Quiz 2 (ch 2 & 3) Lifespan Development

embryonic period

2-8 weeks after conception, prenatal development, cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, organs appear

prepared childbirth

Lamaze- breathing technique & A&P education

cellular clock theory

Leonard Hayflick's theory that the number of times human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age, our cells become less able to divide.

gene x environment (G x E) interaction

The interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment

puberty

a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that occur in this period of development.

doula

a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth

Turner syndrome

a chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

Klinefelter syndrome

a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, instead of XY.

XYY syndrome

a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome

fragile x syndrome

a chromosomal disorder involving abnormality in the x chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks

down syndrome

a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21

menarche

a girls first mentrual period

testosterone

a hormone associated in boys with the development of the genitals, increased height, and voice changes

estradiol

a hormone associated in girls with breast, uterine, and skeletal development

corpus callosum

a large bundle of axon fibers that connects the brain's left and right hemispheres

free radical theory

a microbiological theory of aging stating that people age because when their cells metabolize energy, they generate waste that includes unstable oxygen molecules, known as free radicals, that damage DNA and other structures.

amygdala

a part of the brain's limbic system that is the seat of emotions such as anger

hypothalamus

a structure in the brain that is involved with eating and sexual behavior

twin study

a study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

pituitary gland

an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates the activity of other glands

apgar scale

assesses the health of newborns within five minutes of birth: color, respiratory, cardio, muscle tone, reflexes

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

cluster of abnormalities that may appear in baby due to heavily drinking mother while pregnant

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without an apparent cause.

active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations

correlations that exist when children seek out environments that are stimulating and compatible to them

passive genotype-environment correlations

correlations that exist when the biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

evocative genotype-environment correlations

correlations that exist when the child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments

neuroconstructivist view

developmental perspective in which biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development; the brain has plasticity and is context dependent; and cognitive development is closely linked with brain development.

evolutionary psychology

emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior

phenylketonuria (PKU)

genetic disorder, cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine, PKU easily detected, untreated results in intellectual disability and hyperactivity

gonadotropins

hormones that stimulate the testes or ovaries

preterm infants

infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term

low birth weight infants

infants who weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth

organogenesis

organ formation, takes place in first two months of prenatal development

epigenetic view

perspective that emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

hormones

powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream

lateralization

specialization of function in one hemisphere or the other of the cerebral cortex

adoption study

study comparing behavior/psychological characteristics of adopted children and their birth parents vs. adoptive parents, can also compare siblings.

behavior genetics

the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

bonding

the formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth

neurogenesis

the generation of new neurons

prefrontal cortex

the highest level of the frontal lobes that is involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control

climacteric

the midlife transition during which fertility declines

germinal period

the period of prenatal development that takes place during the first two weeks after conception, it includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the wall of the uterus.

fetal period

the prenatal period of development that begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months on average

myelination

the process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath, which helps increase the speed and efficiency of information processing

limbic system

the region of the brain where emotions and rewards are experienced

proximodistal pattern

the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

cephalocaudal pattern

the sequence in which the fastest growth occurs at the top of the body--the head, with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.

gonads

the sex glands, which are the testes in males and the ovaries in females

hormonal stress theory

the theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

mitochondrial theory

the theory that aging is caused by the decay of the mitochondria, which are tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for cell function, growth, and repair.

menopause

the time in middle age, usually in the late forties or early fifties, when a woman's mentrual periods have ceased for one year

life span

the upper boundary of life, which is the maximum number of years an individual can live. The maximum life span of humans is about 120 years of age.