Quiz 1 - FNR 25150
At the C/T boundary, how long did it take for the number of mammals to triple?
0.5 million years
How many monotrene orders are there?
1
Characteristic of mammals and synapsids
1 temporal fenestra
How many cone cells per nerve do diurnal mammals have?
1-2
to what order do even-toed ungulates belong?
Artiodactyla
Where do eutherians have origins?
Asia
Where are monotremes found?
Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea
To what order do whales and dolphins belong?
Cetacea
During what era did mammals first appear?
Mesozoic
infraclass name for marsupials
Metatheria
Time period associated with the dramatic growth in the number of hoofed mammals due to adaptive radiation
Miocene
When did the amount of Artiodactyla increase?
Miocene
Oversaturation hypothesis of Pleistocene extinctions
North America had more mammal species than niches could support, leading to extinction
Time period with marsupials in North America in which the Pantodonta dominated
Paleocene
order name of Australian marsupials including the bandicoot
Peramelemorphia
To what order do odd-toed ungulates belong? (horses, rhinos, tapirs)
Perissodactyla
What order do sloths and anteaters belong to?
Pilosa
What orders belong to the superorder Xenarthra?
Pilosa, Cingulata
When did great extinction and gigantism occur?
Pleistocene
Time period associated with great diversification due to immigration from south America and Eurasia; rhinos dominated
Pliocene and Pleistocene
To what order do elephants belong?
Proboscidea
monotremes subclass name
Prototheria
To what order do rodents belong?
Rodentia
What joint do mammals have that is different from reptiles?
Squamosal-dentary
What periods make up the Cenozoic Era?
Tertiary, Quaternary
subclass that includes marsupials and placentals
Theria
What periods make up the Mesozoic Era?
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
mammal with 13 nipples
Virginia opossum
What is the swamping strategy?
a group of one species creating lots of young at the same time so that predators get satiated and can't predate on all of them
From what did mammary glands develop?
abdominal hair follicles associated with sebaceous glands
What happens in the stomach?
acidic digestion
examples of toxins in plants
alkaloids, terpenoids
What is a calorie?
amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C
purpose of the middle ear
amplifies sound pressure, passes from air to liquid in inner ear
Where is the site of fertilization?
ampulla
Examples of myrmecophagous animals
anteaters, pangolins, numbat, echidna, aardvark
Where are gonadotropic hormones produced?
anterior pituitary
What is the operational sex ratio?
available adult females:males
Animals with the fastest developmental rates
baleen whales, lagomorphs, elephant shrews
Animals with the slowest developmental rates
bats
How does lignin reduce digestion?
binds carbs and digestive enzymes in the gut
How does tannin reduce digestion?
binds to proteins and blocks digestive enzymes?
monotreme characteristics
bird-like skull, reptilian limb posture, lay eggs, left ovary is functional, lack nipples, coaca, no corpus callosum
What two factors limit brain size?
body size, energy expended for brain support
auditory bulla
bony capsule around middle and inner ear
List the parts of the digestive system in order
buccal cavity, esophagous, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, rectum, anus
examples of digestibility reducers in plants
cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin, tannins, silica
Where do marsupials have origins?
central America
What is methyl jasmonate?
chemical produced by tomatoes to tell adjacent plants to increase proteinase inhibitors
metabolism definition
chemical reactions and energy transformations for growth, repair, and reproduction
What two things do marsupials lack that placentals have?
chorion, allantois (embryonic membranes)
In placental mammals, what absorbs maternal nutrients?
chorionic villi
Why did adaptive radiation for mammals occur?
colder climate, loss of dinosaurs, continental drift, angiosperm radiations
Do diurnal mammals have more rods or cones?
cones
How do myrmecophagous animals partition niches?
degree of arboreality
Skeletal characteristics that define mammals
dentary-squamosal joint, three middle ear ossicles, mandible of one bone, lumbar ribs absent, secondary palate, single bony nasal opening, diphyodont dentition
What does the iris do?
determines amount of light let in
describe mammalian teeth
diverse, specialized, precise occlusion
Examples of spontaneous ovulators
dogs, muroid rodents, ungulates, higher primates
What occurs in the ovaries?
egg production and maturation
monotrenes
egg-laying mammals
trophoblast definition
embryonic contribution of cells to placenta
What causes the short gestation in marsupials?
embyros contain paternal antigens that are foreign to the female immune system
hard teeth encasement
enamel
examples of secondary metabolite toxins in plants
endophytic fungi, protease
What insures biochemical stability within the body?
endothermy + homeothermy
non-skeletal characteristics that define mammals
endothermy, double circulation, enucleated erythrocytes, diaphragm, hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, mammary glands, urea, specialized facial dermal muscles
vascular penis
erectile tissue, muscular, engorges with blood
What happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
estrogen decline and heat, ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum, corpus luteum secretes progesterone
What is marine mammals milk heavy in?
fat
What is the best way of storing energy?
fat deposits
myrmecophagy definition
feeding on termites or ants
purpose of the pinna
focus and amplify sounds, pinpoint direction, isolate single sounds
What happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
follicle secretes estradiol, which prepares the uterus for implantation, culminates in ovulation
What is endophytic fungi?
fungi that infects grass and is passed via seeds and produces alkaloids
What is reproductive potential constrained by in females?
gestation, lactation, litter size, available resources
Habitat reduction hypothesis of Pleistocene extinction
glaciation --> less habitat available
What is torpor?
hibernation when heterothermy occurs in mammals
How does the RMR of aquatic mammals compare to what is expected based on their weight?
higher than expected
Overkill hypothesis of Pleistocene extinction
humans impacted the ecosystem
What is considered the body's thermostat?
hypothalamus
How does precociality change with litter size?
increases as litter size decreases
What happens to mammals when alkaloids are ingested?
inhibit mitosis and DNA/RNA synthesis, block acetylcholinesterase
How do short-tailed shrews keep their prey fresh?
inject with a toxin from the submaxilliary gland to keep them comatose
Endothermy definition
internal body temperature is maintained by the oxidation of food within the body
Characteristics of marsupials
lack chorion and allantois, short gestation, abdominal pouch, scrotum anterior to penis, uterus and vagina and penis forked, no corpus callosum
difference between larder hoarders and scatter hoarders
larder hoarders make one huge pile, scatter hoarders bury cache
Climate hypothesis of Pleistocene extinction
large mammals couldn't deal with seasonality
Xenarthra characteristics
low metabolic rates, teeth lack enamel
homeothermic definition
maintain constant body temperature
3 bones of the ear
malleus, incus, stapes
What characteristic of mammals links them with more parental care?
mammary glands
Which requires less resting energy: marsupials or placentals?
marsupials
How did Tinbergen's fox relocate cache?
memory
What is colostrum?
milk produced early lactation, high in protein and antibodies, lower nutritional value
What is special about colobine monkeys digestion?
most efficient primate leaf digestion; endosymbiotic bacteria that deactivates toxins in leaves
gray matter covering the front part of the brain which functions as a control center; convolutions
neopallium
examples of alkaloids
nicotine, caffeine, strychnine, cocaine, morphine
What happens in the small intestine?
nutrient absorption into the bloodstream
List the 2 sensory channels in mammals
outer nose, vomeronasal
lactational delayed implantation
ovulation and fertilization occur prior to weaning previous litter
What occurs in the oviduct?
ovum is transported; fallopian tubes
What kind of offspring do animals with large bodies have?
precocial
characteristics of placental mammals
precocial young, corpus callosum, chorioallantoic placenta
What does estradiol do?
prepares uterus for implantation, endometrial lining, enhances fat deposition, pelvic enlargement
What does progesterone do?
prepares uterus for implantation, inhibits further ovulation, maintains pregnancy, stimulates mammary tissue
What causes lemming population crashes?
proteinase inhibitors
Describe the physiology of echolocation in bats
pulses are emitted from the mouth/nose, sound is produced by the larynx, facial features differ according to prey and habitat
What did the quadrate and articular bones become during the transition from reptiles to mammals?
quadrate became incus, articular became malleus
examples of animals whose ovulation is induced by copulation
rabbits, insectivores, non-muroid rodents
Do rapidly growing or slow growing mammals have fat rich milk?
rapidly growing
What do gonadotropic hormones do?
regulate ovarian cycle
What does vasopressin do?
regulates blood pressure, elicits bonding and monogamous behavior in prairie voles
4 reasons mammals need to sleep
restore glycogen, brain development, memory consolidation, conserve energy
How do tamanduas deal with azteca ants?
retreat and scratch and groom to clean chemical off
Name the most common large herbivore in North America throughout most of the Cenozoic
rhinos
most successful group of mammals
rodents
Do nocturnal animals have rods or cones?
rods
What happens to mammals when terpenoids are digested?
rumen bacteria fermentation is inhibited
What is the Dehnel effect?
seasonal skull shrinkage to expend less energy
What allows mammals to breath and chew at the same time?
secondary palate
What does the ciliary in the eye do?
shapes the lens and focuses light
What is the primary sense of many mammals?
sight
What two factors constrain the length of gestation?
skull size, limitations on uterine mass and encumbrance of transport for pregnant mother
General trend in development rates based on body size
small mammals develop faster than large mammals
Under what two circumstances is faster development favored?
species with high infant mortality rates, when resources are abundant and not defended
What does prolactin do?
stimulates maternal care
What do plants use silica for?
strengthen cell walls, assist carbohydrate metabolism
field metabolism definition
sum of resting metabolism and energy used for all other activities
What characteristic of mammals promotes evaporative cooling?
sweat glands
From what reptile ancestors were mammals derived?
synapsids
seasonal delayed implantation
synchrony among females, embryos activated particular time of year
What are Poulton's rods?
tactile receptors on the bills of platopi that help detect prey muscle activity
How do browsers combat tannins?
tannin-binding proteins in saliva
What do nasutitermes termite soldiers excrete?
terpenoid compounds
What is regional heterothermy?
the ability of same animals to permit extremities to drop below the core body temperature due to vasoconstriction or counter-current heat-exchange
maintenance metabolism definition
the energy expenditure of an animal at rest
What is the name of the layer of cells separating embryo from maternal membranes in placental mammals?
trophoblast
chorioallantoic definition
true placenta with villi
When did mammalian adaptive radiation occur?
turn of the Cenozoic Era; Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary
How many species are in the order Chiroptera?
1116
How many rods to nerve do nocturnal mammals have?
150
When did Prototheria diverge from Theria?
200 myb
Around when did mammals first appear?
200-245 MYB
How many placental orders are there?
22
During what years did the Mesozoic Era span?
245-66 MYA
How many species are there in the order Carnivora?
286
How many insects does one bat eat per night?
3000-7000
How many species are there of marsupials?
330
carbohydrates calorie value
4.2 kcal/g
How many species of primates are there?
402
How many species of monotremes are there?
5
proteins calorie value
5-6 kcal/g
How many species of mammals are there?
5414
How much money has been lost since 2006 due to declining bats?
6 billion
How much energy does microbial fermentation require?
60-70%
During what years did the Cenozoic Era span?
66-0 MYA
How many marsupial orders are there?
7
How much energy is burned by mammals to maintain a constant body temperature?
80-90%
How much of the dry weight of plants is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose?
80-90%
fats calorie value
9.5 kcal/g
When did Metatheria diverge from Eutheria?
90 mya
What percentage of mammals are placental?
94%
What is the only order of mammals capable of flight?
Chiroptera
What order do bats belong to?
Chiroptera
What order do armadillos belong to?
Cingulata
Name the first mammals
Cynodont therapsids
order name of insect-eating Australian marsupials like the Tasmanian devil
Dasyuromorphia
What order do flying lemurs belong to?
Dermoptera
order name of South American marsupials
Didelphimorphia
order name of Australian marsupials that includes gliders, kangaroos, and koalas
Diprotodontia
Time period in which immigration of hoofed mammals to North America occurred
Eocene
infraclass name for placentals
Eutheria
What is the only order with venomous species other than monotremes?
Insectivora
What order to tenrecs, hedgehogs, and shrews and moles belong to?
Insectivora
To what order do rabbits, hares, and pikas belong? (miniature ungulates)
Lagomorpha
What does oxytocin do?
uterine contractions and milk production, linked to calmness
What is the site of implantation?
uterus
How does limb orientation differ in mammals as compared to ancestral reptiles?
vertical; no longer spraddle-legged, humerus and femur are vertical instead of horizontal
What are vibrissae?
very sensitive hairs that detect air movements, found in mice
How do tamanduas deal with the terpenoid compounds of termite soldiers?
wait for the rainy season to eat fat-winged queens and kings that don't have terpenoid
fibro-elastic penis
walls of erectile tissue, near rigid non-erect
What is milk made of?
water, protein, sugars, fat
What is the Bruce Effect?
when recently inseminated females exposed to odor of unfamiliar male fails to implant
Where is lignin found?
woody plants
What is a choriovitelline?
yolk sac that provides nutrients to embryo in marsupials