Quiz #3

What is the Mediterranean diet?

· Based on the cuisine of cultures geographically close to the Mediterranean Sea · Consists of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, legumes, healthy oils, herbs/spices. Eating fish and seafood several times a week is encouraged as well as enjoying poultry, eggs, cheese, and yogurt in moderation. Red meat is only on occasion.

What is the paleo diet?

· Based on the hunter-gatherer plants/proteins that would have been available thousands of years ago · Consists mainly of fish, grass-fed pasture raised meats, vegetables, fruit, fungi, roots, and nuts. It excludes grains, legumes, dairy products, salt, refined sugar, and processed oils

What is the ketogenic diet?

· Based on low-carb, high fat, high protein intake · High fat and high protein choices are unlimited, however, a maximum number of carbs is advised per day

What is the DASH diet?

· Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension · Recommended for those with cardiovascular risk/recovering from cardiovascular event

What is the gluten-free diet?

· Omitting gluten from your diet. Gluten is the main protein in the kernels of rye, wheat, and barley · Recommended for those with Celiac Disease

What are the pros and cons of the Mediterranean diet?

· Pros: o Covers all major food groups o Diverse flavors o May be easier to adhere to than other diets/less restrictive · Cons: o May be more expensive to follow o Quality seafood may not be readily available in your geographical area o Difficult to follow for those with fish/shellfish allergy or dislike o Cooking fresh food takes time o Not designed as diet for weight loss

What are the pros and cons of the ketogenic diet?

· Pros: o Individuals do feel full o Provides structure o Promotes fast weight loss · Cons: o Restrictive therefore difficult to sustain § Weight loss is short-term o Does not adhere to national dietary guidelines o May increase risk of cardiovascular disease o Note that patients with some chronic conditions should not follow this diet § cardiovascular disease § Diabetes § kidney disease § Pregnancy - not a chronic condition but not advised

What are the pros and cons of the paleo diet?

· Pros: o Low in sodium o Can reduce inflammation o Encourages increase in fruits and vegetables · Cons: o Can be expensive o Grains and dairy excluded, at risk for nutrient deficits o High fat intake o Can promote weight gain if individual is sedentary

What is a plant-based diet?

· Removing animal products from your diet · Commonly known as either vegetarianism or veganism

What is the Diabetic Diet?

•Carbs, proteins & fats are balanced to help control weight, nutritional needs & blood sugar levels. •Portion control is vital •"Exchange list" •Calorie intake is monitored

What is a food intolerance?

•Caused by absence of an enzyme needed to digest food fully •Symptoms are often related to the digestive system •Causes discomfort but is not life threatening •Cross contamination may be a concern •Medical tests are not always involved, and a diagnosis is not necessary

What are the common and rare food allergies?

•Corn - rare •Egg - more common in children, approx. 70% of cases resolve with age •Fish - tuna, halibut, salmon (does not mean you're allergic to shellfish) •Meat - rare but can happen at any age. Tick bit can develop red meat and pork allergy •Milk - 2-3% of children, approx. 80% of cases resolve with age • Peanut - cases have tripled between 1997-2008. Peanuts are legumes •Shellfish - shrimp, lobster, crab (doesn't mean you're allergic to other types of fish) •Soy - one of the most common allergies in young children. Ingredient in infant formulas •Tree nut - about 40% of individuals allergic to peanuts are also allergic to tree nuts. Almonds, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pine nuts, pistachios, walnuts •Wheat - greater risk if there's family history of asthmas or eczema. Can also be sensitive to cosmetics, bath products, kids' activities (clay, play-doh), which contain wheat

What is a food allergy?

•Creates an immune system response, which can include: hives, swelling of throat, anaphylactic shock (life threatening) •Cross contamination is a concern •Medical tests are performed for diagnosis •IgE antibody present and overreacts causing an immune response

What are the common food intolerances?

•Dairy (commonly referred to as lactose) - approx. 65% of population has difficulty with digesting lactose •Gluten - Celiac Disease OR may be a gluten sensitivity. Not a wheat allergy •Caffeine - most are okay with 400 mg/day (approx. 4 cups of coffee), those with a sensitivity can feel anxiety, 'jumpy,' rapid heartbeat •Sulfites - used in preserving foods/drinks. Often found in dried fruits, wine, aged cheeses. Symptoms look like a food allergy at times (hives, stuffy nose). Very rare to be life threatening. •FODMAPS - starches are difficult to breakdown. Very common with IBS patients. Apples, honey, milk, lentils, beans •Aspartame - artificial sweetener that can cause joint pain, stiffness, irritability, depression, increase cancer risk •Food colorings - Red 40 and Yellow 5 are most common. Can cause stuffy nose, hives

What are the popular diets?

•Gluten Free •DASH •Plant-Based •Paleo •Ketogenic ("Keto") •Mediterranean

What is the High Fiber Diet?

•Increased fiber by increasing: •Fruits •Legumes •Vegetables •Cereals •Breads •Used in prevention and/or treatment of: •Digestive Concerns •Heart Disease

What is the Low Sodium Diet?

•Limiting foods that contain a high amount of sodium (i.e., pre-packaged foods, deli meats, canned soups) •Used for individuals with high blood pressure, edema "holding water," liver or kidney disease

What are the common reasons for utilizing a therapeutic diet?

•Maintain, restore or correct nutritional status •Weight management (gain or loss) •Balance energy sources to help manage specific conditions •Decrease sodium intake to help manage specific conditions •Exclude foods due to allergies or food intolerances •Provide texture modifications to help manage chewing/swallowing difficulties

What are the most common nutrient modifications?

•No added salt •No concentrated sweets diet •Low sodium diet •Low fat diet/low cholesterol diet •High fiber diet •Low or high protein diet

What are the pros and cons of the DASH diet?

•Pros: - Encourages increase in fruits & vegetables - Low in saturated fat, moderate amount of protein (lean meat, poultry, fish, nuts, beans) •Can be followed as a plant-based diet - High in fiber - Promotes low sodium foods •Cons: - Research does not indicate any medicals cons. - Can be difficult for individuals to make significant changes needed for this diet to be successful.

What are the pros and cons of a gluten-free diet?

•Pros: - Encourages increase in fruits & vegetables. - Eliminates many unnecessary carbs. •Cons: - Gluten free foods are often not enriched with iron, fiber or folate. - Can cause weight gain because of alternative fillers in items. - More expensive. - Can be difficult to sustain without a Celiac Disease diagnosis. •Limiting outside home environment. - Learning curve with identifying GF items.

What are the pros and cons of a plant-based diet?

•Pros: - Reduced risk of heart disease, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes & other chronic conditions - Decreases risk of certain cancers - Nutrient intakes of fruits/vegetables closer to national recommendation - Benefits the environment in various ways •Cons: - Diets can be low in vitamin B12 or omega-3 fatty acids - Certain stages of life (e.g. pregnancy, injury recovery) require special attention - May be difficult to incorporate into your lifestyle •Financially •Accessibility •Relationships

What is the Low Fat/Low Cholesterol Diet?

•Reduce fat levels, particularly trans or saturated fats •Used in the prevention or treatment of: •Heart disease •Liver diseases •Gallbladder concerns •Pancreas diseases

What is the No Salt Added Diet?

•Regular Diet but use of the saltshaker is not allowed •Food can be seasoned with herbs/spices

What is the No Concentrated Sweets diet?

•Regular foods without the addition of sugar •Eliminate items with sucrose (i.e., soda, candy, juices, chocolate milk) •Is sometimes used to manage Type I Diabetes IF weight & blood sugar levels are maintained •Can be used to maintain weight

What is the Renal Diet?

•Used in prevention and/or treatment of: •Renal (kidney) disease •Individualized - an individual may or may not be on dialysis •Restricts sodium, potassium, fluid & protein •Individuals are closely monitored with regular lab work