PY 352 Exam 2 questions

Babies begin to categorize on the basis of two correlated features by ___ months of age

6

When baby Jaleel was born, stimulation in his brain resulted in a massive over-abundances of synapses. As synapses formed, many surrounding neurons died. This process is known as

programmed cell death

Maris is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. According to Thomas and Chess, Maris would be classified as a(n) _____ child

slow-to-warm-up

Vygotsky believed that

society provides children with opportunities to represent culturally meaningful activities in play

In most people, the right hemisphere handles

spatial abilities

in most people, the right hemisphere handles

spatial abilities

In a Vygostkian classroom, as a childs competence increases, the adult

steps back, permitting the child to take more responsibility for the task

Neurons are

store and transmit information

By the second half of the first year, babies categories appear to be based on

subtle sets of features

Research suggests that ___ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia

the advent of a clear self-image

Research on temperament indicates that

the ease with which children manage their reactivity depends on the type and strength of the reactive emotion

Skeletal age is measured by determining

the extent to which cartilage has hardened to into bone

The auditory and visual cortex's develop rapidly during

the first year

The auditory and visual cortexes develop rapidly during

the first year

Research on the stability of temperament shows that

the overall stability of temperament is low to moderate

In ____, sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly

the sensory register

Trophoblast:

will become structures that provide protective covering and nourishment

What is the true finding to kinship studies?

Genetic factors are important to personality

Which of the following children is the most likely to be above the growth norms?

Isaiah, an African-American boy

Joan, who does not like being scared, decides not to see a horror film with her friends. Joan is using

emotional self-regulation

What benefits flexible schedules and paid maternity leave take place in:

exosystem

By the 3rd month of pregnancy:

fetus can suck its own thumb

For synaptic pruning to advance,

appropriate stimulation of the childs brain is vital during periods in which the formation of synapses is at its peak

Neurotransmitters are

are message-carrying chemicals released by neurons

In the prenatal period, neurons

are produced in the embryo's primitive neural tube

Glial cells

are responsible for myelination

In the proximodistal trend, during infancy and childhood, the

arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet

45 yr. old Nancy clearly remembers the day her youngest sibling was born, just over 40 years ago. Nancy recollections of that day are known as

autobiographical memory

____ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them

automatic processes

Before the hemispheres of a cerebral cortex lateralize

other parts can take over the tasks that would have been handled by a damaged region

To acquire effective social skills, inhibited children need

parenting tailored to their temperaments

Research addressing environmental influences on temperament indicates that

parents tend to view siblings as more distinct in temperament than other observers do

Most infant intelligence tests emphasize ____ and ____

perceptual responses and motor responses

A lateralized brain

permits a wider array of functions to be carried out effectively

The core knowledge perspective emphasizes the role of ___ in cognitive development

prewired understandings

In Western individualistic nations, most children are taught to feel

pride in personal achievement

In the second year, most toddlers

slim down

Directly observable events, appropriate study of development, Follows what perspective of development?

Behaviorism

Which of the following children is most likely to exhibit resilience?

Jack, highly intelligent athlete

While great diversity characterizes the interest and concerns of developmental scientists, they share a single goal:

To identify those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death

Neurobiological research indicates that when faced with novelty, shy children show

a greater pupil dilation than sociable children

According to the core knowledge perspective

babies are born with core domains of thought

Superintendent Hastings has asked all teachers in her school district to administer student intelligence tests. If performance at each age level formed a normal distribution, the results were probably ___-shaped

bell

____ have a harder time regulating negative emotion

boys

At birth, the ____ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure

brain

Cerebral palsy results from:

brain damage before, during, or just after birth

In an electrocephalogram (EEG)

brain-wave patterns are examined for stability and organization- signs of mature cortical functioning

Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation is true?

by the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry LESS than American infants

Research suggests that infants

can discrimate quantities up to 3

The ___ accounts for 85% of the brain's weight

cerebral cortex

In left-handed people, the

cerebral cortex may be less clearly specialized than in right-handed people

According to Vygosty's sociocultural theory

children master activities through joint activities with more mature members of their society

Myelination involves

coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath

Most mental tests focus on

cognitive products

Piaget cognitive-development theory structures of child mind develop as the result of:

efforts to achieve equilibrium between internal structures and the outside world

Around 2 1/2 the video deficit effect

declines

____ are at high risk for adjustment problems.

difficult children

____ tend to show excessive fearfulness and slow, constricted behavior in the late preschool and school hyears,

difficult children

Temperament refers to

early-appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation

According to Mary Rothbart, variations in ___ are evident in how effectively a child can focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotion.

effortful control

____ is the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response

effortful control

A ____ is a complex blend of genetic info that determines species and influences unique characteristics

genotype

When skeletal ages are examined,

girls are considerably ahead of boys

which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

guilt, shame, and pride

____ studies show that infants learn and retain a wide variety of information just by watching objects and events, sometimes for much longer time span than in operant conditioning studies

habituation

Meiosis:

halves the number of chromosomes

During infancy, girls

have a higher ratio of fat to muscle than boys

The rise in body fat during the first year of life:

helps infants keep a constant body temperature

A ___ plastic cerebral cortex has a ___ capacity for learning

highly; high

According to the information-processing perspective, ___ permits more complex forms of thinking with age.

improvements in capacity, processing speed, and functioning of the central executive

The capacity for voluntary, effortful management of emotions

improves as a result of the development of the prefrontal cortex

In toddler hood, sustained attention

improves, and attraction to novelty declines

Self-conscious emotions

involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self

Emotional self-regulation

involves the use of strategies to adjust an emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity

When adults participate, toddlers' make-believe

is more elaborate

The cerebral cortex

is the last part of the brain to stop growing

Which of the following statements about the information-processing perspectives is true?

its central strength- analyzing cognition into its components- is also a drawback

Brain development in infancy and toddlerhood is

jointly influenced by genetically programmed events and the childs experiences

The cephalocaudel trend in physical growth is illustrated by

later growth of the trunk and legs than of the head and chest (head to tail)

Nurse Family Partnership reported _____ than comparison group agencies

less alcohol and drug use

Believing that he is teaching his 6-month-old daughter to "self-soothe", Reed waits to intervene until she becomes extremely agitated. If Reed continues to respond in this manner, his daughter will most likely be

more anxious and reactive

Compared with American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be

more fearful

Compared with girls, boy are

more irritable when frustrated

In Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research study on the development of shyness and sociability

most children's dispositions became less extreme over time

Mia, age 3, is about to undergo a neurobiological exam. The doctor wishes to examine the functioning of Mia's cerebral cortex to measure blood flow and oxygen metabolism. The best method for the doctor to choose in Mia's case is probably

near-infared spectrocopy (NIRS)

Nathan is irregular in daily routines, is generally cheerful, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Nathan would

not fit in any temperament category

In cultures where sibling caregiving is common, male believe is more frequent and complex with ___ than with ____

older siblings; mothers

Core knowledge theorists argue that infants early orientation toward people initiates rapid development of ___ knowledge

psychological

According to Thomas and Chess, an easy child

quickly establishes regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences

____ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity

reactivity

____ is the simplest form of memory, whereas ___ involves remembering something not present

recognition; recall

The zone of proximal development

refers to a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of more skilled partners

Which of the following statements about measuring temperament is true?

researchers can better control children's experiences in a lab

The prefrontal cortex

responsible for thought

As a result of synaptic pruning

seldom-stimulated neurons lose their synapses

2 year old Easton hits a playmate when she takes hos toy. When the caregiver tells Easton's mother about the incident, Easton lowers his eyes and hides his face with his hands. Easton is expressing

shame

In western middle-SES indant and toddler play, adults and children tend to focus their attention on

single activity

Most adults and older children cannot remember events that happened before the age of 3 because

they cannot translate early preverbal memories into language

Synapses are

tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch

Observation of which of the following children is most likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament?

tyson, age 4

In social referencing, toddlers

use the signals of trusted adults to guide their own actions

Current research on infant cognition yields broad agreement on which of the following?

various aspects of infant cognition change unevenly

Information-processing researchers

want to know exactly what individuals of different ages do when faced with problem

In the short-term memory store,

we briefly retain and "work" on information so we can reach our goals