging main points according to their occurrence in time ◦follows the natural sequential order of the topic Used for topics that: ◦describe a series of events Or ◦follow a set of instructions ◦(time ordered) Arranging Speech Points Using Spatial Pattern Spatial patterns: used when describing the physical arrangement of a place, scene, or object Main points can be arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction For example: giving your audience a "tour" of a particular place Arranging Speech Points Using Causal (Cause-Effect) Pattern Some speeches represent a cause-effect relationship ◦Events leading to higher interest rates ◦Reasons students drop out of college ◦Effects of skipping vaccinations Options: 1. Discuss the cause and effect as the two main points 2. Discuss the multiple causes for a single effect 3. Discuss a single cause for multiple effects 4. Present the effects before the cause Arranging Speech Points Using Problem-Solution Pattern Problem-solution pattern organizes main points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem, followed by a proposed solution. First you share the problem, and then the solution ◦Problem: define what it is ◦Solution: offer a way to overcome the problem Often used in persuasive speeches Arranging Speech Points Topically Topical pattern AKA categorical pattern ◦Each main point is a subtopic or category of the speech Often used in informative speeches For example: 3 reasons (topics) why Chicago is an excellent place to establish a career I. Accessible transportation II. Cultural Variety III. Multiple industries Can be arranged in any order since they are of equal importance Arranging Speech Points Using Narrative Pattern Narrative pattern: using storytelling as a natural and effective way to get your message across Consists of a story or series of short stories complete with characters, plot, setting, and imagery Still needs to include a thesis, main points, transitions...can't just tell a story

Chapter 13: Outlining the Speech

Outlines Helpful in putting the speech together Provides a framework for speech materials Provides a blueprint for the presentation Separate main and supporting points (the claims and evidence) Plot ideas into hierarchical fashion based on their importance to one another Use indentation to visually represent the hierarchy of importance 2 Different Outlines Working Outline AKA preparation or rough outline ◦organize and firm up main points ◦develop supporting points ◦contains your entire speech - organized and supported Speaking Outline AKA delivery outline ◦used to practice and actually present the speech ◦condensed version of the working outline ◦much shorter Working Outline Begin with this outline first ◦Full example on pages 97-105 Include labels for the speech elements ◦Attention Getter ◦Topic and Thesis ◦Credibility Statement ◦Preview Statement Can also include reminders (show picture) Speaking Outline Prepare for delivery ◦Example on pages 105-109 Use the same numbering system Condense long phrases and sentences into key words or short phrases ◦just enough to jog your memory Include delivery cues (slow down, pause) Use large enough font so you can see the words at a glance Practice! 3 more options Sentences ◦used for working outlines ◦each main and supporting points are declarative statements Phrases ◦used for speaking outlines ◦uses part of the sentence from each point Key Words ◦used for speaking outlines ◦uses the smallest possible units of understanding to outline the points ◦encourages you to become familiar enough with your speech that a glance is enough of a reminder ◦allows for the most eye contact and movement

Chapter 23: Principles of Persuasive Speaking

Principles of Persuasive Speaking ◦To persuade is to ◦advocate ◦ask others to accept our views ◦Persuasive Speech is meant to influence the audience members' ◦attitudes ◦beliefs ◦values ◦behaviors by appealing to their needs, desires, interests, or fears Persuasive Speaking and Human Psychology ◦Persuasive speaking requires attention to human psychology ◦What motivates your listeners? ◦To increase the odds of influencing the audience you should: ◦Set modest goals ◦Expect minor rather than major changes ◦Make the message personally relevant ◦Establish credibility ◦You want the audience to trust you ◦Demonstrate how any change you propose will benefit them Ethos, Pathos, and Logos ◦Logos: appeal to reason ◦Solid reasons and evidence ◦Pathos: appeal to emotion ◦Love, compassion, anger, fear ◦Ethos: speaker credibility ◦Speaker's competence, character, and concern Contemporary Persuasive Appeals ◦Appeal to what motivates the audience ◦If you can convince the audience they will be rewarded in some way - they are more likely to change ◦Appeal to the audience's needs ◦Point to a need they want fulfilled AND show them how to fulfill it ◦Encourage mental engagement ◦Listeners are motivated and will think critically about a message ◦Considers what the message means and more likely to act ◦OR ◦Listeners lack the motivation or ability to judge your argument ◦Pay little attention and see the message as irrelevant ◦Demonstrate speaker credibility

Chapter 14: Developing the Introduction and Conclusion

Purpose of the Introduction: 1. Get the audience's attention -Will it interest them? Can they benefit from it? 2. Introduce the topic and purpose -Alert listeners -Declare what your speech is about and what you hope to accomplish 3. Establish your credibility -Can they trust what you have to say? -Offer a simple statement of your qualifications -Briefly emphasize experience or knowledge 4. Preview the main points -Helps the audience mentally organize the speech 5. Motivate the audience to accept your goals -What will they gain? -Make it relevant How to gain attention: 1. Use a quotation -Can express a theme of your speech -Pull from literature, poetry, film, a person 2. Tell a story -"surefire attention getters" -Audience identification and involvement -Interesting, real-life, humorous -Promotes greater understanding and retention 3. Establish common ground -Refer to occasion that has brought you together -Briefly touch on areas of shared experience 4. Offer unusual information -Element of surprise 5. Pose questions -Draws their attention to what you're about to say -Makes them think 6. Use humor -Builds rapport -Sets a positive tone -Can backfire if unrelated or inappropriate Purpose of a Conclusion: 1. Signal the end of the speech and provide closure -Looking for a logical and emotional closure -Finally, looking back, in conclusion, let me close by saying -Vary tone, pitch, rate of speech to indicate speech is winding down 2. Summarize the key points -Restatement brings it full circle 3. Reiterate the topic and speech purpose -Imprint it on the audience's memory 4. Challenge the audience to respond -Put to use what the speaker has shared Call to action 5. Make the conclusion memorable -Lasting impression = remember and act on Can use same techniques as capturing attention in introduction Take Away Tell them what you are going to tell them Tell them Tell them what you told them

Chapter 19: Speaking with Presentation Aids

Select an Appropriate Aid Props any object models: 3-D or scale-size representation Pictures photo diagram map Graphs, charts, tables Audio, video, and multimedia Digital storytelling Options for Displaying Presentation Aids Flip charts Chalkboards/whiteboards Computer generated aids and displays Posters

Language tools

Simile explicitly compares one thing to another using like or as Metaphor also compares two things, but does so by describing one thing as actually being the other Analogy is an extended metaphor or simile that compares unfamiliar concepts to a more familiar one Faulty analogy is an inaccurate or misleading comparison suggesting that because two things are similar in some ways they must be like one another Idioms: sayings specific to a certain region or group Use Repetition to create rhythm Alliteration is the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more words or syllables Parallelism is the arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form Antithesis is setting off two ideas in a balance opposition to each other to create a powerful effect

Types of Delivery methods

Speaking from the manuscript is from prepared written text that contains the entire speech, word for word. As a rule, speaking from a manuscript restricts eye contact and body movement, and limits expressiveness in vocal variety and quality. Watching a speaker read a speech can be monotonous and boring for the audience. Speaking from memory is an oratorical style, you put the entire speech, word for word, into writing and then commit it to memory. Speaking impromptu is a type of delivery that is unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised, and involves speaking on relatively short notice with little time to prepare. When speaking extemporaneously, you prepare and practice in advance, giving full attention to all facets of the speech, content, arrangement, and delivery alike.

Chapter 11: Organizing the Body of the Speech

Speech Structure Introduction: -What are trying to say, prove, argue and establish -Stated the introduction -Stated each topic sentence of the body of the essay Body: How can I back it up? Evidence will I use to substantiate my point of view Conclusion: -Relate your findings, restate your findings to your main argument -Body of the essay at the end of each paragraph, relate your essay at the end of each paragraph, relate your findings to your main argument Use Main Points to Make your Claims •Restrict the number of main points. Most speeches have between 2 to 5 main points. •Restrict each main point to a single idea. •Incorrect: • I. West Texas has its own Grand Canyon and south Texas has its own desert. •Correct: •I. West Texas boasts its own Grand Canyon. •II. South Texas boasts its own desert. Organize your ideas •Your speech should be unified •only contain points that relate back to the specific purpose/thesis. •Your speech should be coherent •organized logically and clearly •Your speech should be balanced •have appropriate emphasis or weight on each part of the speech. Transitions •Words, phrases, or sentences that tie the speech ideas together •enables the listener to follow the speaker from one point to the next. •Transitions are vital to a speech •Full sentence transitions are considered most effective •You can use words such as: •Next, First, Similarly •We will now turn to If you think that's shocking, consider this

Chapter 25: Speaking on Special Occasions

Speeches of Introduction •1. Prepare the audience for the speaker •2. Motivate the audience to listen •Describe the speaker's background and qualifications •Briefly preview the speaker's topic •Ask the audience to welcome the speaker •Be brief Speeches of Acceptance •Made in response to receiving an award •Purpose is to express gratitude for the honor received •Prepare in advance •Express what the award means to you •Express gratitude Speeches of Presentation •1. Communicate the meaning of the award -Describe what the award is for and what it represents •2. Explain why the recipient is receiving it -Describe the recipient's achievements and special attributes that qualify him/her as deserving Roasts and Toasts •Roast: humorous tribute -Series of speakers jokingly poke fun •Toast: tribute to a person or event being celebrated •Highlight remarkable traits of the person being honored •Be positive and brief Eulogies and other Tributes •Celebrating the life of someone while consoling those who have been left behind •Balance delivery and emotions •Refer to the family of the deceased •Be positive but realistic After-Dinner Speeches •Expected to be entertaining •Recognize the occasion •Balance seriousness with light-heartedness •Avoid stand-up comedy Speeches of Inspiration •Deliberately seeks to uplift members and to help them see things in a positive light •Sermons, commencement addresses, pep talks, nomination speeches •Appeal to audience members' emotions •Use real life stories •Be dynamic •Make your goal clear Close with a dramatic ending

Selecting an organizational pattern

The chronological pattern of arrangement follows the natural sequential order of the main points. Spatial patterns of arrangement is when logic suggests that the main points can be arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to one another. Causal (Cause-Effect) Pattern sometimes a topic can be discussed in terms of multiple causes for a single effect, or a single cause for multiple effects. Problem-solution pattern organizes main points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem, followed by a proposed solution. Topical pattern arrangement is when each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic. Narrative Pattern arrangement consists of a story or series of short stories, replete with characters, conflict or complications, and resolution.

Keyword outline

The keyword outline uses the smallest possible units of understanding to outline the main and supporting points. Key-word outlines encourage you to become familiar enough with your speech points that a glance at a few words is enough to remind you of exactly what to say. Keyword outlines permit not only the greatest degree of eye contact but also greater freedom of movement and better control of your thoughts and actions than either sentence or phrase outlines. With adequate practice, the keywords will jog your memory so that the delivery of your ideas becomes more natural.

Gaining the audience's attention

Use a quotation: - Quotations such as this, which touch upon a theme of the speech, will likely arouse interest. Tell a story: -Stories or narratives, personalize issues by encouraging audience identification and involvement. Speeches that begin with a brief story of meaningful and entertaining incidents can boost the speaker's credibility and promote greater understanding and retention of the speaker's message. Establishing common ground is when audiences are won over when speakers express interest in them and show that they share in the audience's concerns and goals. Offering unusual information when you surprise audience members with startling facts and statistics is one of the surest ways to get their attention. Posing questions such as this can be an effective way to draw the audience's attention to what you are about to say. Questions can be real or rhetorical. Use humor-perhaps can be handled well, humor cab build rapport and set a positive tone for the speech.

Chapter 15: Using Language

Use an Oral Style 1. Strive for simplicity -Avoid jargon -Speak in commonly understood terms -Use fewer than more words and shorter sentences than longer ones 2. Make frequent use of repetition -Serves to compensate for natural lapses in listening -Reinforces information -Adds emphasis 3. Use personal pronouns -we, us, I, and you -Helps relate to the audience -Creates a feeling of recognition and inclusion Concrete Language&Abstract Language 1. Concrete language: specific, tangible, definite -Describes things we can physically sense, taste, hear, smell, and touch -mountain, spoon, dark, heavy 2. Abstract language: general or nonspecific -leaves meaning open to interpretation -love, peace, and freedom can have multiple meanings Offer Vivid Imagery 1. Imagery: concrete language that brings into play the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch to paint a mental picture. -Elicits more positive responses -Examples on page 119 Use Figures of Speech Figures of speech make striking comparisons that help the listeners visualize, identify with, and understand the speaker's idea Simile explicitly compares one thing to another using like or as He works like a dog. Metaphor also compares two things, but does so by describing one thing as actually being the other Time is a thief. Analogy is an extended metaphor or simile that compares unfamiliar concepts to a more familiar one Faulty analogy is an inaccurate or misleading comparison suggesting that because two things are similar in some ways they must be like one another Can mislead your audience Choose Words that Build Credibility 1. Use words appropriately -Keep in mind the audience, occasion and subject 2. Use words accurately -Subscription vs. Prescription 3. Use culturally sensitive language -Eliminate assumptions, negative descriptions or stereotypes of a certain demographic -Idioms: sayings specific to a certain region or group -Can add richness but only if understood -Ballpark figure -Pet peeve 4.Use gender-neutral language Choose Words that Build a Lasting Impression Use rhetorical devices to draw in your audience Use Repetition to create rhythm Repeating key words and phrases to create distinctive rhythm Use voice inflection and pauses Alliteration is the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more words or syllables Parallelism is the arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form Antithesis is setting off two ideas in a balance opposition to each other to create a powerful effect

Chapter 20: Designing Presentation Aids

Visual Aids Keep the design simple Avoid clutter Create concise titles Be consistent Use color carefully Use font consistently

Chapter 5: Listeners and Speakers

What is Listening? Is there a difference between hearing someone and listening to them? Hearing is the physiological, passive process of perceiving sound. Listening is the conscious act of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and nonverbal messages. Two-way communication We Listen Selectively No two audience members will process the information in exactly the same way...why? Selective Perception: people's perceptions are subject to their own bias and expectations This leads them to pay attention to certain messages and ignore others. Influencing factors: We pay attention to what we hold to be important We pay attention to information that touches our experiences and backgrounds We sort and filter new information on the basis of what we already know Selective Perception Steps to take: As a listener Examine your own expectations and motivations As a speaker Demonstrate why your topic is relevant to the audience's interests and needs Anticipate Obstacles to Listening Listening distraction: anything that competes for the attention we are trying to give to something else Ways to avoid distractions: Minimize external and internal distractions Refrain from multitasking Guard against scriptwriting and defensive listening Beware of laziness and overconfidence Work to overcome cultural barriers Active Listening takes Practice Active listening: listening that is focused and purposeful Set listening goals - p. 31 Identify your listening needs Identify why listening will help you Make an action statement (goal) Assess goal achievement Listen for main ideas Listen Responsibly -Strive for the Open and Respectful Exchange of Ideas -Listener: maintaining an open mind -Speaker: approaching a speech not as an argument that must be "won" Evaluate evidence and reasoning -Critical thinking -Evaluate, summarize and assess the speaker's evidence and facts -Analyze the assumptions and biases -Assess the reasoning -Consider multiple perspectives Offer constructive and compassionate feedback -Be honest and fair -Adjust to the speaker's style -Be compassionate with criticism -Be selective in your criticism