PY 352 Exam 2 questions
Babies begin to categorize on the basis of two correlated features by ___ months of age
6
When baby Jaleel was born, stimulation in his brain resulted in a massive over-abundances of synapses. As synapses formed, many surrounding neurons died. This process is known as
programmed cell death
Maris is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. According to Thomas and Chess, Maris would be classified as a(n) _____ child
slow-to-warm-up
Vygotsky believed that
society provides children with opportunities to represent culturally meaningful activities in play
In most people, the right hemisphere handles
spatial abilities
in most people, the right hemisphere handles
spatial abilities
In a Vygostkian classroom, as a childs competence increases, the adult
steps back, permitting the child to take more responsibility for the task
Neurons are
store and transmit information
By the second half of the first year, babies categories appear to be based on
subtle sets of features
Research suggests that ___ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia
the advent of a clear self-image
Research on temperament indicates that
the ease with which children manage their reactivity depends on the type and strength of the reactive emotion
Skeletal age is measured by determining
the extent to which cartilage has hardened to into bone
The auditory and visual cortex's develop rapidly during
the first year
The auditory and visual cortexes develop rapidly during
the first year
Research on the stability of temperament shows that
the overall stability of temperament is low to moderate
In ____, sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly
the sensory register
Trophoblast:
will become structures that provide protective covering and nourishment
What is the true finding to kinship studies?
Genetic factors are important to personality
Which of the following children is the most likely to be above the growth norms?
Isaiah, an African-American boy
Joan, who does not like being scared, decides not to see a horror film with her friends. Joan is using
emotional self-regulation
What benefits flexible schedules and paid maternity leave take place in:
exosystem
By the 3rd month of pregnancy:
fetus can suck its own thumb
For synaptic pruning to advance,
appropriate stimulation of the childs brain is vital during periods in which the formation of synapses is at its peak
Neurotransmitters are
are message-carrying chemicals released by neurons
In the prenatal period, neurons
are produced in the embryo's primitive neural tube
Glial cells
are responsible for myelination
In the proximodistal trend, during infancy and childhood, the
arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet
45 yr. old Nancy clearly remembers the day her youngest sibling was born, just over 40 years ago. Nancy recollections of that day are known as
autobiographical memory
____ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them
automatic processes
Before the hemispheres of a cerebral cortex lateralize
other parts can take over the tasks that would have been handled by a damaged region
To acquire effective social skills, inhibited children need
parenting tailored to their temperaments
Research addressing environmental influences on temperament indicates that
parents tend to view siblings as more distinct in temperament than other observers do
Most infant intelligence tests emphasize ____ and ____
perceptual responses and motor responses
A lateralized brain
permits a wider array of functions to be carried out effectively
The core knowledge perspective emphasizes the role of ___ in cognitive development
prewired understandings
In Western individualistic nations, most children are taught to feel
pride in personal achievement
In the second year, most toddlers
slim down
Directly observable events, appropriate study of development, Follows what perspective of development?
Behaviorism
Which of the following children is most likely to exhibit resilience?
Jack, highly intelligent athlete
While great diversity characterizes the interest and concerns of developmental scientists, they share a single goal:
To identify those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death
Neurobiological research indicates that when faced with novelty, shy children show
a greater pupil dilation than sociable children
According to the core knowledge perspective
babies are born with core domains of thought
Superintendent Hastings has asked all teachers in her school district to administer student intelligence tests. If performance at each age level formed a normal distribution, the results were probably ___-shaped
bell
____ have a harder time regulating negative emotion
boys
At birth, the ____ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure
brain
Cerebral palsy results from:
brain damage before, during, or just after birth
In an electrocephalogram (EEG)
brain-wave patterns are examined for stability and organization- signs of mature cortical functioning
Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation is true?
by the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry LESS than American infants
Research suggests that infants
can discrimate quantities up to 3
The ___ accounts for 85% of the brain's weight
cerebral cortex
In left-handed people, the
cerebral cortex may be less clearly specialized than in right-handed people
According to Vygosty's sociocultural theory
children master activities through joint activities with more mature members of their society
Myelination involves
coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath
Most mental tests focus on
cognitive products
Piaget cognitive-development theory structures of child mind develop as the result of:
efforts to achieve equilibrium between internal structures and the outside world
Around 2 1/2 the video deficit effect
declines
____ are at high risk for adjustment problems.
difficult children
____ tend to show excessive fearfulness and slow, constricted behavior in the late preschool and school hyears,
difficult children
Temperament refers to
early-appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
According to Mary Rothbart, variations in ___ are evident in how effectively a child can focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotion.
effortful control
____ is the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response
effortful control
A ____ is a complex blend of genetic info that determines species and influences unique characteristics
genotype
When skeletal ages are examined,
girls are considerably ahead of boys
which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
guilt, shame, and pride
____ studies show that infants learn and retain a wide variety of information just by watching objects and events, sometimes for much longer time span than in operant conditioning studies
habituation
Meiosis:
halves the number of chromosomes
During infancy, girls
have a higher ratio of fat to muscle than boys
The rise in body fat during the first year of life:
helps infants keep a constant body temperature
A ___ plastic cerebral cortex has a ___ capacity for learning
highly; high
According to the information-processing perspective, ___ permits more complex forms of thinking with age.
improvements in capacity, processing speed, and functioning of the central executive
The capacity for voluntary, effortful management of emotions
improves as a result of the development of the prefrontal cortex
In toddler hood, sustained attention
improves, and attraction to novelty declines
Self-conscious emotions
involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self
Emotional self-regulation
involves the use of strategies to adjust an emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity
When adults participate, toddlers' make-believe
is more elaborate
The cerebral cortex
is the last part of the brain to stop growing
Which of the following statements about the information-processing perspectives is true?
its central strength- analyzing cognition into its components- is also a drawback
Brain development in infancy and toddlerhood is
jointly influenced by genetically programmed events and the childs experiences
The cephalocaudel trend in physical growth is illustrated by
later growth of the trunk and legs than of the head and chest (head to tail)
Nurse Family Partnership reported _____ than comparison group agencies
less alcohol and drug use
Believing that he is teaching his 6-month-old daughter to "self-soothe", Reed waits to intervene until she becomes extremely agitated. If Reed continues to respond in this manner, his daughter will most likely be
more anxious and reactive
Compared with American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be
more fearful
Compared with girls, boy are
more irritable when frustrated
In Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research study on the development of shyness and sociability
most children's dispositions became less extreme over time
Mia, age 3, is about to undergo a neurobiological exam. The doctor wishes to examine the functioning of Mia's cerebral cortex to measure blood flow and oxygen metabolism. The best method for the doctor to choose in Mia's case is probably
near-infared spectrocopy (NIRS)
Nathan is irregular in daily routines, is generally cheerful, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Nathan would
not fit in any temperament category
In cultures where sibling caregiving is common, male believe is more frequent and complex with ___ than with ____
older siblings; mothers
Core knowledge theorists argue that infants early orientation toward people initiates rapid development of ___ knowledge
psychological
According to Thomas and Chess, an easy child
quickly establishes regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences
____ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity
reactivity
____ is the simplest form of memory, whereas ___ involves remembering something not present
recognition; recall
The zone of proximal development
refers to a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of more skilled partners
Which of the following statements about measuring temperament is true?
researchers can better control children's experiences in a lab
The prefrontal cortex
responsible for thought
As a result of synaptic pruning
seldom-stimulated neurons lose their synapses
2 year old Easton hits a playmate when she takes hos toy. When the caregiver tells Easton's mother about the incident, Easton lowers his eyes and hides his face with his hands. Easton is expressing
shame
In western middle-SES indant and toddler play, adults and children tend to focus their attention on
single activity
Most adults and older children cannot remember events that happened before the age of 3 because
they cannot translate early preverbal memories into language
Synapses are
tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch
Observation of which of the following children is most likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament?
tyson, age 4
In social referencing, toddlers
use the signals of trusted adults to guide their own actions
Current research on infant cognition yields broad agreement on which of the following?
various aspects of infant cognition change unevenly
Information-processing researchers
want to know exactly what individuals of different ages do when faced with problem
In the short-term memory store,
we briefly retain and "work" on information so we can reach our goals