Public Speaking Test 2

Helpful Transition Words

"Additionally", "next", "in addition", "moving onto my next point", "my second main point is..."; "on the other hand", "conversely", "on the contrary"...

Ethos and the idea of "good character"

"good sense" "goodwill" "good moral character" Ethos is dependent on the conveyance of these traits to the audience, either directly or indirectly

Hecklers

-respond quickly, return to speech -audience is on your side -nonverbals -heavy artillery

Audience and Acquiescence

History is filled with examples of strong leaders who have used threats and coercion to persuade

The Charismatic Persuader

Persistent, expressive personalities who impose themselves on their audience/environment

Introduction

open with impact connect with audience preview

Signposting

refer to preceding and upcoming idea "Transitions signal to your audience where you are taking them. Signposts are often the numerical indications of the main body points. Many speakers utilize "first, second, third" type numbering to indicate where they are in their speech."

After Interview

review notes ASAP transcribe your notes

Preparation (outline)

speech topic specific purpose general purpose thesis statement

Tips for Research

start early/efficient notes

Source Cred and Power (Power and Fear Appeals)

-Physical or psychological threats -Assignment of authority to one specific person or group -Initiation of control through personal or secret action

Situation Audience Analysis

-Size bigger=more formal -Physical Setting -Disposition towards the speaker -Disposition towards the occasion -disposition towards the topic (interest, knowledge, attitude) -Audience adaptation BEFORE the speech (anticipate response) -Audience adaptation DURING the speech (feedback, posture, NV, repeat main points)

Main Points

-at least 2, no more than 4 -Focus= the main points should clearly relate to your thesis -Parallel Structure= main points should be clear, concise, and memorable -Simplicity= concise and simple wording of your main points -Balance=spend about the same amount of time on each main point

Psychology and Persuasion

-audience will evaluate messages based on what they already know and believe -you must relate topic to audience, demonstrate why they should care as much as you do!

Strategic Order of Main Points

-chronological order -casual order -problem-solution order -topical order

Interviewing: Before the Interview

-define the purpose of the interview -decide whom to interview -arrange the interview -decide whether to record int. -prepare Qs, (leading & loaded Qs)

During the Interview

-dress appropriately/ be on time -repeat the purpose on int. -set up recorder if needed -keep interview on track -listen carefully -dont overstay welcome

Techniques for Signposting

-enumerate key points -give non-verbal reinforcement -use visual aids to reinforce signposts -use transition words that cue your audience that you are changing points

Introduction: Preview the Main Body of the Speech

-even the best listeners need signposts; a roadmap of the speech -you may choose not to reveal your true intent or goal until later in the speech -but you can't leave your audience guessing -preview statements provide guidance and an easy transition into the main body of speech

Using your own experience

-everyone is an expert on something -dont depersonalize your speech by over reliance on facts and figures

Hostile Audience

-find out why they are hostile -emphasize points of agreement -try to be friendly and objective

Audience-Centeredness

-good public speakers are audience-centered -the goal is to gain a desired response -don't compromise your beliefs, but adapt to others

Introduction: Est. Credibility and Goodwill

-let the audience know WHY you are qualified to speak on the subject -goodwill, you may be addressing a hostile audience -goodwill, downplay and undersell your overall goals, NOT require your audience to change their beliefs, just consider your problem

present only ONE side of your argument when...

-listeners already agree with you -listeners know nothing about your topic -listeners are unlikely to hear about your topic from other sources

present BOTH sides of your argument

-listeners are fairly knowledgeable about topic -listeners already disagree with your proposal -there is a good chance they will hear about the other side from another speaker or the media (almost always a risk of this)

Audience Psychology

-people can be compelled to attend a speech, by they must choose to actively listen -every message is polysemous

People are Egocentric

-people pay attention to messages that affect their own beliefs, attitudes, values, lifestyles, etc.

Introduction: Get Attention and Interest

-people pay attention to things that affect them directly -state the importance of you topic -startle the audience, but not in an extreme or offensive way -arouse the curiosity of the audience -question the audience -begin with a quotation tell a story

Checklist for Audience Centeredness

-to whom am i speaking? -what do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? -What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that goal? -How does the speech create identification or solidarity with the audience?

Questions

-treat each Q as legit -remind questioner of time constraints -no comment

THREE Main Parts of a complete argument

1. Claim (an expressed opinion or conclusion) 2. Warrant/Support (facts, conditions, beliefs are generally accepted or probably true) 3. Attempt to Persuade (to get audience to act, or to intellectually endorse one's position)

Hovland's 7 implications of source believability research

1. High credibility = trustworthy 2. Identification doesn't always = influence 3. Physical attractiveness helps 4. Fromal standards for judging source cred. aren't usually employed by listeners 5. Audience retain info regardless of source believability 6. Audience remember specifics about message, not the source 7. The needs of the listener often outweigh consideration of course credibility

The Conclusion 2 Main Functions

1. to signal the end of the speech 2. to reinforce the audience's understanding or commitment to the central idea of the speech

Prestige and Legitimation

A speaker uses his/her own prestige and perceived power to make their ideas acceptable to the audience -Tony Robinson

Signaling the Conclusion

Abrupt endings leave the audience puzzled Audience should never be taken by surprise by the end of your speech "In conclusion..." "My purpose today has been..." "Let me leave you with a final thought..." If you end with "I'm done" or "That's about it", you will not get an A on the Policy speech

Demographic Audience Analysis

Age Gender Religion Racial/Ethnic/Cultural Background Group membership Socioeconomic position Political ideology Sexual Orientation **AVOID EXCESSIVE STEREOTYPING** Always combine demographic analysis with situational audience analysis as well

Searching the Internet

Google, google News

Main Body

Major Point (1) -subpoint -subpoint --support --support Major Point (2) -subpoint -subpoint --support --support ***remember to Signpost between main points***

Source Cred and Power (Foucault, Power and Lang)

Power is pervasive in society Language is the vehicle through which disciplinary power is exercised Power is almost always used to exploit

Elements of the Outline and Checklist

Preparation Introduction Main Body Conclusion

Source credibility as Believability

Psychologist Carl Hovland's studies led to a re-definition of credibility as believability

Nature of Evidence

Reliability Expertise Objectivity Recency Relevance Access Accuracy of Citation Consistency External consistency Internal consistency

Mystification

Special use of symbols and technical jargon to imply that the persuader has special power and expertise to which others should defer

Statistical Qs

What is meant by average? Were unbiased questions asked? Was the sample representative? Is the statistic based on a poll? Margins of error vs. difference What are the percentages based on?

Nature of Expertise/ Source Credibility

What is the sources expertise? Does the expert have a reputation for reliability? Is the source unbiased?

Librarians

okay to ask stupid questions

Introduction: Reveal the Topic

clearly state the topic of the speech, don't assume your audience "gets it" they don't.

Reference Works

encycolpedias, yearbooks, quotation books, biographical aids, thesaurus

Special Sources

gov docs, wiki

Nature of Argumentation

is a set of statements in which a claim is made, support is offered for it, and an attempt to persuade someone in disagreement

Polysemous Message

is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings

The Catalogue

its antiquated, but still useful

Newspaper and periodical database

lexis-nexis expanded academic ASAP JSTOR Project MUSE

The Rational/Legal model of credibility

statements should be believed if the source meets general standard for accuracy and objectivity (Ability, Objectivity)

Conclusion

summarize main points close with impact