PYTHON FINAL VOCAB

Azimuth

Reflects the angle in the x-y plane of a 3D chart

Elevation

Reflects the angle in the z-plane of a 3D chart

Why do we need to clean data?

Reformat or restructure the acquired data

Range Function

Returns a numerical sequence for which the starting point, ending point and step value can be specified

Strings

Sequences of characters, and each character of a string can be accessed individually using an index

Define Syntax

Set of rules that dictates how to specify instructions

Elif Statement

Short for else if and presents another alternative condition

Character

Smallest possible component of a text

What are operators and delimiters

Special symbols that are the Python interpret uses to perform operations and to separate items

What's an Assignment Statement?

Specify what value something is to take

Conditions

Statements that the interpreter evaluates and determines to be either True or False

Linear Regression

Stats model that fits a straight line through the data - predicts continuous outcomes

What are Functions

Subroutines of code developed to perform specific tasks

What are Arithmetic Operators?

Symbols used to perform math functions +, -, *, /, //, **

What are the 3 types of Errors?

Syntax, Exception and Logic Errors

List Comprehension

Technique to create a list from another sequence employing for a loop in an expression within []

String

Text values i.e. "Kaefer where is the study guide, 18 page doc"

What is required to clean data

The creations of a subset and setting it equal to the original dataset

Why does Python use indentation

To differentiate levels of code When you stop indenting, that means that you are done with that function

T/F: Python is FOSS (Free open source software)

True

T/F: Python is case sensitive

True

T/F: There can be multiple elif statements but each one will only be encountered if the conditions in the if statement and in all prior elif statements were False

True

T/F: Tuples are immutable

True

T/F: Using square brackets on the right-hand side of an assignment statement indicates that a list is being created

True

True/False: Compound statements increase the risk of logic errors if conditions are not specified correctly

True

Boolean

True/False

T/F: Assignment statements are read from Right to Left

True: Example: variable_name = value Interpretation: " Value name equals variable_name"

How are tuples denoted

Use parenthesis, not square brackets

What are Classes

Used to create objects and objects can have functions associated with them

Logical operators

Used with Boolean values and are used to evaluate expressions that are compromised of multiple conditions

ndarray Objects

Uses compiled libraries to perform operations on NumPy --- executes faster than if written in python itself

How are dictionaries created?

Using curly brackets {}

Dependent Variable

Variable being predicted

Independent Variable

Variable being used to fir the statistical model

R-Squared

Variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent vraibles

T/F: you should be unethical when working with data

False

Slicing

Accesses a portion of a string by referencing a starting index and an ending index value Important: the slice returns that character at the start, but ending at the -1 location

What is a Method

Actions that can be done to or with an object

Logistic Regression

Aims to solve classification problems by predicting categorical outcomes

Numeric Python Library (NumPy)

Allows access to multidimensional array manipulation that uses libraries written in C and Fortran

Mapping

Allows you to look up information associated with key values

What is a Method

An action that you can perform to or with an object

Seaborn Heatmap Function

An axes-level function that plots rectangular data as a color-encoded matrix.

What is Python

An interpreted computer programming language

What is a list? []

An object variable that is a collection of objects that can be referenced using an index Indicated with brackets [] ( think of two L's)

When do index values begin?

At 0 Reminder: think of hotels in Europe - ground floor is 0, not 1 -if you are looking at the second value, you actually have to look at the third value

True/False: A condition always involves an operator

False: it may not involve an operator

What are the two types of loops?

For statement While statement

Which IDE does Python use?

IDLE

When do Syntax Errors occur?

When Python code being written does not follow the rules for Python code statements Will be highlighted in red

Nested If Statements

When at least one if statement is within the code block of another statement

Int

Whole numbers

How are python codes typically stores?

Within text files as ".py"

What are comments?

Indicated with a pound sound - not processed by the interpreter

What are Dummy Variables?

Indicator variables that indicate if a variable is or is not a member of a category

What is the process of Data Cleaning?

Preparing data for use by applying techniques to format and adjust observations and values

If Statements

Python examines a condition and executes a block code with the condition is True

Statsmodel

Python package that has classes and functions for the estimation of statistical models and for conducting statistical tests

Compound Statements (Logic)

Python statements that contain and control the execution of other statements - If Statements - User-defined functions

Comparison operators

symbols used to relate two items

Pandas Data Frame

A two-dimensional tabular format using rows and columns

Seabron

A package for statistical data visualization based on matplotlib and is closely integrated with pandas data structure - Uses two different types of ploting functions

What is Package Manager

A program that is used to install libraries of code

What is the Python Package "SciPy"

A stats model that has numerous functions that deals with statistical calculations

When writing code, what are the 4 important factors?

1. Name your variables after what they represent 2. Write helpful comments 3. Be consistent 4. Always consider that there is a better way to do something

For Statement (Loop)

A control structure that is used when there are a set number of iterations that are to be preformed

While Statement (Loop)

A control structure that repeatedly executes code if a specific condition is true

Dictionary

A mapping that stores data in key-value pairs, rather than simply a list or sequence of values

What are the three statements that can be executed from "For Statement"

Break Statement Continue Statement Else Statement

What are objects

Building blocks of python

What does it mean for something to me mutable

Can be modified

Mplot3d

Can be used to create 3D plots

Continue Statement

Causes the current iteration of the loop to end, returning control back up to the beginning of the loop

Break Statement

Causes the loop to terminate

Pandas Crosstab function

Computes a cross-tabular function of two or more factors, which by default computes a frequency table

Define Interactive Development Environment (IDE)

Contains facilities for writing and editing code as well as testing and debugging code

Define Loops

Control structures that execute code repeatedly based on condition that are indicated in their specific specification

What are outliers?

Data points with unrealistic values that might skew calculations

Panda Series

Data structire is an object that containrs an arrary of data and an index

Define Data Type

Determines value data can have and what kind of operations you can perform on the data

Handling Exceptions

Exceptions can be handled with Python code by embedding code in a try statement

While Loop

Executes a code block repeatedly until a specified condition is False

Else Statement

Executes if the sequence is empty when the for statement is first evaluated or when the end of sequence is reached

What are packages?

Libraries of code

Dictionary Keys

Locate values within a dictionary and can be an immutable type, most being strings are numbers

Pyplot

Module in matplotlib

Are Strings Mutable?

NO - Strings are immutable

Define Variables

Named locations in memory in which values can be stored and accessed

Dot operator

Needed to indicate the specific object and the specific method involved

Categorical Values

Not numeric values

Float

Numbers that can have decimal values

Quantitative values

Numeric Vales - However!! Just because there are numbers in a cell does not mean that it is quantitative; it may mean that it needs to be interpreted

Exception Errors (Runtime errors)

Occur during the running of the code, but is stopped because something is attempted by is not allowed EX: dividing by zero

Logic Errors

Occurs when a program executes without terminating with an errors condition but produces incorrect - hardest error to locate

Code Block

One or more lines of code indented underneath - Code block is ended when a a line of code that is not indented in encountered If condition: code statements .... code statements

Matplotlib

Package which can be used to produce publication quality figures of many platforms

Tuples ()

Parameters to functions and for values that functions return

What package manager does Python as its default installer?

Pip

Are Lists mutable?

YES

Variables have restrictions - what are they?

cannot use reserved words, they cannot have spacers or operations within them, and they cannot begin with a number