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Why is the sentence, Disa slept the baby, considered ungrammatical?

"Slept" isn't a word used to describe someone else preforming the action on another person. The correct sentence could be "Disa put the baby to sleep" because "to sleep" is an action that can be preformed on another person.

Why is the sentence, The nurse found. ungrammatical?

"found" requires a direct object

Look at the sentence: Jack and Jill ran up the bill.. Which is the best grouping of this sentence by constituents?

(Jack and Jill) (ran up) (the bill)

Which is a bound morpheme in English?

-ish (as in boyish)

Which is not an inflectional ending in English?

-ly

How many vowels sound are in English?

11 or 12 depending on the dialect

How many morphemes are there in the word desirability?

3

How many F's do you count in the statement below? FINISHED FILE ARE THE RESULTS OF YEAR OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS?

6

Define euphemism.

A euphemism is a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid frightening or unpleasant subjects (pg 311). For example, rather than use the word "die", one might use the term "pass away".

What does AAE stand for?

African American English

Yesterday (at 10:10 am), I looked up the word bae in the OED. There was only one entry: "the cry of a sheep or lamb." Does this mean the word bae for boyfriend/girlfriend (as in "My new bae took me to a romantic dinner. It was so sick!") is not a word? Explain.

Bae is slang and is used in a colloquial setting. There are new words and new forms of slang being created all of the time, so it makes sense why it bae in particularly wouldn't be in the OED. Plus, after watching the 60-Minute clip from Module 2, slang can be a passing fad and doesn't necessarily need permanent recognition.

Which of these is considered a lexical difference between two dialects?

British English uses biscuit for what an American would call a cracker

Which is a more open class? Put more simply, which category in a dictionary increases faster?

Content Words

My grandmother was from Missouri. She used to say [ k r ɛ k ]. I grew up in Texas and I've always said [ k r i k ]. What word am I talking about? Spell it using regular English alphabetic spelling.

Creek

A morpheme is never a word.

False

According to most linguists, animals (i.e. non-humans) are capable of language.

False

Due to dialect leveling, there are fewer and fewer dialects in the world.

False

In Winifred Bauer's essay "Some Language Have No Grammar," the point is made that some languages like English have far less grammar than classicial languages like Latin or even Hopi.

False

Most sentences in the English language have already been spoken. In other words, it is very difficult to create a new sentence.

False

Slang never becomes a "real" word?

False

Some living languages do not change because those societies have language academies. For example, France has the French Academy and Spain has the Royal Academy, so France and Spain will not undergo any changes in their languages.

False

The sounds [ t ] and [ tʰ ] are phonemic in English.

False

The word "of" is a bound morpheme in English.

False

The words "time" and "dame" are minimal pairs in English.

False

There is a limit to how long sentences can be in English or any language.

False

Which is a higher vowel?

False

Explain in a few sentences why function words in a language are not considered an open class in a language (i.e. a language does not add many new words in this category)?

Function words are really to hold a sentence together from a grammatical standpoint. There really isn't a need for tons of function words other than the ones we already have, as languages have evolved in the past years.

Which is a more likely statement?

I learned a new word today.

Which of these is not a way to test for a constituent?

If the sentence has a prepositional phrase

What is a syntactic catergory?

It is what we have traditionally called "parts of speech." We can substitute one for another of the same category and not lose grammaticality.

Define a creole language?

It's a "stabilized pidgin" that has all the grammatical complexity of an ordinary language.

Define tautology.

It's when you say a sentence that demonstrates an idea twice.

Discuss the issue of protecting free speech vs. the government's responsibility to curb offensive language in light of the rock band The Slants.

Language is what you make it. A word is just that: a word. Words have a basic meaning and people in society are what place deeper meaning on those words. The Slants took something that society deemed "derogatory" and transformed it into something powerful. While the government may want to protect society from some words, the term "slant" specifically is an outdated term that should be allowed in our society again.

In Learning Module 1, we viewed an NBC news report during which many language purists were decrying the current state of English. They lamented that English was being corrupted. Respond to this critique that English is in a state of disrepair.

Languages are constantly evolving, and English in particular is evolving very fast in a very different direction. It makes sense why it would scare some people, as it is normal to be afraid of the unknown. However, while English may be transitioning in a different way than it has been, it's still very much alive and used by many.

According to "Some Languages Have No Grammar," which language has the most noun and verb endings?

Latin

How many free morphemes are in the word actively?

One

Any dialect (or language) has complete linguistic integrity; however, certain dialects (or languages) lack social currency. Explain.

Some dialects are completely accepted in a social setting but other dialects are looked down on. Some people may hear certain dialects and base a person's intelligence off of how they speak, giving them poor social currency.

Phonetics is the study of

Speech Sounds

Phonetics is the study of

Speech sounds

Chapter One in Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams uses the phrase "creativity of linguistic knowledge." Explain what this means and how this allows humans to generate sentences.

The phrase is basically saying that new sentences are created each and every day. As language users, we don't memorize sentences but rather words used to form a sentence. We use our linguistic knowledge in order to create different phrases all of the time.

The authors make a point in Chapter 5 that we do not segment the sound of someone clearing his/her throat, but we do divide sounds in words into segments. Explain why. What's the difference?

There is no word or linguistic sound that can replicate a cough. We can, however, divide sounds in words into segments because those sounds already exist to us fluent English speakers. We can't create a new English sound to create a word to describe a cough.

According to "Some Languages are Spoken More Quickly than Others," we sometimes eliminate sounds when we speak quickly.

True

All living languages change.

True

Idioms must be stored like words (i.e. as a whole unit) in the brain. The principle of compositionality does not apply.

True

In phonetics, linguists say that a distinction between consonants and vowels is that consonants have more restriction of the air flow in the vocal tract than vowels.

True

What is the linguistics rule of thumb regarding when two dialects are considered (or should be considered) two languages? Give some examples.

When a dialect is no longer understood by users of the original language, that is when the dialect is no longer a dialect but rather a new language. For example, the Chinese have several different dialects that have become language, such as Mandarin, Cantonese and Taiwanese.

What's the difference between content and function words?

While content words and function words go hand in hand, content words provide meaning and context while function words provide structure. Content words can also have prefixes and suffixes to change the meaning of a word. Function words are typically signal words.

All the following sounds share the same place of articulation except one. Which one has a different place of articulation?

[ a ]

All the following sounds share the same place of articulation except one. Which one has a different place of articulation? [ b ] [ p] [ a ] [ m ] [ w ]

[ a ]

Which of these is a labiodental? [ ʔ ] [ θ ] [ f ] [ æ ] [ s ]

[ f ]

Which of these is a velar consonant?

[ g ]

Which is a higher vowel? [ a ] [ i ]

[ i ]

Which of these is a high vowel?

[ i ]

What is the IPA symbol for the last sound in the word lamb?

[ m ]

Which is the best transcription for "sofa"?

[ s o f ə ]

Which one is not a fricative? [ s ] [ t ] [ v ] [ f ] [ ð ]

[ t ]

Which ending would we put to make this word plural: cab

[ z ]

Which of these is a symbol for the glottal stop? [ j ] [ ʔ ] [ ɔ ] [ ð ]

[ ʔ ]

Which is an inaccurate statement?

[dʒ] is a stop

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis says that...

a person's language determines their thinking

/ t / is

a voiceless alveolar stop

Look at the following data. In certain American English dialects, the a- prefix can be added to words ending in -ing. However, the a-prefix is restricted. Based on your intuition (and my explanation in a previous activity), what restricts the a-prefix from being added to 1a, 2a, and 3b. 1 a. The man likes sailing. b. The man went sailing. 2. a. William thinks fishing is silly. b. William goes fishing every Sunday. 3. a. The woman was coming down the stairs. b. The movie was shocking.

a-prefix cannot be added to gerunds nor adjectives.

Which is greater in number in English?

allomorphs

What is the place of articulation for the final sound in the words goat and coat?

alveolar ridge

What is the region just behind the teeth?

alveolar ridge

If we get the word edit from editor, then this is an example of a

back formation

Which is not a possible word in English?

bnick

A natural group of words or parts of a sentence is known as a ...

constituent

What word is [ k r i k ]?

creak

Which of these are determiners?

definite and indefinite articles

Identify the kind of prefix in unhappy.

derivational

The sentence, "Nina bathed her dogs" ________ that Nina's dogs got wet.

entails

The following segments [ s ] [ ð ] [ θ ] [ f ] and [ v ] are all

fricatives

This is the language of an individual speaker with its unique characteristics.

idiolect

A dividing line between two separate dialect areas is known as a(n):

isogloss

Which is a strong form of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

linguistic determinism

In regular rapid speech, sometimes English speakers may make two adjacent sounds more similar. This, as we've seen, is a phonological rule called assimilation. For example, the plural of book adds the allophone of [ s ] because the final segment is unvoiced [ k ]. Now consider this. Sometimes to ease difficult pronunciations and to allow one to speak quickly, a phonological rule called dissimilation occurs. This happens when one phoneme become less similar (in at least one feature) from an adjacent phoneme. Here's an example. In rapid speech, the word sixth (as in "You are the sixth person in line") might be pronounced as [ s ɪ k s t ] instead of [ s ɪ k s θ ]. The feature being changed is...

manner of articulation (stop for a fricative)

The study of semantics is the study of

meaning

Dialects are a result of many factors. Which is not one of those factors in any way?

mouth structure

What do you call the morphemes put at the beginning of words (or roots)?

prefixes

This kind of grammar indicates which kind of grammar (language forms) we should use in formal settings such as school or business.

prescriptive

What word is this [ s t r aɪ k ] ?

strike

If someone says that German is uglier than Italian, then this person (consciously or not) bases this statement on

subjective feelings about both

The study of the rules that allow for words to be combined to form coherent and grammatical sentences is

syntax

The opposite of a contradiction ("Circles are square") is a _____.

tautology

The / d / becomes [ t ] in "kicked" because

the [ k ] preceding it is a voiceless sound

What is the place of articulation for [ g ]?

the velum so it is a velar sound

Which is the best description for [ ŋ ]?

voiced velar nasal