PYEXAM:/
non-probability sampling; is made up of people who are easy to reach.
convenience
is a cognitive bias in which an observer's overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observer's feelings and thoughts about that entity's character or properties.
halo effect
Which of the following is not a potential bias related to subjective measures of employee performance? - recency - halo - negativity effect - Hawthorne effect
hawthorne effect
refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than do neutral or positive things.[
hawthorne effect
refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than do neutral or positive things.[
negativity effect
Which of the following psychometric properties is not essential for tests that are used for employee selection or performance assessment? - reliable - standardized - valid -objective
objective
is a subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen.
random
the tendency to remember an item in last position is the _____ effect
recency effect
is a small quantity of something that accurately reflects the larger entity. An example is when a small number of people accurately reflect the members of an entire population
representative
In order to maximize the chances that research groups are a good match to the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ or ________ sampling.
representative; random
___ ___ - refer to aspects of humans that should be taken into consideration when designing products
"Human factors"
???
Alternate experimental
The gestalt principle of ____ and _____ sates that the smaller of two overlapping figures is perceived as figure while the larger is regarded as ground
Area and symmetry
When graphing a qualitative variable, you would use a ______
Bar graph
An experiment that has two or more groups fo subjects each being tested by a different factor simultaneously
Between group design
A continuous probability distribution with two different modes
Bimodal distribution
Is continuous probability distribution with two different modes
Bimodal distribution
The gestalt principle of _____ states there is a tendency to close simple figures, independent of continuity or similairity
Closure
Extra variable that you didn't account for; a lurking variable that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the a dependent and an independent variable
Comfounding variable
The gestalt principle of __ _____ stats that both principles of proximity and similarity are in place and they appear to change grouping??
Common fate
In an experiment, a _____ group is necessary
Comparison
The groups between which a statistical comparison is to be made
Comparison group
Which of the following activities is a human factors psychologist working in product design least likely to engage in? -conducting focus groups to see what prospective users think of a product -conducting intelligence tests on users to find out whether a product will be too difficult to use -developing questionnaires to find out how happy and satisfied a user is with a product. - conducting evaluations of prototypes to identify potential user problems with a product
Conducting intelligence tests on users to find out whether a product will be too difficult to use
The gestalt principle of ______ - predicts the preference for continuous figures. We perceive the figure as two crossed lines instead of 4 lines meeting at the center
Continuity
The ____ group does not get the experimental treatment.
Control
(Research design) A relationship between two variables. The whole purpose of using____ in research is to figure out which variables are connected
Correlational
Means association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which tow variables are related
Correlations
Effect
Dependent variable
In sports psychology, imagery is typically used for all of the following except: - developing strategies to deal with obstacles -developing new atheletic skills - reducing the likelihood of an injury - reducing the amount of time an injured athlete takes to get back to typical performance
Developing strategies to deal with obstacles
(Research design) A method of research in the social sciences in which a controlled experimental factor is subjected to special treatment for purposes of comparison with a factor kept constant
Experimental
Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? Survey Quasi-experimental Correlation Experimental
Experimental
___ -_____ relationships (remember picture where our and see a face and a lamp if you look at the background differently)
Figure/ground relationships (gestalt???)
A ---- distribution of income would be a line graph; income is a ratio variable
Frequency distribution
A ___ distribution shows the distribution (number of people) for each level of one variable. The variable is plotted on the x-axis; the frequency/number of people on the y-axis
Frequency distribution
A summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores
Frequency distribution
To graph the number of people in Madison Country at each income level, you would use: a ____ distribution with a ___ graph
Frequency; line
___ ____ - brain activity being very similar during vivid imagery as during an actual experience
Functional equivalence?
Proximity Continuity Similarity Common fate Good continuation Closure Are and symmetry
Gestalt principle of visual perception
What does a ___ ___ psychologist do
Human factors
Which of the following activities is a ___ _______ psychologist working in product design least likely to engage in? -conducting focus groups to see what prospective users think of a product -conducting intelligence tests on users to find out whether a product will be too difficult to use -developing questionnaires to find out how happy and satisfied a user is with a product. - conducting evaluations of prototypes to identify potential user problems with a product
Human factors
____ can be used to mentally practice a physical movement. It is therefore not relevant to developing strategies to overcome obstacles
Imagery (sports psychology)
Cause
Independent variable
The ____ is controlled by the experimenter
Independent variable
What does a. __ ____ psychologist do
Industrial - organization psychologist
A sample that ____ is most likely to yield generalizable results
Is large and randomly selected
A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.
Is large and randomly selected
???
Pie chart
(Research design) brief interviews and discussions with individuals about a specific topic
Survey
Type of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to every reatment or condition.
Within group design
What has research found to be the primary difference between male and female leadership style?
Women tend to practice an interpersonal style and men practice a task-oriented style.
The amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time
Just noticeable differences
For ___ graph Use ainterval or ratio variable
Line graph
When graphing a quantitative variable, you would use a _____ graph
Line graph???
Are statistics that describe the amount of difference and spread in a data set. These measures include variance, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean
Measure of variability
In a "normal distribution", the mean is equal to the _____
Mode and median
The mean is usually less than the median because the few low scores tend to shift the mean to the left
Negative skew
On a quiz, where almost everyone gets high scores, the distribution is said to be ____ skewed
Negatively skew
Category etc.
Nominal variable
Symmetrical: mean median and mode all equal
Normal distribution
N
Number of people in the sample
In a frequency distribution, the pattern of ____ can be shown.
One variable
The mode is always less than the mean and median (right will go down??)
Positive skew
Which of the following is true with respect to the jobs that sports psychologists typically do? - it is unusual for a sports psychologist to have a private clinical/counseling practice - they spend most of their time working as consultants for professional athletes - professors of sports psychology can work as consultants in addition to a univeristy job -today the work of sports psychologists is well-respected in the field of psychology
Professors of sports psychology can work as consultants in addition to a university job
The gestalt principle of visual perception _____ states that things which are closer together will be seen as belonging togehter
Proximity
Variables that are measured on a numeric or quantitative scale (ordinal, interval and ratio)
Quantitative variable
(Research design) ___ ______ one that looks a bit like an experimental design but lacks the key ingredient - random assignment
Quasi-experimental
The control for individual differences in experiments, the researcher can use ___ or _____
Random assignment; within groups design
In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct _____ and _____.
Random sampling; random group assignment
The gestalt principle of _____ states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, value or orientation will be seen as belonging together
Similarity
What does a ____ psychologist do?
Sports psychologist
Are scores around the mean of a distribution (how far a value will fall from the mean??)
Standard deviation
Is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic, most commonly of the mean
Standard error of the mean
An experiment requires at least ___ groups to be compared, by a control group is not necessary. I could randomly assign students to different teaching styles to see which led to better performance. Neither is a control group -- that would be ag romp in which students dong get any teaching
Two groups
which of the following is not a usability goal? - Satisfaction with the product -Cost of the product - Reducing errors associated with using the product -Learnability of the product
Usability goal
__ _____ - satisfaction with the product, reducing errors associated with using the product, and learnability of the product
Usability goals
Measure of how much values in a data set differ from the mean
Variance
The law states that the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus.
Weber's law
_____ law states that the smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy is a constant fraction of the stimulus (k)
Weber's law
characteristics of a good ______ -it can be tested using empirical methods -it is falsifiable -it is a statement about the relation between two variables
hypothesis
Researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
independent; dependent
that women tend to practice an ______ style of leadership (i.e., she focuses on the morale and welfare of the employees) and men practice a ______--____ style (i.e., he focuses on accomplishing tasks).
interpersonal = woman task-oriented = men
Which of the following is not a reason that mentoring is particularly important to the career success of women? (remember: it is good because it creates conditions to informal networks, adopting, a style of interaction that male managers are comfortable with, and with overcoming discrimination in job promotions) -It provides a male authority figure for wome -it creates connections to informal networks -it helps women adopt a style of itneraction that male managers are comfortable with -it helps women overcome discrimination in job promotions
it provides a male authority figure for women (it is not a reason)
In job specification (worker-oriented), what does the acronym KSAO stand for?
knowledge, skills, abilities, other characteristics
(or chain sampling, chain-referral sampling, referral sampling) is a non-probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.
snowball
A ____is a particular enduring talent possessed by an individual that allows her to provide consistent, near-perfect performance in tasks involving that talent.
strength
Another management style was described by Donald Clifton, who focused his research on how an organization can best use an individual's strengths, an approach he called ___-_____management.
strengths-based
The first approach is _____-_____ and lists in detail the tasks that will be performed for the job. Each task is typically rated on scales for how frequently it is performed, how difficult it is, and how important it is to the job
task-oriented
In the Theory _ approach, on the other hand, managers assume that most people seek inner satisfaction and fulfillment from their work. Employees function better under leadership that allows them to participate in, and provide input about, setting their personal and work goals. In Theory _ workplaces, employees participate in decisions about prioritizing tasks; they may belong to teams that, once given a goal, decide themselves how it will be accomplished
theory Y
In the Theory _ approach to management, managers assume that most people dislike work and are not innately self-directed. Theory X managers perceive employees as people who prefer to be led and told which tasks to perform and when. Their employees have to be watched carefully to be sure that they work hard enough to fulfill the organization's goals. Managerial goals are achieved through a system of punishments and threats rather than enticements and rewards
theory x
Theory _ as the traditional method of management used in the United States
theory x
Theory __ - people dislike work and avoid it; people avoid responsibility; people want to be told what to do; goals are achieved through rules and punishments
theory x
theory __ - people enjoy work and find it natural; people are more satisfied when given responsibility; people want to take part in setting their own work goals; goals are achieved through enticements and rewards.
theory y
In ____ leadership,the focus is on supervision and organizational goals,which are achieved through a system of rewards and punishments (i.e., transactions). _____ leaders maintain the status quo: They are managers.
transactional
Lucia is optimistic about goal achievement, and she encourages her team to think critically and solve problems. She is also considerate of their needs. What type of leader is Lucia?
transformational
People who have _____ leadership possess four attributes to varying degrees: They are charismatic (highly liked role models), inspirational(optimistic about goal attainment), intellectually stimulating (encourage critical thinking and problem solving), and considerate (Bass, Avolio, & Atwater, 1996).
transformational
found that ____tended to exhibit the characteristics of transformational leaders, while _____were more likely to be transactional leaders.
women;men
The second approach is ____-______. This approach describes the characteristics required of the worker to successfully perform the job. This second approach has been called job specification(Dierdorff&Wilson,2003). For job specification,the knowledge,skills,and abilities (KSAs) that the job requires are identified.
worker-oriented
