Quiz 1 - FNR 25150

At the C/T boundary, how long did it take for the number of mammals to triple?

0.5 million years

How many monotrene orders are there?

1

Characteristic of mammals and synapsids

1 temporal fenestra

How many cone cells per nerve do diurnal mammals have?

1-2

to what order do even-toed ungulates belong?

Artiodactyla

Where do eutherians have origins?

Asia

Where are monotremes found?

Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea

To what order do whales and dolphins belong?

Cetacea

During what era did mammals first appear?

Mesozoic

infraclass name for marsupials

Metatheria

Time period associated with the dramatic growth in the number of hoofed mammals due to adaptive radiation

Miocene

When did the amount of Artiodactyla increase?

Miocene

Oversaturation hypothesis of Pleistocene extinctions

North America had more mammal species than niches could support, leading to extinction

Time period with marsupials in North America in which the Pantodonta dominated

Paleocene

order name of Australian marsupials including the bandicoot

Peramelemorphia

To what order do odd-toed ungulates belong? (horses, rhinos, tapirs)

Perissodactyla

What order do sloths and anteaters belong to?

Pilosa

What orders belong to the superorder Xenarthra?

Pilosa, Cingulata

When did great extinction and gigantism occur?

Pleistocene

Time period associated with great diversification due to immigration from south America and Eurasia; rhinos dominated

Pliocene and Pleistocene

To what order do elephants belong?

Proboscidea

monotremes subclass name

Prototheria

To what order do rodents belong?

Rodentia

What joint do mammals have that is different from reptiles?

Squamosal-dentary

What periods make up the Cenozoic Era?

Tertiary, Quaternary

subclass that includes marsupials and placentals

Theria

What periods make up the Mesozoic Era?

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

mammal with 13 nipples

Virginia opossum

What is the swamping strategy?

a group of one species creating lots of young at the same time so that predators get satiated and can't predate on all of them

From what did mammary glands develop?

abdominal hair follicles associated with sebaceous glands

What happens in the stomach?

acidic digestion

examples of toxins in plants

alkaloids, terpenoids

What is a calorie?

amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C

purpose of the middle ear

amplifies sound pressure, passes from air to liquid in inner ear

Where is the site of fertilization?

ampulla

Examples of myrmecophagous animals

anteaters, pangolins, numbat, echidna, aardvark

Where are gonadotropic hormones produced?

anterior pituitary

What is the operational sex ratio?

available adult females:males

Animals with the fastest developmental rates

baleen whales, lagomorphs, elephant shrews

Animals with the slowest developmental rates

bats

How does lignin reduce digestion?

binds carbs and digestive enzymes in the gut

How does tannin reduce digestion?

binds to proteins and blocks digestive enzymes?

monotreme characteristics

bird-like skull, reptilian limb posture, lay eggs, left ovary is functional, lack nipples, coaca, no corpus callosum

What two factors limit brain size?

body size, energy expended for brain support

auditory bulla

bony capsule around middle and inner ear

List the parts of the digestive system in order

buccal cavity, esophagous, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, rectum, anus

examples of digestibility reducers in plants

cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin, tannins, silica

Where do marsupials have origins?

central America

What is methyl jasmonate?

chemical produced by tomatoes to tell adjacent plants to increase proteinase inhibitors

metabolism definition

chemical reactions and energy transformations for growth, repair, and reproduction

What two things do marsupials lack that placentals have?

chorion, allantois (embryonic membranes)

In placental mammals, what absorbs maternal nutrients?

chorionic villi

Why did adaptive radiation for mammals occur?

colder climate, loss of dinosaurs, continental drift, angiosperm radiations

Do diurnal mammals have more rods or cones?

cones

How do myrmecophagous animals partition niches?

degree of arboreality

Skeletal characteristics that define mammals

dentary-squamosal joint, three middle ear ossicles, mandible of one bone, lumbar ribs absent, secondary palate, single bony nasal opening, diphyodont dentition

What does the iris do?

determines amount of light let in

describe mammalian teeth

diverse, specialized, precise occlusion

Examples of spontaneous ovulators

dogs, muroid rodents, ungulates, higher primates

What occurs in the ovaries?

egg production and maturation

monotrenes

egg-laying mammals

trophoblast definition

embryonic contribution of cells to placenta

What causes the short gestation in marsupials?

embyros contain paternal antigens that are foreign to the female immune system

hard teeth encasement

enamel

examples of secondary metabolite toxins in plants

endophytic fungi, protease

What insures biochemical stability within the body?

endothermy + homeothermy

non-skeletal characteristics that define mammals

endothermy, double circulation, enucleated erythrocytes, diaphragm, hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, mammary glands, urea, specialized facial dermal muscles

vascular penis

erectile tissue, muscular, engorges with blood

What happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

estrogen decline and heat, ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum, corpus luteum secretes progesterone

What is marine mammals milk heavy in?

fat

What is the best way of storing energy?

fat deposits

myrmecophagy definition

feeding on termites or ants

purpose of the pinna

focus and amplify sounds, pinpoint direction, isolate single sounds

What happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

follicle secretes estradiol, which prepares the uterus for implantation, culminates in ovulation

What is endophytic fungi?

fungi that infects grass and is passed via seeds and produces alkaloids

What is reproductive potential constrained by in females?

gestation, lactation, litter size, available resources

Habitat reduction hypothesis of Pleistocene extinction

glaciation --> less habitat available

What is torpor?

hibernation when heterothermy occurs in mammals

How does the RMR of aquatic mammals compare to what is expected based on their weight?

higher than expected

Overkill hypothesis of Pleistocene extinction

humans impacted the ecosystem

What is considered the body's thermostat?

hypothalamus

How does precociality change with litter size?

increases as litter size decreases

What happens to mammals when alkaloids are ingested?

inhibit mitosis and DNA/RNA synthesis, block acetylcholinesterase

How do short-tailed shrews keep their prey fresh?

inject with a toxin from the submaxilliary gland to keep them comatose

Endothermy definition

internal body temperature is maintained by the oxidation of food within the body

Characteristics of marsupials

lack chorion and allantois, short gestation, abdominal pouch, scrotum anterior to penis, uterus and vagina and penis forked, no corpus callosum

difference between larder hoarders and scatter hoarders

larder hoarders make one huge pile, scatter hoarders bury cache

Climate hypothesis of Pleistocene extinction

large mammals couldn't deal with seasonality

Xenarthra characteristics

low metabolic rates, teeth lack enamel

homeothermic definition

maintain constant body temperature

3 bones of the ear

malleus, incus, stapes

What characteristic of mammals links them with more parental care?

mammary glands

Which requires less resting energy: marsupials or placentals?

marsupials

How did Tinbergen's fox relocate cache?

memory

What is colostrum?

milk produced early lactation, high in protein and antibodies, lower nutritional value

What is special about colobine monkeys digestion?

most efficient primate leaf digestion; endosymbiotic bacteria that deactivates toxins in leaves

gray matter covering the front part of the brain which functions as a control center; convolutions

neopallium

examples of alkaloids

nicotine, caffeine, strychnine, cocaine, morphine

What happens in the small intestine?

nutrient absorption into the bloodstream

List the 2 sensory channels in mammals

outer nose, vomeronasal

lactational delayed implantation

ovulation and fertilization occur prior to weaning previous litter

What occurs in the oviduct?

ovum is transported; fallopian tubes

What kind of offspring do animals with large bodies have?

precocial

characteristics of placental mammals

precocial young, corpus callosum, chorioallantoic placenta

What does estradiol do?

prepares uterus for implantation, endometrial lining, enhances fat deposition, pelvic enlargement

What does progesterone do?

prepares uterus for implantation, inhibits further ovulation, maintains pregnancy, stimulates mammary tissue

What causes lemming population crashes?

proteinase inhibitors

Describe the physiology of echolocation in bats

pulses are emitted from the mouth/nose, sound is produced by the larynx, facial features differ according to prey and habitat

What did the quadrate and articular bones become during the transition from reptiles to mammals?

quadrate became incus, articular became malleus

examples of animals whose ovulation is induced by copulation

rabbits, insectivores, non-muroid rodents

Do rapidly growing or slow growing mammals have fat rich milk?

rapidly growing

What do gonadotropic hormones do?

regulate ovarian cycle

What does vasopressin do?

regulates blood pressure, elicits bonding and monogamous behavior in prairie voles

4 reasons mammals need to sleep

restore glycogen, brain development, memory consolidation, conserve energy

How do tamanduas deal with azteca ants?

retreat and scratch and groom to clean chemical off

Name the most common large herbivore in North America throughout most of the Cenozoic

rhinos

most successful group of mammals

rodents

Do nocturnal animals have rods or cones?

rods

What happens to mammals when terpenoids are digested?

rumen bacteria fermentation is inhibited

What is the Dehnel effect?

seasonal skull shrinkage to expend less energy

What allows mammals to breath and chew at the same time?

secondary palate

What does the ciliary in the eye do?

shapes the lens and focuses light

What is the primary sense of many mammals?

sight

What two factors constrain the length of gestation?

skull size, limitations on uterine mass and encumbrance of transport for pregnant mother

General trend in development rates based on body size

small mammals develop faster than large mammals

Under what two circumstances is faster development favored?

species with high infant mortality rates, when resources are abundant and not defended

What does prolactin do?

stimulates maternal care

What do plants use silica for?

strengthen cell walls, assist carbohydrate metabolism

field metabolism definition

sum of resting metabolism and energy used for all other activities

What characteristic of mammals promotes evaporative cooling?

sweat glands

From what reptile ancestors were mammals derived?

synapsids

seasonal delayed implantation

synchrony among females, embryos activated particular time of year

What are Poulton's rods?

tactile receptors on the bills of platopi that help detect prey muscle activity

How do browsers combat tannins?

tannin-binding proteins in saliva

What do nasutitermes termite soldiers excrete?

terpenoid compounds

What is regional heterothermy?

the ability of same animals to permit extremities to drop below the core body temperature due to vasoconstriction or counter-current heat-exchange

maintenance metabolism definition

the energy expenditure of an animal at rest

What is the name of the layer of cells separating embryo from maternal membranes in placental mammals?

trophoblast

chorioallantoic definition

true placenta with villi

When did mammalian adaptive radiation occur?

turn of the Cenozoic Era; Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary

How many species are in the order Chiroptera?

1116

How many rods to nerve do nocturnal mammals have?

150

When did Prototheria diverge from Theria?

200 myb

Around when did mammals first appear?

200-245 MYB

How many placental orders are there?

22

During what years did the Mesozoic Era span?

245-66 MYA

How many species are there in the order Carnivora?

286

How many insects does one bat eat per night?

3000-7000

How many species are there of marsupials?

330

carbohydrates calorie value

4.2 kcal/g

How many species of primates are there?

402

How many species of monotremes are there?

5

proteins calorie value

5-6 kcal/g

How many species of mammals are there?

5414

How much money has been lost since 2006 due to declining bats?

6 billion

How much energy does microbial fermentation require?

60-70%

During what years did the Cenozoic Era span?

66-0 MYA

How many marsupial orders are there?

7

How much energy is burned by mammals to maintain a constant body temperature?

80-90%

How much of the dry weight of plants is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose?

80-90%

fats calorie value

9.5 kcal/g

When did Metatheria diverge from Eutheria?

90 mya

What percentage of mammals are placental?

94%

What is the only order of mammals capable of flight?

Chiroptera

What order do bats belong to?

Chiroptera

What order do armadillos belong to?

Cingulata

Name the first mammals

Cynodont therapsids

order name of insect-eating Australian marsupials like the Tasmanian devil

Dasyuromorphia

What order do flying lemurs belong to?

Dermoptera

order name of South American marsupials

Didelphimorphia

order name of Australian marsupials that includes gliders, kangaroos, and koalas

Diprotodontia

Time period in which immigration of hoofed mammals to North America occurred

Eocene

infraclass name for placentals

Eutheria

What is the only order with venomous species other than monotremes?

Insectivora

What order to tenrecs, hedgehogs, and shrews and moles belong to?

Insectivora

To what order do rabbits, hares, and pikas belong? (miniature ungulates)

Lagomorpha

What does oxytocin do?

uterine contractions and milk production, linked to calmness

What is the site of implantation?

uterus

How does limb orientation differ in mammals as compared to ancestral reptiles?

vertical; no longer spraddle-legged, humerus and femur are vertical instead of horizontal

What are vibrissae?

very sensitive hairs that detect air movements, found in mice

How do tamanduas deal with the terpenoid compounds of termite soldiers?

wait for the rainy season to eat fat-winged queens and kings that don't have terpenoid

fibro-elastic penis

walls of erectile tissue, near rigid non-erect

What is milk made of?

water, protein, sugars, fat

What is the Bruce Effect?

when recently inseminated females exposed to odor of unfamiliar male fails to implant

Where is lignin found?

woody plants

What is a choriovitelline?

yolk sac that provides nutrients to embryo in marsupials