Public Speaking Test #2

Four objectives of the speech introduction.

- get the attention & interest of your audience - reveal the topic of your speech - establish your credibility - preview the body of the speech

Two objective/functions of the conclusion.

- let the audience know that you are ending the speech - to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea

Why is organizing your speech important?

- listeners demand coherence. they cannot flip back to the past page if they miss something - first we must gain command on the introduction, body, and conclusion. the body is the longest and most important person. write this first.

Three criteria you can use to help distinguish between the good and bad internet sources.

1. AUTHORSHIP - author clearly identifies, what are his/her qualifications, data unbiased. - google search -> name in quotes 2. SPONSORSHIP - organization, that in the absence of a clearly defined author, is responsible for the content of the page - sponsoring group impartial? - objective research & fair-minded? - economically unbiased? - history of accuracy? 3. RECENCY - look for copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision -> very important when using stats, NEVER cite from an undated source. MUST VERIFY RECENCY

Three questions to ask about statistics that you want to use

1. are the statistics representative? 2. are statistical measures used correctly? 3. are the statistics from a reliable source?

Tips for preparing the Conclusion.

1. as you research, look for possible concluding materials 2. conclude with a bang, not a whimper 3. don't be long-winded. the conclusion will normally make up no more than 5 to 10 percent of your speech 4. don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance. work it out in detail & give your self plenty of time.

Three types of examples of supporting ideas (list & define)

1. brief examples - specific instances (illustrate advances in creating artificial limbs for animals, large and small) - pile them up on one another until you create the desired impression (how one speaker used this technique to reinforce the point that Mexican Americans have made many valuable contributions to U.S. life) 2. extended examples - often called narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes.by telling a story vividly or dramatically, they pull listener into the speech. (example from a student speech about health care for military veterans) 3. hypothetical example - one that describes an imaginary situation. usually such examples are brief stories that relate a general principle. ( illustrates the health benefits of organic farming )

Things you should do before your research interview and why

1. define the purpose of the interview 2. decide whom to interview 3. arrange the interview 4. decide wether or not to record the interview 5. prepare your questions

Guidelines for Informative Speaking.

1. don't overestimate what the audience knows 2. relate the subject directly to the audience 3. don't be too technical 4. avoid abstractions 5. personalize your ideas

Things you should do during your research interview and why.

1. dress appropriately and be on time 2. repeat the purpose of the interview 3. set up the recorder, if you are using one 4. keep the interview on track 5. listen carefully 6. don't overstay your welcome

Tips for preparing the Introduction.

1. keep it brief 2. be on the lookout for intro materials as you research 3. be creative in devising your intro 4. don't worry about the exact wording of your intro until you have finished preparing the body of your speech 5. work out your intro in detail. 6. when you present the speech, don't start talking to soon.

Tips for preparing main points.

1. keep main points separate 2. try to use the same pattern of wording for each main point 3. balance the amount of time devoted to each main point

Tips for using testimony.

1. quote or paraphrase accurately - involves making sure you do not misquote someone, making sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase, and making sure you do not quote out of context. 2. use testimony from qualified sources - bringing a celebrity or an authority in one area does not make someone competent in other areas. listeners will find your speech much more credible if you use qualified sources 3. use testimony from unbiased sources - careful listeners are suspicious of testimony from biased or self-interested sources. be sure to use testimony from credible, objective authorities. 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase - list their qualifications

Five tips for taking research notes effectively.

1. record notes on index cards. 2. write one note on each card, source of note & heading indicating subject of note. 3. write only one note per card. 4. distinguish among direct quotes, paraphrases, & your own ideas. 5. take plenty of notes - if you MAY use it, then make sure to write it down.

Seven ways to gain the attention of your audience.

1. relate the topic to audience 2. state the importance of your topic 3. startle the audience 4. arouse the curiosity of the audience 5. question the audience 6. begin with a quotation 7. tell a story 8. use visual aids

Things you should do after your research interview and why.

1. review your notes as soon as possible 2. transcribe your notes

Guidelines for the Speaking Outline.

1. should follow the same visual framework used in the preparation outline 2. should be plainly legible 3. should be as brief as possible 4. should contain cues for delivering the speech

Guidelines for the Preparation Outline.

1. should include your specific purpose statement. 2. identify the central idea 3. should clearly label the introduction, body, and conclusion of the speech 4. should have a consistent pattern pf symbolization & indentation 5. should state main points & sub-points in full sentences 6. should label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews 7. should include a bibliography 8. may also include a title for the speech

Four Tips for Doing Research.

1. start early 2. make a preliminary bibliography 3. take notes efficiently 4. think about your materials as you research

Three ways to reinforce the Central Idea.

1. summarize the speech 2. end with a quotation 3. make a dramatic statement

Three ways to avoid abstractions.

1. use description: a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, and the like with clarity & vividness 2. use comparison: a statement of the similarities among 2 or more people, events, ideas, etc. (humidity/sponge example) 3.use contrast: a statement of differences someone 2 or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Tips for using Examples to support your ideas

1. use examples to clarify your ideas 2. use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. use examples to personalize your ideas 4. make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Six tips for using statistics - list and explain.

1. use statistics to quantify your ideas - the main value of statistics is to give your ideas numerical precision. 2. use statistics sparingly - insert statistics only when they are needed, and then make sure they are easy to grasp 3. identify the sources of your statistics - people might not believe you if you have a crazy statistic, but nothing to back it up 4. explain your statistics - they need to be interpreted and related to your listeners. 5. round off complicated statistics - unless there is an important reason to give exact numbers, you should round off most statistics. (example: Mount Everest height) 6. use visual aids to clarify statistical trends - visual aids can save your lot of time, as well as make you statistics easier to comprehend.

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

A location or address identifying where documents can be found on the Internet; a Web address

bookmark

A location or selection of text that you name and identify for future reference.

search aid

A program used to find info on the world wide web

What are the types of informative speeches, the way to analyze them and to organize them? (OBJECTS)

Objects: anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form. - may have moving parts or be alive - may include places, structures, animals, people - choose a specific purpose ORGANIZE: - history or evolution = chronological order - describe main features = spatial order - also can use topical order in informative speeches

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

What are the types of informative speeches, the way to analyze them and to organize them? (CONCEPTS)

a belief, theory, notion, principle, or the like; more abstract than objects, processes, or events EX: film theory, afrocentrism, & constitutional interpretation ORGANIZATION - usually organized in topical order - more complex because you must define the concept, identify the major elements, and illustrate with specific examples - or, you can explain competing schools of thought about the same subject

speaking outline

a brief outline used to deliver a speech

special encyclopedia

a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc "African American Encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia of Religion, and the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology"

general encyclopedia

a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge "Encyclopaedia Britannica"

metasearch engine

a computer program that searches several engines at once and integrates the findings of the various search engines to answer queries posted by users

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

preparation outline

a detailed outline used to plan a speech; process of writing a preparation outline requires that a speaker brings together all of the major elements of the speech.

gazetteer

a dictionary of geographical places, including names and information

preliminary bibliography

a list compiled early in the process of works that look as if they might contain helpful info about a speech topic

bibliography

a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

catalogue

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

periodical database

a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines; allows you to locate articles in thousands of publications, including Time, Atlantic, the New York Times, and the Wall Street Journal. type a subject in your database's search box, and citations for articles on your subject will appear on screen.

virtual library

a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

abstract

a summary of an article, you should NEVER cite an article in your speech on the basis of an abstract alone. these are only available in some cases.

What are the types of informative speeches, the way to analyze them and to organize them? (PROCESSES)

a systematic series of action that leads to a specific result or product - explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works - demonstration speeches fall into this category 2 types of informative process speeches: 1. explains a process so that listeners will understand it 2. explains a process so that listeners will be better able to perform the process themselves ***may require visual aids*** *** some you may actually demonstrate how to do the process *** ORGANIZATION: - usually arranged chronologically - some can be arranged topically - organization is very important group steps into units if you have more than 5 main points

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

connective

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

reference work

a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers The major types of reference works you are likely yo use for your speech include encyclopedias, yearbooks, quotation books, and biographical aids.

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

research interview

an interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

sponsoring organization

an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet.

What are the types of informative speeches, the way to analyze them and to organize them? ( EVENTS )

anything that happens or is regarded as happening. EX: mountain climbing, therapeutic massage & cinco de mayo ORGANIZATION: - recounting a historical event - use chronological order - explaining an event's causes/effects - use casual order - telling about the event features, origins, implications, benefits, future developments - use topical order

atlas

book of maps

5 types of order for your main points (strategic order). List and explain

chronological order - following a time pattern. narrate a series of events in the sequence in which they happened. spatial order - following a directional order. (top to bottom, left to right, front to back, out to in, east tp west, or any other route) example: 1. center of the hurricane 2. surrounding the eye 3. rotating along the eye casual order - organize main points so as to show a cause-effect relationship. - you have 2 main points. (1) dealing with the causes of an event (2) dealing with it's effects problem-solution order - divided into 2 parts. (1) shows the existence & seriousness of a problem (2) presents a workable solution to the problem. topical order - results when you divide the speech topic into subtopics, each of which becomes a main point in the speech.

delivery cues

cues used to direct & sharpen the speaker's delivery

Two types of testimony - list and explain.

expert testimony - testimony from people who are acknowledged authorities in their fields peer testimony - opinions of people like ourselves; not prominent figures, but ordinary citizens who have firsthand experience on the topic

How many main points is appropriate and why?

if you have too many, you may be able to condense them to categories. if you have to many, the audience will have trouble sorting them out. 2-5

search engine

key to finding materials on the internet. includes Google. to find a search engine that will give you exactly what you need? develop a search strategy that will allow you to zero in precisely on the info required for you speech.

invisible Web

multitude of web databases and other resources that are not indexed by search engines, use many search engines

statistics

numerical data

yearbook

published annually. they contain an amazing amount of current info that would otherwise be all but impossible to track down. Two of the most valuable year books are Facts on File & World Almanac and Book of Facts

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

When to quote someone and when to paraphrase.

quotations are more effective when they are brief, when they convey your meaning better than you can, and when they are particularly eloquent, witty, or compelling. if you find a quotation that fits these criteria, then recite the quotation word for word. paraphrasing is better than direct quotation in 2 situations: (1) when the wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome, and (2) when a quotation is longer than 2 or 3 sentences. audiences often tune out partway through lengthy quotations.

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

biographical aid

reference works that contain brief life & career facts about contemporary men & women. the most popular biographical aids are published by Who's Who, which produces such titles as International Who's Who & Who's Who in America. More specialized biographical aids include Contemporary Black Biography, Dictionary of Hispanic Biography, & Who's Who Among Asian Americans.

example

specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

mean

the average value of a group of numbers

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech

median

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

mode

the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

paraphrase

to restate in other words

List and define the four types of connectives.

transitions - words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another. internal previews - let the audience know what the speaker will take up next, but they are more detailed than transitions internal summaries - reverse of internal previews. rather than letting listeners know whats coming up next, internal aumbries remind listeners of what they just heard signposts - brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in the speech

why is research important?

you you can make your speech as much as a success as you can. compare it to going on a trip to Amsterdam.