Pys ch 11& 12& 13
Resilience is dynamic, not a stable trait
A given person may be resilient at some periods but not at others. The effects from each earlier period reverberate as time goes on.
Advances in Brain Functioning middle childhood
Increased myelination - axons become covered by myelin sheath
Issues Related to Being Overweight or Obese in Childhood
Increased risk of developing: • Cardiovascular (heart) problems • Elevated cholesterol levels and high blood pressure • Diabetes • Asthma • Sleep disorders • Being overweight as an adult
Automatization
Process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine No longer requires conscious thought
Effortful to Automatic Processing
Repeated practice on the same task (adding the same numbers or doing the same karate moves) reduces the amount of cognitive effort needed • The processes become more automatic
Which choice accurately describes the three aspects that make up resilience?
Resilience is dynamic, a positive adaptation to stress, and must be in response to significant adversity.
Sensory Memory Echoic memory -
auditory recording of what you just heard - Lasts about 3 to 4 seconds
After the age of 24 fatal diseases and accidents increase or decrease
increase steadily every year
What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development
industry versus inferiority
shared environment
influences that arise from being in the same environment, such as two siblings living in one home, raised by their parents
Sensory Memory Iconic memory -
visual snapshot of what you just saw - Lasts about ½ a second
Achievement tests •
A measure of one's mastery or proficiency on a skill or body of knowledge
Aptitude tests •
A measure of one's potential to master a particular skill or body of knowledge
decentration:
A mental operation defined by the ability to pay attention to and to process different aspects of an object, situation, or problem.
conservation:
A mental operation defined by the understanding of what changes and what remains the same after a person or an object undergoes a change in appearance.
reversibility:
A mental operation defined by the understanding that numbers or objects can be changed and then sometimes changed back to their original state by reversing the steps of the initial change process. Reversibility also works in the relationship between mental categories (i.e. My cat is a pet. My pet is a cat.)
neurons:
A nerve cell that receives and communicates information throughout the body as part of the central nervous system.
aggressive-rejected child
A type of childhood rejection, when other children do not want to be friends with a child because of his or her antagonistic, confrontational behavior.
withdrawn-rejected children
A type of childhood rejection, when other children do not want to be friends with a child because of his or her timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior.
Selective Attention
Ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
mental operations:
According to Piaget, mental operations are the mental abilities to imagine the process and potential outcome of something happening without it actually having to happen in the physical world (i.e. doing math in one's head). Piaget uses the nature of a child's mental operations to define the different stages of mental development.
Overweight •
Adult - a BMI (body mass index) of 25 to 29 • Child - being above the 85th percentile
According to the text, a(n) _____ child is MOST likely to be raised by a single parent.
African American
Physical necessities.
Although 6- to 11-year-olds eat, dress, and go to bed without help, families can provide basic needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter.
Domain Approach to Morals Universal •
Applies to everyone
Aggressive and non-aggressive children differ in how they:
Attend to social cues ▪Interpret social cues ▪Generate problem solving responses ▪Choose and enact a response
Domain Approach to Morals Unalterable
Authorities can not change these rules
Self-respect.
Because children from age 6 to 11 become self-critical and socially aware, families can foster success (in academics, sports, the arts, and so on) or shame (industry versus inferiority).
ADHD -Treatment
Behavior modification - training for the child and the family Special education Medication • Ritalin
Resilience is a positive adaptation.
For example, if parental rejection leads a child to a closer relationship with another adult, that is positive adaptation.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms
Difficulty concentrating Inattentive • Cannot stay on task Impulsive • Blurt out responses, interrupt people Overactive • Fidget, can't sit still Symptoms must start prior to age 12 and must impact daily life
Long Term Memory
Duration - Lifetime? •Capacity - Unlimited? •Storage - items move from STM to LTM through increased processing "consolidation"
Peer relationships.
Families can choose schools and neighborhoods with friendly children and arrange play dates, group activities, overnight trips, and so on.
Harmony and stability.
Families can provide protective, predictable routines within a home that is a safe, peaceful haven.
Potential Causes of an ADHD Diagnosis
Heredity Prenatal exposure to teratogens Exposure to toxins • e.g., lead Brain wave differences Poor selective attention Often comorbid with: • Sleep problems • Allergies • Deafness Misdiagnosis Normal behavior considered pathological Drug abuse - try to get diagnosis to get access to ADHD drugs
Improved coordination of different brain centers
Hubs - locations where numerous amounts of brain neurons interact • Allow different brain functions to be interconnected • E.g., learning to read
identity:
In terms of an object, the concept that an object remains the same even if certain characteristics about it change. In terms of a person, the consistent collection of physical and mental characteristics that define an individual as unique.
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the brain's increase in size during middle childhood?
Increase in the number of dendrites
Learning.
Middle childhood is prime learning time; families can encourage and guide education.
Concrete operational thought
Piaget's term for ability to reason logically about direct experinces and preceptions. between 7-11
What Causes Childhood Obesity
Poor Diets Physical Inactivity Genetics Family Behaviors • Eat out frequently, junk food easily available Socioeconomic Factors • Harder to get a good diet, exercise Psychological Factors • Eat to deal with stress, depression, or boredom
Issues Related to Being Overweight or Obese in Childhood
Poor body image • Low self-esteem • Behavior problems • Loneliness • Poorer academic performance
dendrites:
Slender projections of the nerve cell body that receive electrical impulses from adjacent neurons.
reaction time
The ability of the body to respond quickly and appropriately to situations
resilience
The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress.
myelination
The growth of myelin on nerve cells. The myelin coating allows nerve impulses to travel faster.
embobied conition
The idea that thinking is closely allied with phycal actions and heath.
reciprocity:
The idea that two objects, quantities, or actions can be mutually related such that a change in one can be compensated for by a corresponding or opposite change in another.
synapses:
The microscopic gap across which the axon of a neuron can transfer an electrical impulse to the dendrites of an adjacent neuron.
prefrontal cortex:
The part of the brain at the front of the frontal lobe just behind the forehead. It is responsible for executive functioning, such as decision-making, reasoning, planning, impulse control, and prioritizing tasks.
centration:
The preoperational tendency to focus on one aspect of an object, situation, or problem and to the exclusion of other potentially important aspects.
social comparison
The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers.
Working Memory (Short Term Memory)
What is currently active in memory • Duration - about 20 seconds • Capacity (memory span) - improves with age • Memory span improvements due to: • improvements in processing speed and • better cognitive strategies
Domain Approach to Morals Generalizable
Wrong across different contexts
Domain Approach to Morals Non-rule contingent
Wrong even if there was no rule against it
Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?
Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational stage.
Ten-year-old Susan is a very talented, creative inventor who enters many of her creations in various engineering contests at universities. However, Susan struggles in the traditional classroom, where she interrupts constantly with unanswerable questions and ignores her homework. According to the text, Susan would be given the designation of:
a divergent thinker.
Adversity must be significant,
a threat to the processes of development or even to life itself, not merely a minor stress.
Alex has just started to develop explicit memories. Alex is MOST likely:
between 2 to 5 years old
Martin has just started to use rehearsal to help his memory. Martin is MOST likely:
between 5 and 7 years old.
Jean Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is _____ thought.
concrete operational
Leslie's disability changes year by year. This is one of the lessons of a discipline called _____ that applies to all children.
developmental psychopathology
Dr. Stevenson is investigating risk factors such as low income, divorce, single parenthood, and unemployment to assess the challenges they pose to families. Dr. Stevenson may well use the _____ model in his research.
family-stress
Postconventional moral reasoning
is similar to formal operational thought because it uses abstractions, going beyond what is concretely observed, willing to question "what is" in order to decide "what should be."
Preconventional moral reasoning
is similar to preoperational thought in that it is egocentric, with children most interested in their personal pleasure or avoiding punishment.
Selective Attention is partly the result of
maturation and also greatly affected by experience with play with others
Neglected children-
not rejected; they are ignored, but not shunned
the death rate worldwide in middle childhood is
one-forth of what it was in 1950
Conventional moral reasoning
parallels concrete operational thought in that it relates to current, observable practices: Children watch what their parents, teachers, and friends do, and they try to follow suit.
Ten-year-old Jamila has learned to speak formally with the adults in her life and informally with her friends. She has learned the _____ of language.
pragmatics
The _____ level emphasizes rewards and punishments, whereas the _____ level emphasizes moral principles.
preconventional; postconventional
In middle childhood, self-concept is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
realistic.
neighborhood play
teaches cooperation problem solving and is an ideal way in developing thosoe skills like rules and boundaries
Hierarchical Classification -
the ability to organize objects into groups and subgroups and switch between levels
seriation
the concept that things can be arranged in a logical series,such as the number sequence or the alphabet
nonshared environment
the experiences in the school or neighborhood that differ between one child and another.
By the time they are 6 years old, children know _____ of nouns and verbs and they understand many parts of speech.
thousands
middle childhood
years about 6-11 fatal diseases and accidents arerare healthest time in life
Selective attention
• Ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
Metamemory
• Ability to think about memory processes • For example is it easier to remember: - Immediately or after a delay? - A big set of numbers (3, 4, 2, 8, 1) or a small set of numbers (2, 5)? - To learn opposite pairs (up, down) or unrelated words (fish, door)? • Metamemory improves a great deal between the ages of 5 and 10
Metacognition
• Ability to think about thinking or • The ability to evaluate how best to accomplish a cognitive task • Begins to develop in middle childhood
Obesity
• Adult - having a BMI of 30 or more • Child - being above the 95th percentile