PY 495 Practice Questions

____ refers to how well beliefs hang together in a cogent representation of the disorder. -Identity -Coherence -Control -Consequence

Coherence

_____ is a relapse prevention approach wherein a smoker pays a sum of money that is returned only on the condition of cutting down or abstaining. -Detoxification -Contingency contracting -Assertiveness training -Family therapy

Contingency contracting

To gain personal control over drinking, college students are taught _____. -social interaction techniques -physical exercises -relaxation techniques -controlled drinking skills

Controlled drinking skills

Which of the following best describes a matching hypothesis? -Social support is generally beneficial during nonstressful times and not very valued during stressful times. -Different stressful events create different needs, and social support is most effective when it meets those needs. -The physical and mental health benefits of social support are chiefly evident during periods of high stress. -Social support may have some benefits for health behaviors but produces psychological distress.

Different stressful events create different needs, and social support is most effective when it meets those needs.

Alcoholics Anonymous maintains that alcoholism is: -a disease that can be cured. -a disease that can be managed but never cured. -a problem only if a person starts experiencing its synergistic effects. -a serious problem only for binge drinkers.

A disease that can be managed but never cured

Which of the following best describes role ambiguity? -A person has preconceived expectations of how others must behave in a given situation. -A person has no clear idea of what to do and no idea of the standards used for evaluating work. -A person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals. -A person exchanges his or her typical roles with another individual to assume the other's roles

A person has no clear idea of what to do and no idea of the standards used for evaluating work.

_____ is believed to be caused by specific viral or bacterial agents and is short in duration, with no long-term consequences. -Terminal illness -Cyclic illness - Acute illness -Chronic illness

Acute illness

Which of the following is a characteristic displayed by resilient individuals? -Displaying uncontrollable aggression at potentially stressful situations -Undergoing stressful events in life without seeking social support -Eliciting positive emotions even while facing intense stressors -Avoiding stressful situations by escaping potential stressors

Eliciting positive emotions even while facing intense stressors

_____ refers to social withdrawal or withdrawal through substance use or distracting activities. -Fight -Alarm -Flight -Resistance

Flight

Which of the following is the first phase of the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program? -Acquiring skills -Identifying stress antecedents -Identifying stressors -Monitoring stress

Identifying stressors

Which of the following best describes malingering? -Inappropriately using health care services -Being aware of the symptoms of an illness -Visiting the physician regularly with a treatable condition -Refusing to use health care services until a condition becomes serious

Inappropriately using health care services

A smoking prevention program is typically implemented through: -the school system. -the community. -the neighborhood. -the family.

The school system

The primary concern for young women undergoing a smoking intervention is that: -they might gain weight once they quit smoking. -they might drastically lose weight once they quit smoking. -it might hamper their social status among peer groups. -their partners who smoke might not be supportive of the decision.

They might gain weight once they quit smoking

_____ refers to the length of time that an illness is expected to last. -Delay -Coherence -Time management -Time line

Time line

Researchers believe that since alcoholism can be a major health problem later in life, the best solution would be: -to induce adolescents to avoid drinking altogether. -to permit alcohol only to those with a strong social and family support. -to adopt social engineering techniques that work best for older adults. -to encourage older alcoholics to completely abstain from drinking.

To induce adolescents to avoid drinking altogether

Many smoking intervention programs have used the stages of the change model as a basis for intervening. -True -False

True

A lay referral network is: -a group of people who offer their own inferences of symptoms before seeking medical treatment. -marked by alternating periods during which individuals display either no symptoms or many symptoms. -an individual's attitudes toward and beliefs about symptoms and health services. -living with a group of people who have potentially serious symptoms of a contagious disease.

a group of people who offer their own inferences of symptoms before seeking medical treatment.

Which of the following is a likely reason for women to use health care services more often than men? -Women are more prone to sickness. -Women have better homeostatic mechanisms. -Women are more likely to have health insurance. -Women are comparatively intolerant to pain.

Women have better homeostatic mechanisms.

Negative affectivity refers to: -a mechanism designed to cope with negative life events. -the behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations. -a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility -the influence that is exerted by the environment which tends to elicit undesirable outcomes.

a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility

The three phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) consist of: -stress, exhaustion, and resistance. -alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. -stress, resistance, and illness. -alarm, exhaustion, and illness.

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Children who grow up in harsh families: -regulate their own emotional responses to situations. -are poor at recognizing other people's emotions. -have lowered sympathetic reactivity to stress. -learn to adjust to mild stressors.

are poor at recognizing other people's emotions.

The _____ model of illness argues that people hold implicit beliefs about their symptoms and illnesses that result in organized illness representations or schemas. -health belief -commonsense -biomedical -trauma

commonsense

Symptoms of an illness are known as _____. -identities -causes -cures -consequences

consequences

Social support is directly related to a decrease in _____ responses to stress. -serotonin -cortisol -dopamine -oxytocin

cortisol

The hormone _____ acts to conserve stores of carbohydrates and helps reduce inflammation in case of an injury to the body. -ghrelin -leptin -estriol -cortisol

cortisol

The process of appraising events, assessing potential resources, and responding to the event is called _____. -acute stress paradigm -general adaptation syndrome -fight-or-flight response -person-environment fit

person-environment fit

Any situational factor that makes an illness or its symptoms especially salient: -promotes their recognition. -is a negative event -increases health risks. -is a consequence of ignorance

promotes their recognition.

The general adaptation syndrome has been criticized because: -it assigns a very limited role to psychological factors. -it implies that activation of physiological resources do not damage physiological systems -it understands that stressors might produce differing endocrinological responses. -it concludes that stress is not the only outcome of the general adaptation syndrome.

it assigns a very limited role to psychological factors.

Delay is more common among people who have: -non-medical symptoms. -no symptoms of any illness. -access to regular health care services. -no regular contact with a physician

no regular contact with a physician

The degree of change that occurs in an individual's autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress is called _____. -Resistance -vulnerability -allostatic load -reactivity

reactivity

Perceived control is closely related to _____ which is a belief that one's actions to obtain a specific outcome in a specific situation will be successful. -self-instruction -self-talk -self-efficacy -self-esteem

self-efficacy

According to the tend-and-befriend theory, people and animals respond to stress with: -social affiliation and nurturant behavior t-a sense of challenge to meet the demands of the environment. -a rapid arousal in the sympathetic nervous system. -similar patterns of physiological changes.

social affiliation and nurturant behavior t-a sense of challenge to meet the demands of the environment.

People in the environment who cause excessive or special stress are known as _____. -stress indicators -stress moderators -stress enhancers -stress carriers

stress carriers

T.H. Holmes and R.H. Rahe created the Social Readjustment Rating Scale inventory to measure _____. -work overload -cardiovascular reactivity -stressful life events -role ambiguity

stressful life events

Among alcoholics, which of the following are more likely to benefit from prevention programs? -Individuals from a poor financial background -Individuals with a mild drinking problem -Individuals who equally abuse other drugs -Individuals with a lack of social support

Individuals with a mild drinking problem

_____ occurs as a person is trying to understand what the event is and what it will mean. -Person-environment fit -Fight-or-flight response -Primary appraisal -Secondary appraisal

Primary appraisal

_____ is the belief that one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes. -Psychological control -Coping -Resilience -Mindfulness

Psychological control

Adolescents involved in risky behaviors often have: -high self-esteem. -a large peer group. -poor self-control. -a tolerant attitude.

Poor self-control

Chemical dependence is generally known to start between the ages of _____. -42 and 51 -22 and 31 -12 and 21 -32 and 41

12 and 21

Fat should constitute about _____ percent of body tissue in men. -39-46 -31-38 -23-30 -15-22

15-22

_____ is the time between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so. -Appraisal delay -Illness delay -Medical delay -Behavioral delay

Behavioral delay

Adjusting and incorporating the use of a substance into the normal functioning of the body's tissues is known as _____. - tolerance - withdrawal - craving - physical dependence

Physical dependence

Which of the following is synonymous with negative affectivity? -Conscientiousness -Neuroticism -Extraversion -Agreeableness

Neuroticism

_____ is a stress hormone which is rapidly released in response to some stressful events. -Prolactin -Ghrelin -Oxytocin -Leptin

Oxytocin

_____ is an important restorative aspect of sleeping. -Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis -Parasympathetic modulation -Physiological mobilization -Increased hormonal activity

Parasympathetic modulation

Which of the following is true of the synergistic effects of smoking? -It helps to reduce stress and maintain a lower body weight. -It increases a person's likelihood of engaging in physical exercises. -It enhances the detrimental effects of other risk factors. -It reduces the chances of early mortality.

It enhances the detrimental effects of other risk factors

Which of the following is true about proactive coping? -It is more important to regulate emotions experienced due -It involves anticipating potential stressors and acting to prevent them. -It is more important to be reactive while coping with a stressful situation. -It involves constructive action against a problematic situation.

It involves anticipating potential stressors and acting to prevent them.

Which of the following is true of problem-focused coping? -It involves bouncing back from bad experiences and adapting flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations. -It involves anticipating potential stressors and avoiding stressful situations. -It involves attempts to doing something constructive about stressful conditions that harm, threaten, or challenge an individual. -It involves efforts to regulate emotions experienced due to a stressful event.

It involves attempts to doing something constructive about stressful conditions that harm, threaten, or challenge an individual.

Which of the following factors contribute to a smoker's relapse? -Weight loss -Lack of addiction -Lack of effective coping techniques -High resistance

Lack of effective coping techniques

A barrier to treating bulimia is that: -most women believe that they are likely to starve if they undergo treatment. -most women are unwilling to accept that they even have a problem. -many women do not believe that the problem is a serious one. -women believe that only a strict medical intervention can help overcome the disorder.

Many women do not believe that the problem is a serious one

_____ is more likely to take place when a patient deviates from the profile of an average person with a given disease. -Appraisal delay -Illness delay -Medical delay -Behavioral delay

Medical delay

Factors that modify how stress is experienced and the degree to which a stressful experience intrudes into other aspects of life are called -symptoms -moderators -affects -inhibitions

Moderators

The interaction between weight and smoking can increase one's _____. -mortality -self-control -deviant behavior -fertility

Mortality

Which of the following best describes attentional differences? -People are more attentive to symptoms in boring situations. -People who are in a good mood rate themselves as more healthy. -People who are under stress may believe that they are more vulnerable to illness. -People who are focused on themselves are quicker to notice symptoms

People who are focused on themselves are quicker to notice symptoms

____ involves reminding oneself of the specific steps required to achieve a goal. -Self-image -Self-efficacy -Self-esteem -Self-instruction

Self-instruction

_____ is defined as information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communications and mutual obligations. -Direct effect -Coping -Self-actualization -Social support

Social support

Which of the following is true of medical students' disease? -Students begin to treat psychological disorders using medical practices. -Students perceive small illnesses to be major symptoms of a greater disease. -Students imagine that they have the disease they are studying about. -Students begin to treat everyone around them as patients.

Students imagine that they have the disease they are studying about.

Which of the following best describes secondary gains? -Symptoms that do not hurt or change quickly, that are not incapacitating, and are less likely to need medical treatment -The ability to rest, to be freed from unpleasant tasks, to be cared for, and to take time off from work -People's conceptions of their illness that influences their behavior and have a resulting impact on their disease -Informal network of family and friends who offer their own interpretations of symptoms well before medical treatment is sought

The ability to rest, to be freed from unpleasant tasks, to be cared for, and to take time off from work

The catecholamines may have effects on lipid levels and free fatty acids which contribute to the development of _____. -atherosclerosis -athetosis -chlamydia -lymphoma

atherosclerosis

The _____ maintains that physical and mental health benefits of social support are chiefly evident during periods of high stress. When there is little stress, social support may offer few such benefits. -matching hypothesis -direct effects hypothesis -buffering hypothesis -working hypothesis

buffering hypothesis

According to Cannon's fight-or-flight response, when an organism perceives a threat, the body is rapidly aroused and motivated via the sympathetic nervous system and the _____ system. -cardiovascular -muscular -endocrine -lymphatic

endocrine