Quiz 1

Siphonoglyph

Ciliated groove in pharynx, directs water into GV cavity, allowing for diffusion to begin.

Gonophores

In hydrozoan floating colonies, sacs containing ovaries or testes

Trypanosoma

Protozoa, phylum Euglenozoa, class Kinetoplastida responsible for african sleeping sickness attack host's CNS, transmitted by Tsetse fly single flagellum at end of animal with kinetoplast at other end squiggles between RBCs

Pedal disk

Used to attach anemone to a substrate

Hypostome

a conical structure at the oral end of a hydra/tubularia that bears the mouth surrounded by tentacles

Monophyly

all descendants share ancestor arthropoda

Trends in cnidarian evolution

anthozoa --> scyphozoa --> hydrozoa ancestral=polyp (adult) --> planula derived= polyp (asexual) --> medusa (sexual) --> planula septa decreases in complexity reduced body size=less complex septa evolution here does not mean increasing complexity; reducing complexity may be favorable

Bilaterally symmetrical

arthropods, annelids, chordates

Grantia

class calcarea, subphylum cellularia, sponge syconoid, marine lives in clusters, but each tube is an individual sponge (vase-like shape) large spicules arranged collar-like around osculum

Leucosolenia

class calcarea, subphylum cellularia, sponge tube-like asconoid with incurrent pores that lead directly to the spongocoel lives in clusters, usually not exceeding 10 cm in height

Cliona

class demospongiae, subphylum cellularia, sponge boring sponge, monaxon grows on shells of oysters and other mollusks, but may also be on other calcareous substances greater the water current and light intensity, the greater the boring rate found in shallow marine waters and usually yellowish

Potato sponge

class demospongiae, subphylum cellularia, sponge leuconoid occurs in bays and near-shore waters in sand and mud substrates

Commercial sponge

class demospongiae, subphylum cellularia, sponge leuconoid once the common household sponge before the invention of synthetic sponges, still sold as bath or car wash sponges used to be harvested by the millions and are still commonly used in Europe

Clathria prolifera

class demospongiae, subphylum cellularia, sponge redbeard sponge very bright red in life commonly occurs in oyster beds and on rocks in shallow water large colonies may be several cm in length poisonous to the touch

Anthozoa

class of Cnidarians all polyps enteron divided by septa (may be complete or incomplete), tertiary (knub-like) possess spirocysts (Zoantharia) and ptycocysts (Ceriantharia); adhesive tubules, threadlike solitary or colonial grow laterally= stolons or coenosarc grow vertically=lateral zooids and axial polyp

Demospongiae

class of cellularia, sponge 85% sponge diversity all leuconoid siliceous spicules when present (monaxonic, tetraxonic, polyaxonic) organic collagen (spongin) common household sponges, potato sponge, Clathria prolifera, Cliona

Hydrozoa

class of cnidaria polyp form dominant column=pedicel oral end=hydranth mostly colonial, some solitary FW and SW L form (with theca, blastostyle), A form oral mound=hypostome pedal disk, nematocysts on epidermis, tentacles capitate (knobby) or filiform (thread like)

Kinetoplastida

class of phylum euglenozoa of protozoa free-living and parasitic locomotion by undulating membrane and flagella DNA in nucleus and kinetoplast maintains shape by pellicular microtubles Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)

Calcarea

class of subphylum cellularia, porifera spicules of CaCO3 (needle-like monaxons, triaxons, tetraxons) all 3 body types all marine leucosolenia, grantia

Actinopoda

class radiolaria marine, planktonic form silicon dioxide (glass) skeletons with spines axopodia, ray feet, pseudopods strengthened with microtubule many have photosynthetic symbionts may comprise 30% of ocean sediment (radiolarian ooze)

Radially symmetrical

cnidaria

Amoebozoa

common protozoans in freshwater blob-like structure, move via pseudopodia feeds by phagocytosis free-living may form tests parasitic forms cause amebic dystentery amoeba proteus, difflugia (test-forming)

Choanocytes

create water flow, filter food

Porocytes

cylindrical cells, act as ostia

Endoderm forms...

digestive tract and associated organs (stomach, colon, liver, etc.)

Cnidaria

diploblastic (ectoderm and endoderm) with mesoglea middle layer planula (free swimming), polyp (sexual or asexual, sessile), medusa (almost always sexual, free swimming) radial symmetry possess cnidae (in cnidocytes), nematocytes (stinging cells) large coelonteron (GV cavity, digestion, reproduction, gas exchange) bidirectional nerve net many have zooxanthellae symbionts

Ectoderm forms...

epidermis and nervous system

Pseudocoelomate

false cavity nematoda

Hydranth

feeding polyps with tentacles in cnidaria tubularia

Deuterostomes

form anus from blastopore

Foraminiferea

form elaborate organic or calcareous tests amoeboid in shape mostly benthic, some planktonic important geologic indicators

Protostomes

form mouth from blastopore

Paraphyly

group doesn't include all descendants reptiles, doesn't include birds

Polyphyly

group includes those not sharing immediate ancestor protozoa

Pinacocytes

line outer layer, like skin

Cnidaria phylogeny

modern molecular analysis=planula (larva) --> polyp (adult, sexual) traditional view= planula --> polyp (jv, asexual) --> medusa (sexual) Anthozoan life-style may be ancestral, medusa-form (Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa) derived

Leuconoid

most complex, many folds no atrium, water may leave any pore

Protozoans

mostly unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes move via cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia some contain photosynthetic endosymbionts free-living, colonial, parasitic high surface to volume ratio operate at low Reynold's numbers

Mesoderm forms...

muscle, skeletal, connective tissue, circulatory system, gonads

Asymmetrical body symmetry

no symmetry porifera

Acontia

numerous stinging cells on thread-like structures on the metridium of class anthozoa

Metridium

order actiniaria, subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria anemone found on rocks, floats, breakwaters, etc. in low intertidal and subtidal areas

Bundosoma

order actiniaria, subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria common sea anemone of jetties and bays of TX can crawl about, but when attached to a rock it's hard to remove prefers holes and crevices as attachment sites stalk is brownish or white and often covered with prominent adhesive papillae tentacles striped with blue or red often

Calliactis tricolor

order actiniaria, subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria often found in symbiosis with various crab species found on shells inhabited by hermit crabs or others often deliberately placed on the shell by the crab even though it's capable of moving releases bright orange acontia from its column base when disturbed

Black coral

order antipatharia, subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria axial skeleton is hard and black form plant like colonies in deeper tropical waters very valuable for jewelry

Corynactis californica

order corallimorpharia, subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria common on pilings and rocky shores of Pacific coast tentacles are capitate (knobbed) and arranged in tight rings most contain powerful nematocysts cherry red in life

Gorgonia

order gorgonacea, subclass octocorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria sea fans common on coral reefs of Caribbean and Indo-Pacific plant-like and characterized by a ladder-like lattice structure polyps located along lattice, which is positioned to allow current pass through it yellow or purple and may have parasitic snails dried tissues with proteins

Leptogorgia

order gorgonacea, subclass octocorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria sea whips commonly found washed ashore along Gulf coast; offshore live anchored to shells or other hard substrates have a central, axial rod of gorgonin, surrounded by a yellow or red, leathery coenenchyme in which the polyps are embedded bear protective spicules parasitized by barnacles and snails dried tissues with protein core

Siphonophora

order of class hydrozoa, cnidaria colonial, usually pelagic pneumatophore=float physalia physalis

Leptothecatae

order of class hydrozoa, cnidaria l-forms with theca statocysts on medusa blastostyle gives rise to medusa buds (part of gonangium) obelia, plumularia, aglaophenia

Scleractinia

order of subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria true corals sclerosepta, colonial reef building corals contain zooxanthellae astrangia, pocilopora, brain coral

Virgularia presbytes

order pennatulacea, subclass octocorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria common sea pen in the sandy bottoms off TX beaches axial skeleton composed of calcium carbonate, which is flexible in life but rigid when preserved looks like threading on a screw

Renilla

order pennatulacea, subclass octocorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria sea pansy reddish to purplish lives on sandy bottoms of coastal waters flattened disc (rachis) where polyps are located peduncle anchors it into sand colony of zooids; longer, larger autozooids are the feeding zooids which catch food in their eight, feathery tentacles; shorter, smaller siphonozooids create a flow of water across the colony and through the disc circulation facilitates the exchange of gases and maintains the inflation of the disc

Stylatula

order pennatulacea, subclass octocorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria sea pens comprised of a long, axial polyp and a central, axial rod of calcareous spicules feather-like appearance, reminiscent of a writing quill live in burrows in sandy or muddy bottoms of shallow marine waters

Pocilopora

order scleractinia, subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria common Pacific reef coral branching type of coral found in waters having relatively mild currents and low wave action light brown

Brain coral

order scleractinia, subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria common on tropical reefs grows in rounded nodules, gets name from convoluted structure of skeleton

Astrangia

order scleractinia, subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria grows in small branching clumps along the bases of southern TX jetties, or encrusts on shells 24 or more tentacles arranged in 3 rings, with nematocysts being distributed over the tentacles

Physalia physalis

order siphonophora, class hydrozoa, cnidaria portuguese man o war not a true jellyfish but actually a colony of highly modified polyps polyps make up pneumatophore (float), gastrozooids, gonozooids, and defnesive/prey capturing tentacles (dactylozooids) which may extend for several m below float tentacles contain a large number of potent nematocysts, causing sickness or shock

Tubipora

order stolonifera, subclass octocorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria pipe organ coral polyps joined at bases by stolons or by a basal mat skeleton composed of spicules fused into parallel tubes shallow water in tropical Pacific red from Fe in water

Zoanthids

order zoanthidea, subclass hexacorallia, class anthozoa, cnidaria trumpet-shaped body and the flat oral field distinguishable from sea anemones by simple siphonoglyph

Diploblastic

organisms with only 2 layers includes sponges and cnidarians

Radiolarians

phylum actinopoda of protozoa entirely marine and predominantly planktonic silicon dioxide skeletons pseudopodia radiate out from body surface

Plasmodium

phylum alveolata, subphylum apicomplexa causes malaria, requires mosquito as host and vector secondary host is usually a bird, but four species use humans dark spots or rings within cytoplasm of blood cells (must use high power)

Paramecium

phylum alveolata, subphylum ciliophora common in both FW and SW cilia around entire margin of animal used for locomotion (spiral swimming) and feeding trichocysts (defensive extrusomes) sensitivity to pH helps find food

Didinium

phylum alveolata, subphylum ciliophora predator of paramecium; mouths open wide enough to ingest prey several times their own size short proboscis containing extrusomes (defensive and/or prey capture functions) possesses poisonous toxicysts and sticky mucocysts for feeding

Vorticella

phylum alveolata, subphylum ciliophora stalked ciliate, stalk being attached to vegetation or other substrate cilia (located at top) set up a current that draws in food particles stalk is used for both feeding and protection, retracting when disturbed has a prominent ribbon-shaped macronucleus

Amoeba proteus

phylum amoebozoa very common in freshwater ponds (contractile vacuole) move by pseudopodia feed by engulfment nucleus, food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, endoplasm

Termite flagellates

phylum axostylata of the protozoans mutualistic symbionts living in gut of termite engulf particles with pseudopodia located at their posterior end can have hundreds of flagella pear-shaped fuzzy cells with large distinctive nucleus and flagella

Axostylata

phylum of protozoa mostly parasitic or symbiotic mutualists flagellar locomotion axostyls, parabasal, attractophores rostral cap anterior to nucleus Trichonympha (termite endosymbionts), oxymonads, parabasaliads

Choanoflagellata

phylum of protozoa often colonial single flagellum from microvilli collar, for food and locomotion food particles trapped in collar sister taxon to metazoa near identical to choanocytes of sponges

Cnidaria life cycle

polyp-phase dominant in Hydrozoa medusa dominant in Scyphozoa polyp-phase only in Anthozoa

Euglena

protozoa, kingdom protista, phylum euglenozoa, class euglenoidea can utilize chlorophyll for food production, but can survive without them if other food is available chlorplasts and paramylon bodies differ in shape and abundance depending on species move by flagella or in inch worm fashion

Euglenoidea

protozoa, phylum euglenozoa flagellar, anterior locomotion; characteristic inch-worm like movement chloroplasts with paramylon bodies (starch storage center) central nucleus with prominent nucleolus stigma (eye spot) at base of flagella Euglena

Sclerocytes

secrete minerals to form spicules or organic fiber spongin

Foraminiferans

shelled amoebas mostly marine and usually very small, although some may get fist-sized shells made of calcium carbonate or sand single-celled organisms, usually having multiple chambers and reticulopods shells serve as important geologic indicators

Asconoid

simple, without in-folding most constrained by size because little surface area

Syconoid

some in-folding and canals increasing surface area

Nematocytes

specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

Porifera life cycle

sperm produced by choanocytes released into water eggs are formed by transformation of archeocytes fertilization takes place in mesohyl, release larva out osculum most sponges are hermaphrodites with internal fertilization

Octocorallia

subclass of class anthozoa of cnidaria eight tentacle polyps Stolonifera=tubipora Gorgonacea=leptogorgia, gorgonia Pennatulacea=renilla, stylatula, virgularia presbytes

Hexacorallia

subclass of class anthozoa of cnidaria septa multiples of 6 Zoanthids=single siphonoglyph (air tube) Actiniaria=two siphonogylphs, large solitary polyps; Metridium, Bunodosoma, Calliactis tricolor Scleractinia Corallimorpharia Antipatharia

Hydra

suborder capitata, order anthoathecatae, class hydrozoa, cnidaria FW, solitary, common reproduction both asexual by budding and sexual

Tubularia

suborder capitata, order anthoathecatae, class hydrozoa, cnidaria marine hydroid, grows in small, plant-like clusters on rocks, pilings, and floating debris

Millepora

suborder capitata, order anthothecatae, class hydrozoa, cnidaria fire coral, not true coral very small polyps that secrete a CaCO3 skeleton and is usually white to yellowish, rarely red abundant in tropical waters sting is very painful and results in a burn-like wound that can take several weeks to heal digestive gastrozooids (large pores) and feeding dactylozooids (small pores)

Porpita

suborder capitata, order anthothecatae, class hydrozoa, cnidaria pelagic colonial hydroid looks like velella but lacks sail, flat disk tropical species

Velella

suborder capitata, order anthothecate, class hyrdozoa, cnidaria by the wind sailor floats on the ocean surface driven by the wind on the sail, which is developed from the float blue-colored when alive

Stylaster roseus

suborder filifera, order anthoathecatae, class hydrozoa, cnidiaria Caribbean species of hydrocoral, found in strong currents and clean waters exhibits varying morphologies, branching or encrusting, depending on the strength of current in which they are found

Allopora porphyra

suborder filifera, order anthothecatae, class hydrozoa, cnidaria rare Pacific hydrocoral purple encrusting form found in strong currents (chocolate straws) purple branching form found in quiet waters

Capitata

suborder of order anthoathecatae, class hydrozoa, cnidaria capitates with knobbed tentacles hydra, tubularia, millepora, velella, porpita

Filifera

suborder of order anthothecate threadlike tentacles, filiform stylaster roseus, allopora porphyra

Dinoflagellata

subphylum of phylum alveolata alveoli sacs may be filled with cellulose two flagella for locomotion, transverse and longitudinal, nestled within groove some are photosynthetic crimson tides from blooms Ceratium, Gymnodinium, Pfiesteria

Apicomplexa

subphylum of phylum alveolata characteristic alveolar sacs in membrane sporozoans without cilia or flagella mostly parasitic, life cycle requires multiple vectors and hosts plasmodium (malaria), toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidia

Ciliophora

subphylum of phylum alveolata locomotion by cilia alveolar sacs in membrane macronucleus (somatic growth) and micronucleus (reproduction) free-living forms=didinium, paramecium stalked form=vorticella

Hexactinellida

subphylum symplasma, sponge syconoid or leuconoid all marine, mostly deep sea syncytial tissue (multinucleated mass of cytoplasm) spicules are triaxon, siliceous "glass sponges", Euplectella

Euplectella

subphylum symplasma/hexactinellida, sponge venus flower basket deep-sea (500-5000 m) sieve plate over osculum increases structural strength glass fibers at base are used to anchor the sponge to the substrate

Archeocytes

transport sperm to oocyte, repair, etc. amoeboid

Coelomate

true body cavity annelids, echinoderms, arthropods, chordates

Porifera

two epithelial layers=pinacoderm (outer) and choanoderm (inner) mesohyl between with archeocytes, sclerocytes, spongin water current through ostia (pores), exit via osculum central cavity=atrium/spongocoel flagellated larva, usually without mouth monoecious/hermaphrodite, usually internal fertilization totipotent cells

Oocyte

unfertilized egg

Acoelomate

without body cavity platyhelminthes