Pulmonary system part 2: Segment 1

Respiratory Control Centers: 2. Medulla Ventral Respiratory Group: controls (blank)

2. Inspiration/Expiration

Respiratory Control Centers: 3. Pons Pneumotaxic Center: controls (blank)

3. Inspiration

Respiratory Control Centers: 4. Pons Apneustic Center: controls (blank)

4. Inspiration/Expiration

Respiratory Control Centers: 5. Chemosensitive Center: Senstitive to (blank x3)

5. H+, O2, CO2

The (blank) center of the Pons promotes maximal lung inflation and long, deep breaths as well as inspiration and expiration

Apneustic

Central Control: (Blank) Respiratory Group = sets the basic respiratory rhythm

Dorsal

The INSPIRATORY center in the Medulla is home to the (blank) respiratory group.

Dorsal

The impulses sent from the Apneustic center in the lower pons have an (excitatory or inhibitory) effect on the Dorsal Respiratory Group in the medulla. This area sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inhalation. This result is a long, deep inhalation. When the pneumotaxic area is active, it overrides signals from the apneustic area.

Excitatory

If these receptors are triggered, then they increase rapid, shallow breathing

J-receptors

The cycle of inspiration: 1. (Blank) period of several seconds 2. (Blank) of action potentials leading to a ramp of strengthening inspiratory muscles. 3. Inspiration action potentials (Blank) and inspiratory muscle tone falls. 4. Expiration occurs due to (Blank x2) of lung tissues and chest wall.

Latent Crescendo Cease Elastic recoil

Central Control: The (blank) respiratory center is in the reticular formation of the medulla beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle

Medullary

Effects of Hydrogen Ions: hypercapnia: PCO2 > ? mmHg

PCO2 > 45 mmHg

This part of the PONS sends continual inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory center, as impulse frequency rises, breaths get shorte and faster and shallower.

Pneumotaxic center

The (blank) center of the Pons sends continual inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory center, and as impulse frequency rises, breaths get (blank), (blank), and (blank).

Pneumotaxic center shorter faster shallower

Central Control: (Blank) Complex (part of Ventral Group) = essential for generation of the respiratory rhythm

Pre-Botzinger Complex

Signals of LONGER duration in the DORSAL respiratory group (blank) a breath.

Prolong

The Pons controls the (blank) and (blank) of breathing.

Rate Depth

The Respiratory Control Center found in the nuclei in the Medulla controls (blank) of breathing.

Rhythm

Impulses from the (blank) nerve and (blank) nerve modulate the output of inspiratory cells.

Vagus (X) and Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Central Control: (Blank) Respiratory Group = associated with forced respiration

Ventral

The EXPIRATORY center in the Medulla is home to the (blank) respiratory group.

Ventral

The Pneumotaxic center in the upper pons limits the burst of action potentials in the phrenic nerve, effectively (decreasing or increasing) the tidal volume and regulating the (blank x2).

decreasing respiratory rate

The (blank) area is normally quiet during normal breathing, but will become activated with forceful breathing

expiratory

The VENTRAL respiratory group in the EXPIRATORY center in the Medulla is involved in (blank) respiration.

forced

The expiratory area is normally quiet during normal breathing but will become activated with (blank) breathing

forceful

The Stretch receptors found in the (blank) stimulate the (blank) reflex.

airways inflation

Effects of Hydrogen Ions: In Hypercapnia (PCO2 > 45 mmHg), CO2 easily crosses the (blank x3), and in CSF the CO2 reacts with water and releases (blank), and central (blank) strongly stimulate inspiratory center

blood-brain barrier H+ (Hydrogen ions) chemoreceptors

The normal automatic process of breathing originates from the (blank)

brainstem

Effects of Hydrogen Ions: The (blank) of CSF (primary stimulus for central chemoreceptors).

pH

Effects of Hydrogen Ions: Respiratory acidosis (pH < ?) caused by ↓ pulmonary ventilation

pH < 7.4

Input to Respiratory Centers: Chemoreceptors monitor blood (blank x3)

pH, CO2 and O2 levels

Pneumotaxic center is found in the upper (blank) and inhibits (blank). It helps "turn off" the inspiratory area before the lungs get too full of air. In other words, the impulses shorten the duration of inhalation. When the pneumotaxic area is more active, breathing rate is more rapid.

pons respiration

If J-receptors are triggered, they initiate (blank), (blank) breathing.

rapid shallow

The Irritant receptors found in the (blank) mucosa and stimulate (blank) to the medulla, resulting in (blank) and (blank).

respiratory vagal bronchoconstriction coughing

The Medullary respiratory center is in the (blank) formation of the medulla (above or beneath) the floor of the (blank) ventricle

reticular beneath fourth

The Pneumotaxic center in the upper pons is involved in the "(blank x2)" of respiratory rhythm because a normal rhythm can exist in the absence of this center.

"Fine tuning"

Respiratory Control Centers: 1. Medulla Dorsal Respiratory Group: controls (blank)

1. Inspiration

Input to Respiratory Centers: The airways & lungs have two kinds of receptors:

1. Irritant receptors 2. Stretch Receptors 3. J-Receptors (Juxtapulmonary capillary receptors)

These groups of cells have intrinsic periodic firing abilities and are responsible for basic rhythm of ventilation. Even when all afferent stimuli is abolished, these cells generate repetitive action potentials that send impulses to the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles. Name these cells

1. Pre-Botzinger Complex 2. Dorsal Respiratory Group 3. Ventral Respiratory Group

Rate and depth of breathing are adjusted to maintain levels of what 3 things?

1. pH 2. PCO2 3. PO2

If excessive inflation triggers the stretch receptor's inflation reflex, then (blank) stops.

inflation

FREQUENT signals in the DORSAL respiratory group makes a person (blank blank)

inhale deeply

Apneustic center in the lower pons promotes (blank)

inspiration

Impulses from the Vagus (X) nerve and Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve modulate the output of (blank) cells.

inspiratory

The Medulla has an (blank) center and a (blank) center.

inspiratory expiratory

In Hypercapnia (PCO2 > 45 mmHg) "blowing off " CO2 pushes reaction to the (blank) CO2(expired) + H2O ← H2CO3 ← HCO3- + H+ Therefore, (blank) reduces H+

left hyperventilation

Input to Respiratory Centers: The (blank) system and (blank) convey respiratory effects of pain & emotion.

limbic system hypothalamus

The Apneustic center of the Pons promotes maximal lung inflation and (blank), (blank) breaths as well as (blank) and (blank).

long deep inspiration expiration

Central Control: Apneustic center is located in the (lower or upper) pons

lower

Neurons in the (blank blank) and (blank) control unconscious breathing. However, the (blank) can override these centers if VOLUNTARY control is needed

medulla oblongata pons cortex

The automatic rhythm is controlled by neurons located in the (blank blank) center

medullary rhythmicity