PVM Chart

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lexical density

# of words that differ by one phoneme in one neighborhood

phonology

A language's sound system

prescriptive grammar

A set of rules that specify how a language should be spoken

onset

beginning of syllable (consonant)

m

bilabial, voiced nasal

b

bilabial, voiced stop

p

bilabial, voiceless stop

w

bilabial/velar, voiced glide

lemma

meaning and syntax

lexicon

mental dictionary

nucleus

middle of syllable (vowel)

animals have language?

no

language = intelligence?

no

language = speech?

no

ʤ

palatal, voiced affricate (joke)

ʒ

palatal, voiced fricative (fuSIon)

j

palatal, voiced glide

r

palatal, voiced liquid

palatal, voiceless affricate (chew)

ʃ

palatal, voiceless fricative (shoe)

sublexical error

part of word produced incorrectly

phone

physical movement (articulation)

phonetics

physical properties of speech sounds

perceptual identification

report word heard in noisy environment

phoneme

smallest unit of sound

shift

sni for nice

exchange

soum for mouse

sublexical

sound identification

cognates

sounds differing only in voicing

homorganic

two consonants sharing the same place of articulation

ŋ

velar, voiced nasal (ing)

g

velar, voiced stop

k

velar, voiceless stop

voicing

vibration of vocal folds (voiced/unvoiced)

mental grammar

what we know instinctively about our native language

place of voicing

where vibration occurs (affricate, fricative, etc)

semantic error

whole-word meaning related error pet for dog

lexical error

whole-word phonologically related error doll for dog

lexeme

word form

neighborhood frequency

word frequency of lexical neighbors

auditory word recognition

word or nonword

lexical neighbor

words that differ by one phoneme (bag/beg)

lexical neighborhood

words that sound alike with the exception of a single phoneme (kit, can, cab and scat are all neighbors of the auditory word, cat)

semantics

Meaning of words and sentences

word frequency

The relative usage of a word in a particular language

psycholinguistics

The study of how language is acquired, perceived, understood, and produced.

sonorants

Nasals, liquids, and glides

syntax

Sentence structure

obstruents

Stops, fricatives, affricates

morphology

Structure of words

bottom up processing

acoustic information

z

alveolar, voiced fricative

l

alveolar, voiced liquid

n

alveolar, voiced nasal

d

alveolar, voiced stop

s

alveolar, voiceless fricative

t

alveolar, voiceless stop

nonwords

density? yes frequency? no neighborhood frequency? yes

perseveration

dod for dog

categorical perception

effect phonological knowledge has on perception of sounds

coda

end of syllable

blend

fim for swim

h

glottal, voiceless fricative

?

glottal, voiceless stop

anticipation

gog for dog

descriptive grammar

how language is spoken

manner of voicing

how vocal tract constricts (stops, glides, etc)

ð

interdental, voiced fricative (this)

θ

interdental, voiceless fricative (theta)

top down processing

knowledge used in speech perception

v

labiodental, voiced fricative

f

labiodental, voiceless fricative


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