PVM Chart
lexical density
# of words that differ by one phoneme in one neighborhood
phonology
A language's sound system
prescriptive grammar
A set of rules that specify how a language should be spoken
onset
beginning of syllable (consonant)
m
bilabial, voiced nasal
b
bilabial, voiced stop
p
bilabial, voiceless stop
w
bilabial/velar, voiced glide
lemma
meaning and syntax
lexicon
mental dictionary
nucleus
middle of syllable (vowel)
animals have language?
no
language = intelligence?
no
language = speech?
no
ʤ
palatal, voiced affricate (joke)
ʒ
palatal, voiced fricative (fuSIon)
j
palatal, voiced glide
r
palatal, voiced liquid
tʃ
palatal, voiceless affricate (chew)
ʃ
palatal, voiceless fricative (shoe)
sublexical error
part of word produced incorrectly
phone
physical movement (articulation)
phonetics
physical properties of speech sounds
perceptual identification
report word heard in noisy environment
phoneme
smallest unit of sound
shift
sni for nice
exchange
soum for mouse
sublexical
sound identification
cognates
sounds differing only in voicing
homorganic
two consonants sharing the same place of articulation
ŋ
velar, voiced nasal (ing)
g
velar, voiced stop
k
velar, voiceless stop
voicing
vibration of vocal folds (voiced/unvoiced)
mental grammar
what we know instinctively about our native language
place of voicing
where vibration occurs (affricate, fricative, etc)
semantic error
whole-word meaning related error pet for dog
lexical error
whole-word phonologically related error doll for dog
lexeme
word form
neighborhood frequency
word frequency of lexical neighbors
auditory word recognition
word or nonword
lexical neighbor
words that differ by one phoneme (bag/beg)
lexical neighborhood
words that sound alike with the exception of a single phoneme (kit, can, cab and scat are all neighbors of the auditory word, cat)
semantics
Meaning of words and sentences
word frequency
The relative usage of a word in a particular language
psycholinguistics
The study of how language is acquired, perceived, understood, and produced.
sonorants
Nasals, liquids, and glides
syntax
Sentence structure
obstruents
Stops, fricatives, affricates
morphology
Structure of words
bottom up processing
acoustic information
z
alveolar, voiced fricative
l
alveolar, voiced liquid
n
alveolar, voiced nasal
d
alveolar, voiced stop
s
alveolar, voiceless fricative
t
alveolar, voiceless stop
nonwords
density? yes frequency? no neighborhood frequency? yes
perseveration
dod for dog
categorical perception
effect phonological knowledge has on perception of sounds
coda
end of syllable
blend
fim for swim
h
glottal, voiceless fricative
?
glottal, voiceless stop
anticipation
gog for dog
descriptive grammar
how language is spoken
manner of voicing
how vocal tract constricts (stops, glides, etc)
ð
interdental, voiced fricative (this)
θ
interdental, voiceless fricative (theta)
top down processing
knowledge used in speech perception
v
labiodental, voiced fricative
f
labiodental, voiceless fricative
