Pysc exam 2 book questions

consciousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of

one piece of information versus all of the information

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on

practical

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

musical

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

She had a wave of confidence and then felt alert, energetic, and social

At a nightclub, a strange man slipped a drug into Sasha's drink. The drug was a type of stimulant. What experience might Sasha have had after consuming the stimulant?

chronotypes

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they

stimulant

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

improved sleep quality improved blood pressure in people with heart problems treatment of mood and anxiety disorders

Evan is trying to convince his grandmother to begin a practice of daily meditation. He wants to tell her why meditation is worthwhile. According to some researchers, which benefits may correlate with meditation?

internal

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

tolerance; withdrawal

Flynn has been on the streets for several months since the cost of his drug habit made him unable to pay rent. Because of ______________ he needs more to get high, and when he can't afford the drugs, he experiences the severe nausea and chills of ______________.

sleep rebound

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing __

representational bias

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

dissociation theory

In one study, hypnotized participants asked to drain color from colored images showed diminished activity in the visual cortex regions associated with color. This did not occur with participants who were not hypnotized. Which theory of hypnosis is supported by this result?

Manifest

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.

interpersonal

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

creative

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

hypnosis

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.

indirect

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Parkis an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

natural

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

bodily kinesthetic

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

darkness; light

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________

hallucinogenic

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

REM

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

opioid

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

Lucid

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming

experiences

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our _

hindsight bias

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ___

consciously experienced

Not all aspects of cognition are

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities_

changes in normal bodily function

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

biological

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

role

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have

integrate

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

External

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.

thoughts

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

at least three nights a week for one month

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

one standard deviation above the mean

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is_

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

circadian

Dwayne loves going to Las Vegas. Even when he is inside the casinos, where there are no windows to give him light cues, he still feels sleepy by midnight, because his body still shows ______________ rhythms.

hindsight

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

A theta wave is a type of ________.

phoneme

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

prototype

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is

babbling

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.

learning disability

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of _______

chunking

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

mild

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

physical trace of a memory

Engram refers to the ________.

flashbulb memory

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

bias

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

18 to 24

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."

blocking

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.

mental set

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a _______

He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis?

amygdala

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

acoustic

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

Both practices allow practitioners to direct attention away from the self

Religious ecstasy and meditation both can lead to experiences of altered consciousness. Why?

how to use the phone

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

what the word chocolate means

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

linguistic

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

arousal

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Sleep apnea is defined by

parasomnias

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of_

retroactive

Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

psychological dependence

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

Tolerance

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of

circadian

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

alpha

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

retrieval

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

grammar

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

restless

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she

dysgraphia

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

semantic and episodic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

Expose yourself to bright light while working

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift

equipotentiality hypothesis

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

Stroop effect

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ____

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

melatonin

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an)

information about events we have personally experienced

What is episodic memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

What is procedural memory?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

What is the Flynn effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

sensory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true?

The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences."

Remove the phrase "do not."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day."

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

retrograde; anterograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

implicit

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

recognition

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

patriotism

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Hyperthermia

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

processing memory

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

prefrontal cortex

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

cerebellum

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

Evolutionary

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

arousal theory

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Concepts

__ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences

Cognition

______ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Visual

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

Acoustic

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

protoconsciousness

involves a virtual reality model of the world.

dissociative

theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

rehearsal

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

natural; artificial

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

relearning

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency."

homeostasis

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve

functional fixedness

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

sample size

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

the decision to be made is important

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

modest

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

homeostasis

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

lexicon

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

Sigmund Freud

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

John Hobson

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?

hypnosis; meditation

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

Carl Jung

Who described the collective unconscious?

automatic

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ____

The paradox lies in the fact that brain waves during REM sleep are similar to those during wakefulness, but with minimal voluntary muscle movement.

Why is REM sleep sometimes called paradoxical sleep?