Quiz 3
Right to Privacy
A person's entitlement to protection from invasion of his or her private life by government, business, or other persons.
A firm practicing industrial ecology is best exemplified by which scenarios?
A power company selling excess steam to a nearby pharmaceutical plant An oil refinery removing sulfur and selling it to a sulfuric acid plant
Artificial intelligence (AI) is accurately described by which statement?
AI is the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.
Cap-and-Trade
Allows businesses to buy and sell permits that entitle the bearer to emit a certain amount of pollution. The government or international agency issues these permits and caps the total amount of pollution that may be produced.
Procter & Gamble's (P&G) life-cycle analysis of Tide resulted in which company actions?
An impact was found at home when using hot water, and Tide Coldwater was introduced as a more environmentally friendly alternative.
Right To Be Forgotten
An individual's right to have their personal information removed from the online search results upon request.
Cybercrime
Criminal activity done using computers and the Internet.
Criminal activity performed by groups or individuals using computers and the Internet is called ______.
Cybercrime
What are the major global issues created by fresh water shortages throughout the world?
Decline in local economies. Regional conflict over water rights.
Industrial Ecology
Designing factories and distribution systems as if they were self-contained ecosystems, such as using waste from one process as raw material for another.
Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs; ensuring a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come.
Buying and selling goods and services electronically via the Internet is called ______.
E-Business
The well-known image of the Earth as seen from space—a blue-and-green globe, girdled by white clouds, floating in blackness—dramatically shows us that we share a single, unified natural system, or
Ecosystem
True or False: Individuals from Generation Z access most of their video entertainment via traditional TV.
False
True or False: The movement for firms to generate integrated reports has lost momentum across many parts of the world.
False
Integrated reporting provides the firm's results for which types of company performance?
Financial, social, environmental
Convention of Climate Change
First negotiated in 1992, an annual conference hosted by the United Nations to negotiate agreements to cut fossil fuel emissions that cause global warming
Genetically Modified Foods
Food crops grown from genetically engineered seeds or food processed from such crops.
Intellectual Property
Ideas, concepts, and other symbolic creations of the human mind that are recognized and protected under a nation's copyright, patent, and trademark laws.
According to systems theory, business, society, and the natural environment must interact in what way to survive?
In relationship to each other.
Why is ozone critical to life on Earth?
In the stratosphere, ozone absorbs dangerous ultraviolet light.
In the United States, solid waste is disposed of in which ways?
Incinerated Composted Recycled
Hackers
Individuals, often with advanced technology training, acting alone or in groups, for thrill or profit, breach a business's information security system.
Sequencing of the human genome is important to humanity for which reasons?
It facilitates the development of drug-therapies. It helps advance new ways to prevent illnesses. It provides early diagnosis of diseases.
Identify actions a company can take to become an ecologically sustainable organization (ESO).
Minimize the use of energy Make and transport goods efficiently Design long-lasting products
What percentage of CEOs surveyed recently by IBM predicted that artificial intelligence would play a "key role" in their business's future?
More than 73%
Match the phase of technology development (in the left column) with its correct activity (in the right column), using Figure 11.1.
Nomadic-Agrarian-- Harvesting Agrarian-- Planting and harvesting Industrial-- Building material goods Service-- Providing service Information-- Thinking and designing Biotechnology-- Application of engineering and biological sciences
Drag and drop the approximate time period against the corresponding phase of technology development using Figure 11.1.
Nomadic-Agrarian-- Until 1650 Agrarian-- 1650-1900 Industrial-- 1900-1960 Service-- 1960-1975 Information-- 1975-2000 Semantic-- 2000-today Biotechnology-- 2016-today
What has been the primary disadvantage of growing genetically modified (GM) foods?
Over time, GM crops lost their resistance to insects.
The Earth's most biodiverse regions, the rain forests, are currently threatened by which human activities?
Overpopulation Commercial logging Cattle ranching
Identify the effects of acid rain.
Reduced crop yields Degraded forests Damage to lakes and rivers
Behavioral Addiction
Refers to a compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, such as checking one's Facebook feed, despite negative consequences.
Stem Cell Research
Research on nonspecialized cells that have the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into more mature cells.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
The U.S. law that made crime to circumvent antipiracy measures built into most commercial software agreements between the manufacturers and their users.
Artificial Intelligence
The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.
Ecological Footprint
The amount of land and water an individual or group needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes, given prevailing technology.
If a cyberattack in 2016 involved a data breach, and private data was stolen, what additional legal costs would likely have been involved?
The cost of each stolen data record The cost of regulatory fines and legal fees
The publication of personal DNA sequencing results could be considered unethical, because _______.
The cost of individual health insurance could increase. Job opportunities could be compromised. Life insurance policies could be denied.
Identify the primary costs of cybercrime to business.
The cost of intrusion detection systems The cost of disruption causing loss of productivity The cost to implement security recovery systems
The digital divide is accurately defined by which statements?
The divide is the gap between those with Internet access and those without. People in developing nations often have less Internet access that those in developed countries. In developed countries, the poor often have less access to the Internet.
Environmental Justice
The effort to prevent inequitable exposure to risk, such as from hazardous waste.
Extended Product Responsibility
The idea that companies have a continuing responsibility for the environmental impacts of their products and services, even after they are sold.
Omnichannel
The idea that every distribution channel must work together to deliver a unified and consistent customer experience.
Carrying Capacity
The maximum population that the Earth's ecosystem can support at a certain level of technological development.
The majority of Three Square Market employees voluntarily agreed to limit their privacy and have a microchip implanted under their skin for what reason(s)?
To pay for food at the cafeteria with the swipe of a hand To jump on the bandwagon of new technology To easily pass through the secured entrance to the building
E-business revenues were predicted to continue to rise significantly through 2020 and into the next decade, fueled by ______.
consumers in emerging markets
One way to guide the morality of artificial intelligence technology, according to Elon Musk, is to ______.
democratize the technology
CERCLA
(Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act). The major U.S. law governing the cleanup of existing hazardous-waste sites, popularly known as Superfund.
In 2018, what percentage of U.S. companies linked compensation to sustainability metrics?
24 percent
By late 2011 the world population had reached about
7 billion.
In an MIT study of 1.1 million shoppers' credit-card transactions, even when personal identifiers were removed, individual identities could be determined for what percentage of the study population?
90%
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
A European law regulating the process of personal information of European Union residents by an individual, a company, or an organization.
Ozone
A bluish gas composed of three bonded atoms. Ozone in the lower atmosphere is a dangerous component of urban smog; ozone in the upper atmosphere provides a shield against ultraviolet light from the sun.
Bitcoin
A digital currency that operates independently of the banking system and uses encryption techniques to verify the transfer of funds.
Market-Based Mechanism
A form of regulation, used in environmental policy, based on the idea that the market is a better control than standards imposed on corporate behavior.
Paris Agreement
A global agreement, negotiated in Paris in 2015, which aimed to limit the rise in the average global temperatures.
Life-cycle analysis is accurately described by which statements?
A method used to reduce a product's ecological footprint Tracking the environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave
Privacy concerns about microchipping workers include which arguments?
A number of people say the devices are unsecured and easily hackable. Some workers worry that the company will track their every move without consent.
Circular Economy
A production system that us regenerative by design, by recycling or reusing all waste generated during production, all packaging, and all products at the end of their useful life.
Command and Control Regulation
A regulatory approach where the government "commands" business to comply with certain standards (such as amounts of particular pollutants) and often directly "controls" their choice of technology to achieve these standards.
Since the Industrial Revolution, climate change caused by increasing concentrations of pollutants produced by human activity has had which effect?
A rise in the average surface temperature of the Earth by about 1 degree Celsius
Sustainability leaders found that they are most effective when they involve employees from which part of the organization?
All parts of an organization
Commons
Any shared resource, such as land, air, or water, that a group of people use collectively
A U.S. company that has not yet rejected the use of GMO products is ______.
Campbell Soup
What are the two leading causes of climate change?
Carbon dioxide Black carbon
True or False: European courts ruled in favor of Google after a Spanish attorney asked the search company to remove some of his personal information.
False
The illegal copying of copyrighted software is a major problem in which part of the world?
Globally
Net Neutrality
Government rules based on the principle that Internet service providers should give customers equal access to their products and services.
According to a Harvard Business School study, how do the financial and stock market results of highly sustainable firms compare with others that are less sustainable?
High-sustainability firms significantly outperformed others.
The process of designing factories as an ecosystem is called ______.
Industrial ecology
The ideas, concepts, and other symbolic creations of the human mind are often referred to as
Intellectual property
An ecologically sustainable organization (ESO) is accurately described by which statements?
It does not alter the carrying capacity of the Earth. It operates under the principle of sustainable development.
Ransomware is accurately defined by which statement?
It is a kind of cyberattack in which malware locks the data on a victim's computer and demands payment to decrypt the data.
Globally, the average amount paid by a victim of ransomware attacks has risen to ______.
Just over $1,000
The term collaborative machine is accurately described by which statement?
Machines designed specifically to work alongside people in close settings
Environmental codes of conduct for specific industries include the ______.
Marine Stewardship Council Forest Stewardship Council Equator Principles
Acid rain is caused by fossil-fuel by-products combined with what?
Natural water vapor
In the United States, the ownership of intellectual property is legally protected through which mechanisms?
Patents Trademarks Copyrights
Software Piracy
The illegal copying of copyrighted software.
True or False: Managers often face an ethical dilemma over using the big data collected from stakeholders versus compromising stakeholders' individual privacy rights.
True
Autonomous Vehicles
Vehicles capable of sensing the surrounding environment and navigating without human input or control. (Also known as driverless or self-driving cars.)
The practice of a firm producing net zero emissions of greenhouse gases is called ______.
carbon neutrality
Over the past decade the role of the CIO has ______.
changed dramatically, becoming more integrated into the strategy of the firm
Data Privacy Day led by the National Cyber Security Alliance raises awareness about how to ______.
control one's digital footprint protect individual privacy online manage electronic parental controls
According to McKinsey & Company how successful were companies at fighting the increased number of cyberattacks in recent years?
firms have been unsuccessful because past response plans were no longer effective.
The most critical characteristics of sustainability management are _____.
top management commitment alignment of rewards and incentives employee engagement
The most dominant feature of technology is described as ______.
Change and then more change
Superfund (CERCLA)
A U.S. law, passed in 1980, designated to clean up hazardous or toxic waste sites. The law established a fund, supported mainly by taxes on petrochemical companies, to pay for the cleanup. (Also known as CERCLA.)
Technology
A broad term referring to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities.
Ransomware Attacks
A kind of cyberattack in which malware (short for malicious software) locks the data on a victim's computer and demands payment to regain access to the data.
Protection of an individual's private data in the United States is ______.
A legal right.
Social Networking
A system using technology to enable people to connect, explore interests, and share activities around the world.
A compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, despite negative consequences is called ______.
Behavior addiction
The major threats to marine ecosystems include ______.
coral reef destruction ocean acidity
The right to be forgotten means than an individual has a right to ______.
have personal information removed from online search results
E-Business
Electronic business exchanges between businesses and between businesses and their customers via the Internet.
The EU law passed in 2018 that required companies to promptly report personal data breaches was called ______.
General Data Protection Regulation
The process of conducting business transactions using mobile or cell phones is termed ______.
M-Commerce
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
Manager who has been entrusted with the responsibility to manage the organization's technology with its many privacy and security issues.
Cybercrime is accurately exemplified by which scenarios?
Stealing money from online bank accounts Distributing viruses to other computers Downloading illegal music files
What is the most critical concern for businesses when allowing employees to use unlicensed (or pirated) software?
The software might contain vulnerabilities to hacking.
Stem-cell research has already accomplished which breakthroughs?
The process to regrow blood vessels The ability to generate new human limbs The procedure to regrow cartilage
The large volume of details a firm collects from stakeholders describing their normal business transactions is called ______.
Big Data
Technology that uses biological systems or living organisms in products or processes is called _______.
Biotechnology
One type of digital currency that operates outside the banking system using encryption technology is called _____.
Bitcoin
Sustainable development is correctly characterized by which statements?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future. Ensuring a better quality of life for all, now and in the future.
As the presence of the Internet increases world-wide, more and more people are using which devices regularly?
Mobile telephones Laptop computers
Identify the responsibilities of a chief information officer.
To manage digital technology, such as robotics and artificial intelligence. To contribute strategic technological advice to the firm.
Commerce conducted via mobile or cell phones is best explained by which examples?
Trading stocks Mobile shopping
Businesses have gone to great lengths to build strong cyber defenses such as _____.
developing incident-response plans for cyberattacks financial firms joining the Safe Harbor project to increase data backups
Sustainability Report
A single report integrating a business's social and environmental results.
Environmental Partnerships
A voluntary, collaborative partnership between or among businesses, government regulators, and environmental organizations to achieve specific environmental goals.
Match the sustainability competitive advantage (in the left column) with its matching example (in the right column).
Cost savings- reducing pollution and waste Brand differentiation- cleaning products with no harmful ingredients Technological innovation- electronic sensors to reduce water usage Reduction of regulatory and liability risk- voluntary reporting of emissions ahead of regulation Strategic planning- forecasting external influences and trends that lead to opportunities for the firm
Command-and-control regulations include which environmental standards?
Emission standards Environmental quality standards Best available technology
The clean economy is best exemplified by which industries?
Energy-efficient construction Electric vehicles Alternative energy
Businesses have taken steps to reduce their impact on climate change, such as ______.
Investing in new efficient technology Improving fuel efficiency
Carbon Offset
Investments in projects that remove carbon dioxide or its equivalent from the atmosphere.
Material Sustainability Issues
Issues that are particularly relevant to an evaluation of a particular company or industry's sustainability practices.
The Convention on Climate Change is accurately described by which statements?
It aims to control the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is an international treaty that seeks to reduce global warming.
Which U.S. law regulates hazardous materials from cradle to grave?
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Identify the positive effects of economic development across the world.
Rising incomes Reduction in poverty
Carbon Neutrality
When an organization or individual produces net zero emissions of greenhouse gases.
The executive role that oversees a firm's sustainability activities and performance is called a _____.
chief sustainability officer
Business collaborations that seek to improve environmental conditions are called _____.
environmental partnerships
The primary reason that tradable permit programs have been successful is because ______.
firms can comply with regulations using the most cost-effective method
After serving in the position, top sustainability managers reported that their most important skill was _____.
interpersonal skills
The clean economy is most accurately defined as sectors of the economy that _____.
make products with an environmental benefit
Sustainability is accurately described by which statements?
It is a major challenge for businesses. It is the process of preserving natural resources for future generations.
The importance of stem-cell research is best described by which statements?
It is regenerative technology that revolutionized medicine. It means the chance to rejuvenate aging cells. It is the promise to repair failing human organs.
How might imposing a carbon tax on harmful products benefit the environment?
Individuals would probably purchase fewer harmful goods and services. Firms could be incentivized to switch to more efficient production methods.
The Montreal Protocol is accurately described by which statements?
Member nations have until 2030 to phase out HCFCs. An international agreement that seeks to reduce chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions. If everyone participates, the ozone layer should recover by 2050.
M-Commerce
Commerce conducted by using mobile or cell phones, allowing consumers to use their mobile or cell phone as electronic wallets.
Mobile Telephones (or Cell Phones)
Communication devices that use radio technology to enable users to place calls from random locations.
In the late 2000s, which region of the world issued bans against the growing of GM crops?
Europe
An automobile can compromise a driver's privacy through which types of smart technology?
Internet connection Global positioning systems Event data recorder
In 2017, Microsoft announced plans to address the digital divide using which solution?
Harness unused channels between television broadcasts
Crops were genetically modified to _____.
Increase crop yields Develop a resistance to insects Resist the weed-killer
According to a United Nations report, by 2017, about what percent of people on the planet still did NOT have Internet access?
Just over half
Biotechnology is most prevalent in which industries?
Medicine Agriculture Food science
What is one reason why the total volume of spam email, as a percentage of all email traffic, declined since 2014?
Most email systems have applied antispam protection.
In 2017 which country had the most restrictive Internet censorship policies, completely blocking its citizens from conducting Internet searches and from using social media platforms?
North Korea
An example of behavior addiction is ______.
Opening your Snapchat application 18 times a day
Under what grounds have some authoritarian governments justified limiting citizens' access to the Internet?
Political grounds Security grounds Religious grounds
Why did Panek Precision install collaborative robots to help cut pieces of metal?
Robots don't take breaks and they just keep going. It was a difficult and tedious job for humans.
The Earth's natural capital includes the world's stock of _____.
Soil Air Water
Match the unwanted Internet threat (in the left column) with its correct description (in the right column).
Spam-- Unsolicited commercial emails sent in bulk Phishing-- Stealing identity data through fake emails
Human Genome
Strands of DNA developing a unique pattern for every human.
The United States has boosted Internet access through which government initiatives?
Subsidized Internet upgrades for schools and libraries Gave grants to expand wired and wireless service in technologically neglected regions Gave digital textbooks to people in rural areas
As artificial intelligence advances to near godlike digital superintelligence, Elon Musk warns that it could ______.
Take over the world
According to McKinsey and Company, which position is least likely to be replaced with robots?
Team managers
The broad term referring to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities is called _____.
Technology
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The U.S. federal government agency responsible for most environmental regulation and enforcement.
What was the security concern over Verizon using ID headers, or codes, to uniquely track their customers?
The codes could be tracked even after an individual attempted to delete their digital footprint. Databases of codes could make the consumers more vulnerable to covert tracking and profiling.
Digital Divide
The gap between those that have access to the Internet and those that do not.
Identify examples of the self-reinforcing feature of technology.
The invention of the microprocessor led to modern computers. The invention of the modern computer led to electronic mail.
Some argue that bitcoin is riddled with problems such as ______.
The potential for tax evasion or other types of fraud A general lack of understanding about cryptocurrencies
Phishing
The practice of stealing consumers' personal identity data and financial account credentials by using fake e-mails.
Identify the advantages of using robotics in the workplace.
They tend to lower labor costs. They increase overall productivity. They allow low-skilled workers to perform more complex tasks.
True or False: Technology is either directly or indirectly involved with most changes in society.
True
Spam
Unsolicited e-mails (or junk e-mails) sent in bulk to valid e-mail and mobile accounts.
Biotechnology
Uses biological processes in the development or manufacture of a product or in the technological solution to a problem.
Big Data
When business uses technology to assist in the collection of massive amounts of information about its stakeholders.
Ecologically Sustainable Organization (ESO)
A business that operates in a way that is consistent with the principle of sustainable development. (See also sustainable development.)
The tragedy of the commons is best illustrated by which scenario?
A group of fishermen that each strive to maximize their own catch in their shared fishing area.
The Consumer Products Forum agreed to a goal of "zero net deforestation" by 2020 using which tactics?
Boycotting raw material purchases from companies that cause forest destruction
A firm that distinguishes their reputation based on exemplary sustainability practices is leveraging which competitive advantage?
Brand differentiation
Match the environmental code of conduct for all industries (in the left column) with the group that developed the code (in the right column).
Business Charter for Sustainable Development- International Chamber of Commerce The CERES Principle and Roadmap- Coalition for Environmental Responsible Economies ISO 14000- ISO Greenhouse Gas Protocol- World Resource Institute & World Business Council for Sustainable Development
The maximum population that the Earth's ecosystem can support with current technology is called ______.
Carrying capacity
Climate Change
Changes in the Earth's climate caused by increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other pollutants produced by human activity.
To balance the Earth's carrying capacity with human demands, which strategies are recommended?
Charging a premium for environmentally harmful goods Choosing less harmful products Technological innovation to produce food and energy
Life-Cycle Analysis
Collecting information on the lifelong environmental impact of a product in order to minimize its adverse impacts at all stages, including design, manufacture, use, and disposal.
The effort to prevent inequitable exposure to environmental risk is called _____.
Environmental justice
Ocean acidity is caused by which factors?
Excess carbon dioxide absorbed as carbonic acid A concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
True or False: In all parts of the world, humans are consuming water at a slower pace than it is being replenished by nature.
False
Describe some negative ecological impacts of the agricultural "green revolution."
Higher rates of waste Contamination caused by pesticides
Acid Rain
Rain that is more acidic than normal; occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from utilities, manufactures, and motor vehicles combine with natural water vapor in the air and fall to earth as rain and snow.
Technology Cooperation
Long-term partnerships between companies in developed and developing countries to transfer environmental technologies to attain sustainable development.
Chief Sustainability Officer (CSO)
Manager responsible for the organization's sustainability activities and performance.
Match the stage of corporate environmental responsibility on the left with its matching key elements on the right.
Pollution prevention- Minimizing or eliminating waste before it is created Product stewardship- Focusing on all environmental impacts associated with the product's life cycle Clean technology- Innovating technology that supports sustainability
Marine Ecosystems
Oceans and the salt marshes, lagoons, and tidal zones that border them, as well as the diverse communities of life that they support
HP's life-cycle analysis revealed that most greenhouse gases were created at what point in their product lifecycles?
Once they were in consumer's hands
According to the Global Footprint Network, human society is using resources faster and creating more waste at the unsustainable rate of ______.
One and a half times the capacity
Ecosystem
Plants and animals in their natural environment, living together as an interdependent system.
Global population growth impacts the environment in what ways?
Pollution is increased The consumption of natural resources in increased
Place the three stages of corporate environmental responsibility in their correct order starting with the earliest stage.
Pollution prevention Product stewardship Clean technology
Clean Economy
Sectors of the economy that produce goods and services with an environmental benefit.
A market-based cap-and-trade system is accurately described by which statements?
The cap represents the legally permitted emission level. A company can sell tradable permits for the amount they pollute under the cap.
What critical steps must be taken to advance sustainable development?
The nature of consumption must change to favor quality over quantity of goods owned. Economic development must conserve natural resources. There must be a fair and equitable distribution of benefits gained by sustainable practices.
Biodiversity
The number and variety of species and the range of their genetic makeup.
Sustainable development using technology cooperation is accurately described by which statements?
The transfer of environmental technologies to developing countries Long-term partnerships between firms in developed and developing nations
Natural Capital
The world's natural assets, including its geology, soil, air, water, and all living things.
The material sustainability issues of a firm are best described by which statements?
These are sustainability issues that are particularly relevant to a business.
HP addressed their greenhouse gas emissions through project Moonshot by making which changes?
They built servers that used 80 percent less space. They designed servers that use 90 percent less energy.
Since 1994, what has the EPA done to ensure that hazardous waste site locations do not discriminate against disadvantaged communities?
They investigated if state hazardous waste sites violated civil rights laws. They blocked permits that appeared to discriminate against minorities.
Why might an organization wish to engage in an environmental partnership?
To conserve resources To improve environmental quality To draw on the unique strengths of each partner
The belief that when people freely use shared resources and that their freedom will lead to resource destruction is called ______.
Tragedy of the commons
True or False: Supporters of market-based mechanisms to protect the environment believe that the market provides better control than mandated government regulations.
True
True or False: The most sustainable organizations tie the compensation of their managers, including line managers, to environmental achievement and take steps to recognize these achievements publicly.
True