Pys ch 11& 12& 13

Resilience is dynamic, not a stable trait

A given person may be resilient at some periods but not at others. The effects from each earlier period reverberate as time goes on.

Advances in Brain Functioning middle childhood

Increased myelination - axons become covered by myelin sheath

Issues Related to Being Overweight or Obese in Childhood

Increased risk of developing: • Cardiovascular (heart) problems • Elevated cholesterol levels and high blood pressure • Diabetes • Asthma • Sleep disorders • Being overweight as an adult

Automatization

Process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine No longer requires conscious thought

Effortful to Automatic Processing

Repeated practice on the same task (adding the same numbers or doing the same karate moves) reduces the amount of cognitive effort needed • The processes become more automatic

Which choice accurately describes the three aspects that make up resilience?

Resilience is dynamic, a positive adaptation to stress, and must be in response to significant adversity.

Sensory Memory Echoic memory -

auditory recording of what you just heard - Lasts about 3 to 4 seconds

After the age of 24 fatal diseases and accidents increase or decrease

increase steadily every year

What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development

industry versus inferiority

shared environment

influences that arise from being in the same environment, such as two siblings living in one home, raised by their parents

Sensory Memory Iconic memory -

visual snapshot of what you just saw - Lasts about ½ a second

Achievement tests •

A measure of one's mastery or proficiency on a skill or body of knowledge

Aptitude tests •

A measure of one's potential to master a particular skill or body of knowledge

decentration:

A mental operation defined by the ability to pay attention to and to process different aspects of an object, situation, or problem.

conservation:

A mental operation defined by the understanding of what changes and what remains the same after a person or an object undergoes a change in appearance.

reversibility:

A mental operation defined by the understanding that numbers or objects can be changed and then sometimes changed back to their original state by reversing the steps of the initial change process. Reversibility also works in the relationship between mental categories (i.e. My cat is a pet. My pet is a cat.)

neurons:

A nerve cell that receives and communicates information throughout the body as part of the central nervous system.

aggressive-rejected child

A type of childhood rejection, when other children do not want to be friends with a child because of his or her antagonistic, confrontational behavior.

withdrawn-rejected children

A type of childhood rejection, when other children do not want to be friends with a child because of his or her timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior.

Selective Attention

Ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others

mental operations:

According to Piaget, mental operations are the mental abilities to imagine the process and potential outcome of something happening without it actually having to happen in the physical world (i.e. doing math in one's head). Piaget uses the nature of a child's mental operations to define the different stages of mental development.

Overweight •

Adult - a BMI (body mass index) of 25 to 29 • Child - being above the 85th percentile

According to the text, a(n) _____ child is MOST likely to be raised by a single parent.

African American

Physical necessities.

Although 6- to 11-year-olds eat, dress, and go to bed without help, families can provide basic needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter.

Domain Approach to Morals Universal •

Applies to everyone

Aggressive and non-aggressive children differ in how they:

Attend to social cues ▪Interpret social cues ▪Generate problem solving responses ▪Choose and enact a response

Domain Approach to Morals Unalterable

Authorities can not change these rules

Self-respect.

Because children from age 6 to 11 become self-critical and socially aware, families can foster success (in academics, sports, the arts, and so on) or shame (industry versus inferiority).

ADHD -Treatment

Behavior modification - training for the child and the family Special education Medication • Ritalin

Resilience is a positive adaptation.

For example, if parental rejection leads a child to a closer relationship with another adult, that is positive adaptation.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms

Difficulty concentrating Inattentive • Cannot stay on task Impulsive • Blurt out responses, interrupt people Overactive • Fidget, can't sit still Symptoms must start prior to age 12 and must impact daily life

Long Term Memory

Duration - Lifetime? •Capacity - Unlimited? •Storage - items move from STM to LTM through increased processing "consolidation"

Peer relationships.

Families can choose schools and neighborhoods with friendly children and arrange play dates, group activities, overnight trips, and so on.

Harmony and stability.

Families can provide protective, predictable routines within a home that is a safe, peaceful haven.

Potential Causes of an ADHD Diagnosis

Heredity Prenatal exposure to teratogens Exposure to toxins • e.g., lead Brain wave differences Poor selective attention Often comorbid with: • Sleep problems • Allergies • Deafness Misdiagnosis Normal behavior considered pathological Drug abuse - try to get diagnosis to get access to ADHD drugs

Improved coordination of different brain centers

Hubs - locations where numerous amounts of brain neurons interact • Allow different brain functions to be interconnected • E.g., learning to read

identity:

In terms of an object, the concept that an object remains the same even if certain characteristics about it change. In terms of a person, the consistent collection of physical and mental characteristics that define an individual as unique.

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the brain's increase in size during middle childhood?

Increase in the number of dendrites

Learning.

Middle childhood is prime learning time; families can encourage and guide education.

Concrete operational thought

Piaget's term for ability to reason logically about direct experinces and preceptions. between 7-11

What Causes Childhood Obesity

Poor Diets Physical Inactivity Genetics Family Behaviors • Eat out frequently, junk food easily available Socioeconomic Factors • Harder to get a good diet, exercise Psychological Factors • Eat to deal with stress, depression, or boredom

Issues Related to Being Overweight or Obese in Childhood

Poor body image • Low self-esteem • Behavior problems • Loneliness • Poorer academic performance

dendrites:

Slender projections of the nerve cell body that receive electrical impulses from adjacent neurons.

reaction time

The ability of the body to respond quickly and appropriately to situations

resilience

The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress.

myelination

The growth of myelin on nerve cells. The myelin coating allows nerve impulses to travel faster.

embobied conition

The idea that thinking is closely allied with phycal actions and heath.

reciprocity:

The idea that two objects, quantities, or actions can be mutually related such that a change in one can be compensated for by a corresponding or opposite change in another.

synapses:

The microscopic gap across which the axon of a neuron can transfer an electrical impulse to the dendrites of an adjacent neuron.

prefrontal cortex:

The part of the brain at the front of the frontal lobe just behind the forehead. It is responsible for executive functioning, such as decision-making, reasoning, planning, impulse control, and prioritizing tasks.

centration:

The preoperational tendency to focus on one aspect of an object, situation, or problem and to the exclusion of other potentially important aspects.

social comparison

The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers.

Working Memory (Short Term Memory)

What is currently active in memory • Duration - about 20 seconds • Capacity (memory span) - improves with age • Memory span improvements due to: • improvements in processing speed and • better cognitive strategies

Domain Approach to Morals Generalizable

Wrong across different contexts

Domain Approach to Morals Non-rule contingent

Wrong even if there was no rule against it

Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?

Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational stage.

Ten-year-old Susan is a very talented, creative inventor who enters many of her creations in various engineering contests at universities. However, Susan struggles in the traditional classroom, where she interrupts constantly with unanswerable questions and ignores her homework. According to the text, Susan would be given the designation of:

a divergent thinker.

Adversity must be significant,

a threat to the processes of development or even to life itself, not merely a minor stress.

Alex has just started to develop explicit memories. Alex is MOST likely:

between 2 to 5 years old

Martin has just started to use rehearsal to help his memory. Martin is MOST likely:

between 5 and 7 years old.

Jean Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is _____ thought.

concrete operational

Leslie's disability changes year by year. This is one of the lessons of a discipline called _____ that applies to all children.

developmental psychopathology

Dr. Stevenson is investigating risk factors such as low income, divorce, single parenthood, and unemployment to assess the challenges they pose to families. Dr. Stevenson may well use the _____ model in his research.

family-stress

Postconventional moral reasoning

is similar to formal operational thought because it uses abstractions, going beyond what is concretely observed, willing to question "what is" in order to decide "what should be."

Preconventional moral reasoning

is similar to preoperational thought in that it is egocentric, with children most interested in their personal pleasure or avoiding punishment.

Selective Attention is partly the result of

maturation and also greatly affected by experience with play with others

Neglected children-

not rejected; they are ignored, but not shunned

the death rate worldwide in middle childhood is

one-forth of what it was in 1950

Conventional moral reasoning

parallels concrete operational thought in that it relates to current, observable practices: Children watch what their parents, teachers, and friends do, and they try to follow suit.

Ten-year-old Jamila has learned to speak formally with the adults in her life and informally with her friends. She has learned the _____ of language.

pragmatics

The _____ level emphasizes rewards and punishments, whereas the _____ level emphasizes moral principles.

preconventional; postconventional

In middle childhood, self-concept is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

realistic.

neighborhood play

teaches cooperation problem solving and is an ideal way in developing thosoe skills like rules and boundaries

Hierarchical Classification -

the ability to organize objects into groups and subgroups and switch between levels

seriation

the concept that things can be arranged in a logical series,such as the number sequence or the alphabet

nonshared environment

the experiences in the school or neighborhood that differ between one child and another.

By the time they are 6 years old, children know _____ of nouns and verbs and they understand many parts of speech.

thousands

middle childhood

years about 6-11 fatal diseases and accidents arerare healthest time in life

Selective attention

• Ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others

Metamemory

• Ability to think about memory processes • For example is it easier to remember: - Immediately or after a delay? - A big set of numbers (3, 4, 2, 8, 1) or a small set of numbers (2, 5)? - To learn opposite pairs (up, down) or unrelated words (fish, door)? • Metamemory improves a great deal between the ages of 5 and 10

Metacognition

• Ability to think about thinking or • The ability to evaluate how best to accomplish a cognitive task • Begins to develop in middle childhood

Obesity

• Adult - having a BMI of 30 or more • Child - being above the 95th percentile