PYEXAM:/

non-probability sampling; is made up of people who are easy to reach.

convenience

is a cognitive bias in which an observer's overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observer's feelings and thoughts about that entity's character or properties.

halo effect

Which of the following is not a potential bias related to subjective measures of employee performance? - recency - halo - negativity effect - Hawthorne effect

hawthorne effect

refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than do neutral or positive things.[

hawthorne effect

refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than do neutral or positive things.[

negativity effect

Which of the following psychometric properties is not essential for tests that are used for employee selection or performance assessment? - reliable - standardized - valid -objective

objective

is a subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen.

random

the tendency to remember an item in last position is the _____ effect

recency effect

is a small quantity of something that accurately reflects the larger entity. An example is when a small number of people accurately reflect the members of an entire population

representative

In order to maximize the chances that research groups are a good match to the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ or ________ sampling.

representative; random

___ ___ - refer to aspects of humans that should be taken into consideration when designing products

"Human factors"

???

Alternate experimental

The gestalt principle of ____ and _____ sates that the smaller of two overlapping figures is perceived as figure while the larger is regarded as ground

Area and symmetry

When graphing a qualitative variable, you would use a ______

Bar graph

An experiment that has two or more groups fo subjects each being tested by a different factor simultaneously

Between group design

A continuous probability distribution with two different modes

Bimodal distribution

Is continuous probability distribution with two different modes

Bimodal distribution

The gestalt principle of _____ states there is a tendency to close simple figures, independent of continuity or similairity

Closure

Extra variable that you didn't account for; a lurking variable that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the a dependent and an independent variable

Comfounding variable

The gestalt principle of __ _____ stats that both principles of proximity and similarity are in place and they appear to change grouping??

Common fate

In an experiment, a _____ group is necessary

Comparison

The groups between which a statistical comparison is to be made

Comparison group

Which of the following activities is a human factors psychologist working in product design least likely to engage in? -conducting focus groups to see what prospective users think of a product -conducting intelligence tests on users to find out whether a product will be too difficult to use -developing questionnaires to find out how happy and satisfied a user is with a product. - conducting evaluations of prototypes to identify potential user problems with a product

Conducting intelligence tests on users to find out whether a product will be too difficult to use

The gestalt principle of ______ - predicts the preference for continuous figures. We perceive the figure as two crossed lines instead of 4 lines meeting at the center

Continuity

The ____ group does not get the experimental treatment.

Control

(Research design) A relationship between two variables. The whole purpose of using____ in research is to figure out which variables are connected

Correlational

Means association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which tow variables are related

Correlations

Effect

Dependent variable

In sports psychology, imagery is typically used for all of the following except: - developing strategies to deal with obstacles -developing new atheletic skills - reducing the likelihood of an injury - reducing the amount of time an injured athlete takes to get back to typical performance

Developing strategies to deal with obstacles

(Research design) A method of research in the social sciences in which a controlled experimental factor is subjected to special treatment for purposes of comparison with a factor kept constant

Experimental

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? Survey Quasi-experimental Correlation Experimental

Experimental

___ -_____ relationships (remember picture where our and see a face and a lamp if you look at the background differently)

Figure/ground relationships (gestalt???)

A ---- distribution of income would be a line graph; income is a ratio variable

Frequency distribution

A ___ distribution shows the distribution (number of people) for each level of one variable. The variable is plotted on the x-axis; the frequency/number of people on the y-axis

Frequency distribution

A summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores

Frequency distribution

To graph the number of people in Madison Country at each income level, you would use: a ____ distribution with a ___ graph

Frequency; line

___ ____ - brain activity being very similar during vivid imagery as during an actual experience

Functional equivalence?

Proximity Continuity Similarity Common fate Good continuation Closure Are and symmetry

Gestalt principle of visual perception

What does a ___ ___ psychologist do

Human factors

Which of the following activities is a ___ _______ psychologist working in product design least likely to engage in? -conducting focus groups to see what prospective users think of a product -conducting intelligence tests on users to find out whether a product will be too difficult to use -developing questionnaires to find out how happy and satisfied a user is with a product. - conducting evaluations of prototypes to identify potential user problems with a product

Human factors

____ can be used to mentally practice a physical movement. It is therefore not relevant to developing strategies to overcome obstacles

Imagery (sports psychology)

Cause

Independent variable

The ____ is controlled by the experimenter

Independent variable

What does a. __ ____ psychologist do

Industrial - organization psychologist

A sample that ____ is most likely to yield generalizable results

Is large and randomly selected

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

Is large and randomly selected

???

Pie chart

(Research design) brief interviews and discussions with individuals about a specific topic

Survey

Type of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to every reatment or condition.

Within group design

What has research found to be the primary difference between male and female leadership style?

Women tend to practice an interpersonal style and men practice a task-oriented style.

The amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time

Just noticeable differences

For ___ graph Use ainterval or ratio variable

Line graph

When graphing a quantitative variable, you would use a _____ graph

Line graph???

Are statistics that describe the amount of difference and spread in a data set. These measures include variance, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean

Measure of variability

In a "normal distribution", the mean is equal to the _____

Mode and median

The mean is usually less than the median because the few low scores tend to shift the mean to the left

Negative skew

On a quiz, where almost everyone gets high scores, the distribution is said to be ____ skewed

Negatively skew

Category etc.

Nominal variable

Symmetrical: mean median and mode all equal

Normal distribution

N

Number of people in the sample

In a frequency distribution, the pattern of ____ can be shown.

One variable

The mode is always less than the mean and median (right will go down??)

Positive skew

Which of the following is true with respect to the jobs that sports psychologists typically do? - it is unusual for a sports psychologist to have a private clinical/counseling practice - they spend most of their time working as consultants for professional athletes - professors of sports psychology can work as consultants in addition to a univeristy job -today the work of sports psychologists is well-respected in the field of psychology

Professors of sports psychology can work as consultants in addition to a university job

The gestalt principle of visual perception _____ states that things which are closer together will be seen as belonging togehter

Proximity

Variables that are measured on a numeric or quantitative scale (ordinal, interval and ratio)

Quantitative variable

(Research design) ___ ______ one that looks a bit like an experimental design but lacks the key ingredient - random assignment

Quasi-experimental

The control for individual differences in experiments, the researcher can use ___ or _____

Random assignment; within groups design

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct _____ and _____.

Random sampling; random group assignment

The gestalt principle of _____ states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, value or orientation will be seen as belonging together

Similarity

What does a ____ psychologist do?

Sports psychologist

Are scores around the mean of a distribution (how far a value will fall from the mean??)

Standard deviation

Is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic, most commonly of the mean

Standard error of the mean

An experiment requires at least ___ groups to be compared, by a control group is not necessary. I could randomly assign students to different teaching styles to see which led to better performance. Neither is a control group -- that would be ag romp in which students dong get any teaching

Two groups

which of the following is not a usability goal? - Satisfaction with the product -Cost of the product - Reducing errors associated with using the product -Learnability of the product

Usability goal

__ _____ - satisfaction with the product, reducing errors associated with using the product, and learnability of the product

Usability goals

Measure of how much values in a data set differ from the mean

Variance

The law states that the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus.

Weber's law

_____ law states that the smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy is a constant fraction of the stimulus (k)

Weber's law

characteristics of a good ______ -it can be tested using empirical methods -it is falsifiable -it is a statement about the relation between two variables

hypothesis

Researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

that women tend to practice an ______ style of leadership (i.e., she focuses on the morale and welfare of the employees) and men practice a ______--____ style (i.e., he focuses on accomplishing tasks).

interpersonal = woman task-oriented = men

Which of the following is not a reason that mentoring is particularly important to the career success of women? (remember: it is good because it creates conditions to informal networks, adopting, a style of interaction that male managers are comfortable with, and with overcoming discrimination in job promotions) -It provides a male authority figure for wome -it creates connections to informal networks -it helps women adopt a style of itneraction that male managers are comfortable with -it helps women overcome discrimination in job promotions

it provides a male authority figure for women (it is not a reason)

In job specification (worker-oriented), what does the acronym KSAO stand for?

knowledge, skills, abilities, other characteristics

(or chain sampling, chain-referral sampling, referral sampling) is a non-probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.

snowball

A ____is a particular enduring talent possessed by an individual that allows her to provide consistent, near-perfect performance in tasks involving that talent.

strength

Another management style was described by Donald Clifton, who focused his research on how an organization can best use an individual's strengths, an approach he called ___-_____management.

strengths-based

The first approach is _____-_____ and lists in detail the tasks that will be performed for the job. Each task is typically rated on scales for how frequently it is performed, how difficult it is, and how important it is to the job

task-oriented

In the Theory _ approach, on the other hand, managers assume that most people seek inner satisfaction and fulfillment from their work. Employees function better under leadership that allows them to participate in, and provide input about, setting their personal and work goals. In Theory _ workplaces, employees participate in decisions about prioritizing tasks; they may belong to teams that, once given a goal, decide themselves how it will be accomplished

theory Y

In the Theory _ approach to management, managers assume that most people dislike work and are not innately self-directed. Theory X managers perceive employees as people who prefer to be led and told which tasks to perform and when. Their employees have to be watched carefully to be sure that they work hard enough to fulfill the organization's goals. Managerial goals are achieved through a system of punishments and threats rather than enticements and rewards

theory x

Theory _ as the traditional method of management used in the United States

theory x

Theory __ - people dislike work and avoid it; people avoid responsibility; people want to be told what to do; goals are achieved through rules and punishments

theory x

theory __ - people enjoy work and find it natural; people are more satisfied when given responsibility; people want to take part in setting their own work goals; goals are achieved through enticements and rewards.

theory y

In ____ leadership,the focus is on supervision and organizational goals,which are achieved through a system of rewards and punishments (i.e., transactions). _____ leaders maintain the status quo: They are managers.

transactional

Lucia is optimistic about goal achievement, and she encourages her team to think critically and solve problems. She is also considerate of their needs. What type of leader is Lucia?

transformational

People who have _____ leadership possess four attributes to varying degrees: They are charismatic (highly liked role models), inspirational(optimistic about goal attainment), intellectually stimulating (encourage critical thinking and problem solving), and considerate (Bass, Avolio, & Atwater, 1996).

transformational

found that ____tended to exhibit the characteristics of transformational leaders, while _____were more likely to be transactional leaders.

women;men

The second approach is ____-______. This approach describes the characteristics required of the worker to successfully perform the job. This second approach has been called job specification(Dierdorff&Wilson,2003). For job specification,the knowledge,skills,and abilities (KSAs) that the job requires are identified.

worker-oriented