PYTHON FINAL VOCAB
Azimuth
Reflects the angle in the x-y plane of a 3D chart
Elevation
Reflects the angle in the z-plane of a 3D chart
Why do we need to clean data?
Reformat or restructure the acquired data
Range Function
Returns a numerical sequence for which the starting point, ending point and step value can be specified
Strings
Sequences of characters, and each character of a string can be accessed individually using an index
Define Syntax
Set of rules that dictates how to specify instructions
Elif Statement
Short for else if and presents another alternative condition
Character
Smallest possible component of a text
What are operators and delimiters
Special symbols that are the Python interpret uses to perform operations and to separate items
What's an Assignment Statement?
Specify what value something is to take
Conditions
Statements that the interpreter evaluates and determines to be either True or False
Linear Regression
Stats model that fits a straight line through the data - predicts continuous outcomes
What are Functions
Subroutines of code developed to perform specific tasks
What are Arithmetic Operators?
Symbols used to perform math functions +, -, *, /, //, **
What are the 3 types of Errors?
Syntax, Exception and Logic Errors
List Comprehension
Technique to create a list from another sequence employing for a loop in an expression within []
String
Text values i.e. "Kaefer where is the study guide, 18 page doc"
What is required to clean data
The creations of a subset and setting it equal to the original dataset
Why does Python use indentation
To differentiate levels of code When you stop indenting, that means that you are done with that function
T/F: Python is FOSS (Free open source software)
True
T/F: Python is case sensitive
True
T/F: There can be multiple elif statements but each one will only be encountered if the conditions in the if statement and in all prior elif statements were False
True
T/F: Tuples are immutable
True
T/F: Using square brackets on the right-hand side of an assignment statement indicates that a list is being created
True
True/False: Compound statements increase the risk of logic errors if conditions are not specified correctly
True
Boolean
True/False
T/F: Assignment statements are read from Right to Left
True: Example: variable_name = value Interpretation: " Value name equals variable_name"
How are tuples denoted
Use parenthesis, not square brackets
What are Classes
Used to create objects and objects can have functions associated with them
Logical operators
Used with Boolean values and are used to evaluate expressions that are compromised of multiple conditions
ndarray Objects
Uses compiled libraries to perform operations on NumPy --- executes faster than if written in python itself
How are dictionaries created?
Using curly brackets {}
Dependent Variable
Variable being predicted
Independent Variable
Variable being used to fir the statistical model
R-Squared
Variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent vraibles
T/F: you should be unethical when working with data
False
Slicing
Accesses a portion of a string by referencing a starting index and an ending index value Important: the slice returns that character at the start, but ending at the -1 location
What is a Method
Actions that can be done to or with an object
Logistic Regression
Aims to solve classification problems by predicting categorical outcomes
Numeric Python Library (NumPy)
Allows access to multidimensional array manipulation that uses libraries written in C and Fortran
Mapping
Allows you to look up information associated with key values
What is a Method
An action that you can perform to or with an object
Seaborn Heatmap Function
An axes-level function that plots rectangular data as a color-encoded matrix.
What is Python
An interpreted computer programming language
What is a list? []
An object variable that is a collection of objects that can be referenced using an index Indicated with brackets [] ( think of two L's)
When do index values begin?
At 0 Reminder: think of hotels in Europe - ground floor is 0, not 1 -if you are looking at the second value, you actually have to look at the third value
True/False: A condition always involves an operator
False: it may not involve an operator
What are the two types of loops?
For statement While statement
Which IDE does Python use?
IDLE
When do Syntax Errors occur?
When Python code being written does not follow the rules for Python code statements Will be highlighted in red
Nested If Statements
When at least one if statement is within the code block of another statement
Int
Whole numbers
How are python codes typically stores?
Within text files as ".py"
What are comments?
Indicated with a pound sound - not processed by the interpreter
What are Dummy Variables?
Indicator variables that indicate if a variable is or is not a member of a category
What is the process of Data Cleaning?
Preparing data for use by applying techniques to format and adjust observations and values
If Statements
Python examines a condition and executes a block code with the condition is True
Statsmodel
Python package that has classes and functions for the estimation of statistical models and for conducting statistical tests
Compound Statements (Logic)
Python statements that contain and control the execution of other statements - If Statements - User-defined functions
Comparison operators
symbols used to relate two items
Pandas Data Frame
A two-dimensional tabular format using rows and columns
Seabron
A package for statistical data visualization based on matplotlib and is closely integrated with pandas data structure - Uses two different types of ploting functions
What is Package Manager
A program that is used to install libraries of code
What is the Python Package "SciPy"
A stats model that has numerous functions that deals with statistical calculations
When writing code, what are the 4 important factors?
1. Name your variables after what they represent 2. Write helpful comments 3. Be consistent 4. Always consider that there is a better way to do something
For Statement (Loop)
A control structure that is used when there are a set number of iterations that are to be preformed
While Statement (Loop)
A control structure that repeatedly executes code if a specific condition is true
Dictionary
A mapping that stores data in key-value pairs, rather than simply a list or sequence of values
What are the three statements that can be executed from "For Statement"
Break Statement Continue Statement Else Statement
What are objects
Building blocks of python
What does it mean for something to me mutable
Can be modified
Mplot3d
Can be used to create 3D plots
Continue Statement
Causes the current iteration of the loop to end, returning control back up to the beginning of the loop
Break Statement
Causes the loop to terminate
Pandas Crosstab function
Computes a cross-tabular function of two or more factors, which by default computes a frequency table
Define Interactive Development Environment (IDE)
Contains facilities for writing and editing code as well as testing and debugging code
Define Loops
Control structures that execute code repeatedly based on condition that are indicated in their specific specification
What are outliers?
Data points with unrealistic values that might skew calculations
Panda Series
Data structire is an object that containrs an arrary of data and an index
Define Data Type
Determines value data can have and what kind of operations you can perform on the data
Handling Exceptions
Exceptions can be handled with Python code by embedding code in a try statement
While Loop
Executes a code block repeatedly until a specified condition is False
Else Statement
Executes if the sequence is empty when the for statement is first evaluated or when the end of sequence is reached
What are packages?
Libraries of code
Dictionary Keys
Locate values within a dictionary and can be an immutable type, most being strings are numbers
Pyplot
Module in matplotlib
Are Strings Mutable?
NO - Strings are immutable
Define Variables
Named locations in memory in which values can be stored and accessed
Dot operator
Needed to indicate the specific object and the specific method involved
Categorical Values
Not numeric values
Float
Numbers that can have decimal values
Quantitative values
Numeric Vales - However!! Just because there are numbers in a cell does not mean that it is quantitative; it may mean that it needs to be interpreted
Exception Errors (Runtime errors)
Occur during the running of the code, but is stopped because something is attempted by is not allowed EX: dividing by zero
Logic Errors
Occurs when a program executes without terminating with an errors condition but produces incorrect - hardest error to locate
Code Block
One or more lines of code indented underneath - Code block is ended when a a line of code that is not indented in encountered If condition: code statements .... code statements
Matplotlib
Package which can be used to produce publication quality figures of many platforms
Tuples ()
Parameters to functions and for values that functions return
What package manager does Python as its default installer?
Pip
Are Lists mutable?
YES
Variables have restrictions - what are they?
cannot use reserved words, they cannot have spacers or operations within them, and they cannot begin with a number