Quiz 3
Adele Reinhartz
-"The Gospel of John and the 'Parting of the Ways' -Gospel of John written in a place called Ephesus. A massive riff between Jews and Jewish Christians happened in Ephesus (before John wrote). She argues that John's gospel was written in response to the split.
"Do you not know that you are God's temple and that God's Spirit dwells in you?[a] 17 If anyone destroys God's temple, God will destroy that person. For God's temple is holy, and you are that temple. 18 Do not deceive yourselves. If you think that you are wise in this age, you should become fools so that you may become wise. 19 For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. For it is written, "He catches the wise in their craftiness," 20 and again, "The Lord knows the thoughts of the wise, that they are futile." 21 So let no one boast about human leaders. For all things are yours, 22 whether Paul or Apollos or Cephas or the world or life or death or the present or the future—all belong to you, 23 and you belong to Christ, and Christ belongs to God."
-1 Cor 3:16-23 -making argument that church is the person, not the building
"To the married I give this command—not I but the Lord—that the wife should not separate from her husband 11 (but if she does separate, let her remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband), and that the husband should not divorce his wife. 12 To the rest I say—I and not the Lord—that if any believer[a] has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she consents to live with him, he should not divorce her. 13 And if any woman has a husband who is an unbeliever, and he consents to live with her, she should not divorce him. 14 For the unbelieving husband is made holy through his wife, and the unbelieving wife is made holy through her husband. Otherwise, your children would be unclean, but as it is, they are holy. 15 But if the unbelieving partner separates, let it be so; in such a case the brother or sister is not bound. It is to peace that God has called you.[b] 16 Wife, for all you know, you might save your husband. Husband, for all you know, you might save your wife."
-1 Cor 7:10-16 -Paul can tell the difference of when God is giving instruction to church vs when he is giving instruction to church
"Now concerning the matters about which you wrote: "It is well for a man not to touch a woman." 2 But because of cases of sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband. 3 The husband should give to his wife her conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband. 4 For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does; likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. 5 Do not deprive one another except perhaps by agreement for a set time, to devote yourselves to prayer, and then come together again, so that Satan may not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. 6 This I say by way of concession, not of command."
-1 Corinth 7:1-6 -churches that he founded communicated w Paul to ask him different questions -1 Corinth is Paul's responses to these questions/concerns is part of what makes up 1 Corinth -for biblical writers, separate can be equal, and ownership is the means to freedom -Christ owns your body; if you sleep with prostitute, its like Christ sleeping with prostitution
"4 For we know, brothers and sisters[a] beloved by God, that he has chosen you, 5 because our message of the gospel came to you not in word only, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction; just as you know what kind of persons we proved to be among you for your sake. 6 And you became imitators of us and of the Lord, for in spite of persecution you received the word with joy inspired by the Holy Spirit, 7 so that you became an example to all the believers in Macedonia and in Achaia. 8 For the word of the Lord has sounded forth from you not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but in every place your faith in God has become known, so that we have no need to speak about it. 9 For the people of those regions[b] report about us what kind of welcome we had among you, and how you turned to God from idols, to serve a living and true God, 10 and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead—Jesus, who rescues us from the wrath that is coming."
-1 Thess 1:4-10 -summary of gospel and its requirements -this community seems to be a model with how to handle persecution and the message -v. 10--> Parousia--> coming/appearance of a diety, in particular connection to Christ's second coming
"But we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters,[a] about those who have died,[b] so that you may not grieve as others do who have no hope. 14 For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so, through Jesus, God will bring with him those who have died.[c] 15 For this we declare to you by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will by no means precede those who have died.[d] 16 For the Lord himself, with a cry of command, with the archangel's call and with the sound of God's trumpet, will descend from heaven, and the dead in Christ will rise first. 17 Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air; and so we will be with the Lord forever. 18 Therefore encourage one another with these words."
-1 Thess 4:13-18 -the rapture comes from here -no idea where Paul got this from -everyone alive when Christ returns is saved--> those who are already dead will be saved too
Third heaven--> Pauls relevatory experience known as ecstatic (out of body)
-2 Cor 12:1-10
"But thanks be to God, who in Christ always leads us in triumphal procession, and through us spreads in every place the fragrance that comes from knowing him. 15 For we are the aroma of Christ to God among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing; 16 to the one a fragrance from death to death, to the other a fragrance from life to life. Who is sufficient for these things? 17 For we are not peddlers of God's word like so many;[a] but in Christ we speak as persons of sincerity, as persons sent from God and standing in his presence."
-2 Cor 4 -Paul describes other apostles as "peddlers of God's word" -peddler has negative connotation, paul trying to discredit and disqualify other preachers of the Gospel -continues to emphasize everything temporal and physical is less important than everything spiritual and eternal
"From now on, therefore, we regard no one from a human point of view;[a] even though we once knew Christ from a human point of view,[b] we know him no longer in that way. 17 So if anyone is in Christ, there is a new creation: everything old has passed away; see, everything has become new! 18 All this is from God, who reconciled us to himself through Christ, and has given us the ministry of reconciliation; 19 that is, in Christ God was reconciling the world to himself,[c] not counting their trespasses against them, and entrusting the message of reconciliation to us. 20 So we are ambassadors for Christ, since God is making his appeal through us; we entreat you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God. 21 For our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God."
-2 Cor 5 -Summary of Pauline theo -Gives glimpse of what Paul thinks death of Christ means -Human POV is bad bc is is alsways limited and cant capture the divine -reconciled/reconciliation--> repair in broken relationship taking place -christ pays your dept w/ God as imbalanced to him on your behalf--> only christ matters for salvation -Christ became sin and was killed so we could be the rightwousness of God in him
1 Cor
-3 reasons why Paul wrote letter 1. Reports of dissension 2. reports of sexual misconduct 3. letter from church seeking guidance on specific questions -Man with control over wife, wife with control over husband -Flesh vs. spirit -temple
Book of Acts and Pauline Letters dates
-35CE to 65CE
Divisions Pauline Epistles
-7 undisputed letters--> all definitely belong to Paul -3 "Deutero (disputed)- Pauline leters--> split between if they are actually Paul or one of his disciples -3 Pastoral epistles--> final two groups of letters sometimes describes at "pseudonymous"
"His parents said this because they were afraid of the Jews; for the Jews had already agreed that anyone who confessed Jesus[a] to be the Messiah[b] would be put out of the synagogue."
-9:22 -Parting of the ways
Then certain individuals came down from Judea and were teaching the brothers, "Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved." 2 And after Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and debate with them, Paul and Barnabas and some of the others were appointed to go up to Jerusalem to discuss this question with the apostles and the elders. 3 So they were sent on their way by the church, and as they passed through both Phoenicia and Samaria, they reported the conversion of the Gentiles, and brought great joy to all the believers.[a] 4 When they came to Jerusalem, they were welcomed by the church and the apostles and the elders, and they reported all that God had done with them. 5 But some believers who belonged to the sect of the Pharisees stood up and said, "It is necessary for them to be circumcised and ordered to keep the law of Moses."
-Acts 15:1-5 -reason for dispute -Problem? Do believers in Christ have to be circumcised first? ie) How much of the Jewish tradition to the Gentile converts have to follow?\ -v. 5- fine point before they split permanently -Some say why do we care, no difference to me. Others say I had to do more for the same result.
" Then the apostles and the elders, with the consent of the whole church, decided to choose men from among their members[a] and to send them to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas. They sent Judas called Barsabbas, and Silas, leaders among the brothers, 23 with the following letter: "The brothers, both the apostles and the elders, to the believers[b] of Gentile origin in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia, greetings. 24 Since we have heard that certain persons who have gone out from us, though with no instructions from us, have said things to disturb you and have unsettled your minds,[c] 25 we have decided unanimously to choose representatives[d] and send them to you, along with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, 26 who have risked their lives for the sake of our Lord Jesus Christ. 27 We have therefore sent Judas and Silas, who themselves will tell you the same things by word of mouth. 28 For it has seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to impose on you no further burden than these essentials: 29 that you abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what is strangled[e] and from fornication. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well. Farewell."
-Acts 15:22-29 -Final Decision -Stunningly revisionist -reduced all of Hebrew Bible to 4 things: 1. Abstain from idols/sacrifice 2. abstain from blood 3. Abstain from strangle (some manuscripts don't include) 4. No sex unless married -Model for how consensus is reached in the church. Also pattern for how Western world accumulates knowledge (people voted on whether Pluto was a planet)
While staying[a] with them, he ordered them not to leave Jerusalem, but to wait there for the promise of the Father. "This," he said, "is what you have heard from me; 5 for John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with[b] the Holy Spirit not many days from now." 6 So when they had come together, they asked him, "Lord, is this the time when you will restore the kingdom to Israel?" 7 He replied, "It is not for you to know the times or periods that the Father has set by his own authority. 8 But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth." 9 When he had said this, as they were watching, he was lifted up, and a cloud took him out of their sight. 10 While he was going and they were gazing up toward heaven, suddenly two men in white robes stood by them. 11 They said, "Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking up toward heaven? This Jesus, who has been taken up from you into heaven, will come in the same way as you saw him go into heaven."
-Acts 1:4-11 -similar and different to the account that concludes Luke -Similarities: Jesus ascends into heaven -differences: in acts, disciples respond to Jesus. John the Baptist is mentioned. two men white robes appear. -
"So they called them and ordered them not to speak or teach at all in the name of Jesus. 19 But Peter and John answered them, "Whether it is right in God's sight to listen to you rather than to God, you must judge; 20 for we cannot keep from speaking about what we have seen and heard." 21 After threatening them again, they let them go, finding no way to punish them because of the people, for all of them praised God for what had happened. 22 For the man on whom this sign of healing had been performed was more than forty years old."
-Acts 4:18-22 -Officers arrest disciples--> first time bible records Christian persecution. How did disciples respond? Peter filled with Holy Spirit,
Gamaliel
-Acts 5 -pharisee in council, Paul's teacher -argues high priest should stop persecuting apostles -movements like this usually die one the reader dies so if it does die its human lead, won't if lead by God -suggests Pharisees and Sadduccees take their hands off the Christian movement
"Meanwhile Saul, still breathing threats and murder against the disciples of the Lord, went to the high priest 2 and asked him for letters to the synagogues at Damascus, so that if he found any who belonged to the Way, men or women, he might bring them bound to Jerusalem. 3 Now as he was going along and approaching Damascus, suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him. 4 He fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to him, "Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" 5 He asked, "Who are you, Lord?" The reply came, "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. 6 But get up and enter the city, and you will be told what you are to do." 7 The men who were traveling with him stood speechless because they heard the voice but saw no one. 8 Saul got up from the ground, and though his eyes were open, he could see nothing; so they led him by the hand and brought him into Damascus. 9 For three days he was without sight, and neither ate nor drank. 10 Now there was a disciple in Damascus named Ananias. The Lord said to him in a vision, "Ananias." He answered, "Here I am, Lord." 11 The Lord said to him, "Get up and go to the street called Straight, and at the house of Judas look for a man of Tarsus named Saul. At this moment he is praying, 12 and he has seen in a vision[a] a man named Ananias come in and lay his hands on him so that he might regain his sight." 13 But Ananias answered, "Lord, I have heard from many about this man, how much evil he has done to your saints in Jerusalem; 14 and here he has authority from the chief priests to bind all who invoke your name." 15 But the Lord said to him, "Go, for he is an instrument whom I have chosen to bring my name before Gentiles and kings and before the people of Israel; 16 I myself will show him how much he must suffer for the sake of my name." 17 So Ananias went and entered the house. He laid his hands on Saul[b] and said, "Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus, who appeared to you on your way here, has sent me so that you may regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit." 18 And immediately something like scales fell from his eyes, and his sight was restored. Then he got up and was baptized, 19 and after taking some food, he regained his strength."
-Acts 9:1-19 -Paul's conversion (Saul) -
Writers of Acts and Thess disagree on what Paul did
-Acts say he wanted to turn Jews to Christians -1 Cor say he was all about Gentiles
Elements of Ancient letters
-Author -Addressee/Recipient -Greeting/Prayer for Recipient -Body of Letter -Closing ** Galatians doesn't follow this pattern
Gospel of John
-Divided into two sections: 1. Book of signs (1-12) 2. Book of glory (13-21) -Last gospel written (95 AD, 60 Years after crucifixion) -Doesn't fit four source synoptic model
Why then the law? It was added because of transgressions, until the offspring[a] would come to whom the promise had been made; and it was ordained through angels by a mediator. 20 Now a mediator involves more than one party; but God is one. 21 Is the law then opposed to the promises of God? Certainly not! For if a law had been given that could make alive, then righteousness would indeed come through the law. 22 But the scripture has imprisoned all things under the power of sin, so that what was promised through faith in Jesus Christ[b] might be given to those who believe. 23 Now before faith came, we were imprisoned and guarded under the law until faith would be revealed. 24 Therefore the law was our disciplinarian until Christ came, so that we might be justified by faith. 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer subject to a disciplinarian, 26 for in Christ Jesus you are all children of God through faith. 27 As many of you as were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. 28 There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus. 29 And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's offspring,[c] heirs according to the promise.
-Gal 3:19-29 -According to Paul, the law is good because it kept everyone in line before Christ. -v. 24--> law was a disciplinarian (pedagagos)--> means teacher/instructor, has some good, but its good is limited -Paul will never say law is bad, just that it has a limited function that ends once someone enters faith w/ Christ -v. 27-28--> baptismal formula; all are one in Christ Jesus (absolutely nothing to do with equality, arguing how the world is divided and fundamentally changed) Once we are in Christ, divisions don't matter. Just those that are justified in faith in Christ and those that are not.
Galatians identifiers
-Galatians -salvation -purpose of the law
"Then Jesus cried aloud: "Whoever believes in me believes not in me but in him who sent me. 45 And whoever sees me sees him who sent me. 46 I have come as light into the world, so that everyone who believes in me should not remain in the darkness. 47 I do not judge anyone who hears my words and does not keep them, for I came not to judge the world, but to save the world. 48 The one who rejects me and does not receive my word has a judge; on the last day the word that I have spoken will serve as judge, 49 for I have not spoken on my own, but the Father who sent me has himself given me a commandment about what to say and what to speak. 50 And I know that his commandment is eternal life. What I speak, therefore, I speak just as the Father has told me."
-John 12:44-50 -conclusion of book of signs and summary of his teachings -rejection of Jesus
"We ourselves are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners; 16 yet we know that a person is justified[a] not by the works of the law but through faith in Jesus Christ.[b] And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we might be justified by faith in Christ,[c] and not by doing the works of the law, because no one will be justified by the works of the law. 17 But if, in our effort to be justified in Christ, we ourselves have been found to be sinners, is Christ then a servant of sin? Certainly not! 18 But if I build up again the very things that I once tore down, then I demonstrate that I am a transgressor. 19 For through the law I died to the law, so that I might live to God. I have been crucified with Christ; 20 and it is no longer I who live, but it is Christ who lives in me. And the life I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God,[d] who loved me and gave himself for me. 21 I do not nullify the grace of God; for if justification[e] comes through the law, then Christ died for nothing."
-Galatians 2:15-21 -soteriology -most succinct version of salvation for Paul -Paul keeps using the words "to be justified"--> making argument for something -what is the justification for our innocence before God? --> this innocence only comes with faith in Christ -v. 20--> argues if crucified with christ, you no longer live but Christ, who lives in me --> Holy Spirit living in you
"You were running well; who prevented you from obeying the truth? Such persuasion does not come from the one who calls you. A little yeast leavens the whole batch of dough. I am confident about you in the Lord that you will not think otherwise. But whoever it is that is confusing you will pay the penalty. 11 But my friends,[a] why am I still being persecuted if I am still preaching circumcision? In that case the offense of the cross has been removed. 12 I wish those who unsettle you would castrate themselves!"
-Galatians 5:7-12 -Paul identifies two things that are important for the church 1. If you let any heresy in, entire thing will be corrupted 2if you have made it that circumcision is what Christians have to do, then you are making belief that Christ's death on the cross and resurrection are unimportant
Acts identifiers
-Gamaliel -disciples arrested -Pharisees/Sadduccees -Saul, Damascus, Ananias
High Christology
-How exalted a view of God do you hold? -Christ as a creator -John has the highest Christology of all gospels -Low christology--> christ less divine, more human
"Many of the Jews therefore, who had come with Mary and had seen what Jesus did, believed in him. 46 But some of them went to the Pharisees and told them what he had done. 47 So the chief priests and the Pharisees called a meeting of the council, and said, "What are we to do? This man is performing many signs. 48 If we let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come and destroy both our holy place[a] and our nation." 49 But one of them, Caiaphas, who was high priest that year, said to them, "You know nothing at all! 50 You do not understand that it is better for you to have one man die for the people than to have the whole nation destroyed." 51 He did not say this on his own, but being high priest that year he prophesied that Jesus was about to die for the nation, 52 and not for the nation only, but to gather into one the dispersed children of God. 53 So from that day on they planned to put him to death. Jesus therefore no longer walked about openly among the Jews, but went from there to a town called Ephraim in the region near the wilderness; and he remained there with the disciples."
-Jewish rejection and leaders' plot to kill Jesus -Jesus' death told in prophecy by Caiaphus (11:54) also in prologue (1:11)
"For this reason the Father loves me, because I lay down my life in order to take it up again. 18 No one takes[a] it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it up again. I have received this command from my Father."
-John 10:17-18 -one of the first allusions to crucifixion. Continues rehabilitation of Jesus' image -crucifixion isn't something that happens to Jesus, its something Jesus chooses for himself. Shows how much power and control Jesus has. -only gospel of john has jesus lay down his own life like that
"Jesus said to her, "Your brother will rise again." 24 Martha said to him, "I know that he will rise again in the resurrection on the last day." 25 Jesus said to her, "I am the resurrection and the life.[a] Those who believe in me, even though they die, will live, 26 and everyone who lives and believes in me will never die. Do you believe this?" 27 She said to him, "Yes, Lord, I believe that you are the Messiah,[b] the Son of God, the one coming into the world."
-John 11:23-27 -Matha's confession--> realized eschatology -Part of Lazarus story, he is dead for 4 days and Jesus brings him back to life. Jesus says "I am the resurrection and the life" -Jesus can bring Lazarus back and also end his own life. Annoys people because people are now following Jesus.
'When he had gone out, Jesus said, "Now the Son of Man has been glorified, and God has been glorified in him. 32 If God has been glorified in him,[a] God will also glorify him in himself and will glorify him at once. 33 Little children, I am with you only a little longer. You will look for me; and as I said to the Jews so now I say to you, 'Where I am going, you cannot come.' 34 I give you a new commandment, that you love one another. Just as I have loved you, you also should love one another. 35 By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another."
-John 13:31-35 -crucifixion=glorification -from this point forward, John's gospel will emphasize love and obedience (love means loyalty in this context)
"Jesus said to him, "I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. 7 If you know me, you will know[a] my Father also. From now on you do know him and have seen him." 8 Philip said to him, "Lord, show us the Father, and we will be satisfied." 9 Jesus said to him, "Have I been with you all this time, Philip, and you still do not know me? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father. How can you say, 'Show us the Father'? 10 Do you not believe that I am in the Father and the Father is in me? The words that I say to you I do not speak on my own; but the Father who dwells in me does his works. 11 Believe me that I am in the Father and the Father is in me; but if you do not, then believe me because of the works themselves. 12 Very truly, I tell you, the one who believes in me will also do the works that I do and, in fact, will do greater works than these, because I am going to the Father. 13 I will do whatever you ask in my name, so that the Father may be glorified in the Son. 14 If in my name you ask me[b] for anything, I will do it.
-John 14:6-14 -most famous I AM statement of Jesus -Christ, I will do whatever you ask in my name -divine authorization: if you follow Christ, you will receive divine faith (cause everything God did was authorized)
"If the world hates you, be aware that it hated me before it hated you. 19 If you belonged to the world,[a] the world would love you as its own. Because you do not belong to the world, but I have chosen you out of the world—therefore the world hates you. 20 Remember the word that I said to you, 'Servants[b] are not greater than their master.' If they persecuted me, they will persecute you; if they kept my word, they will keep yours also. 21 But they will do all these things to you on account of my name, because they do not know him who sent me. 22 If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not have sin; but now they have no excuse for their sin. 23 Whoever hates me hates my Father also. 24 If I had not done among them the works that no one else did, they would not have sin. But now they have seen and hated both me and my Father. 25 It was to fulfill the word that is written in their law, 'They hated me without a cause.' 26 "When the Advocate[c] comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth who comes from the Father, he will testify on my behalf. 27 You also are to testify because you have been with me from the beginning."
-John 15:18-27 -if the world hates you, that's good because you love God and God loves you. Dichotomy set up with Good on one side and world on the other. If you pick God's side, world will hate you and do you harm, this brings you closer to god. -v.26--> The "advocate" is one of the functions of the Holy Spirit. John says Advocate=royal advisor (kind of like the opposite of Satan) - gospel of Luke is the only one that lineates Holy Spirit
"After Jesus had spoken these words, he looked up to heaven and said, "Father, the hour has come; glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you, 2 since you have given him authority over all people,[a] to give eternal life to all whom you have given him. 3 And this is eternal life, that they may know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent. 4 I glorified you on earth by finishing the work that you gave me to do. 5 So now, Father, glorify me in your own presence with the glory that I had in your presence before the world existed. 6 "I have made your name known to those whom you gave me from the world. They were yours, and you gave them to me, and they have kept your word. 7 Now they know that everything you have given me is from you; 8 for the words that you gave to me I have given to them, and they have received them and know in truth that I came from you; and they have believed that you sent me."
-John 17:1-8 -John is strict--> one way always -Christ and god are one, always pick Christ (exclusionary argument) -In Jesus' farewell prayer, not only to current community but future community into eternity--> another way of John illustrating high Christology -continues love and unity themes -within 72 hours of being crucified, doesn't focus on this, shows how in control God is
"After Jesus had spoken these words, he went out with his disciples across the Kidron valley to a place where there was a garden, which he and his disciples entered. 2 Now Judas, who betrayed him, also knew the place, because Jesus often met there with his disciples. 3 So Judas brought a detachment of soldiers together with police from the chief priests and the Pharisees, and they came there with lanterns and torches and weapons. 4 Then Jesus, knowing all that was to happen to him, came forward and asked them, "Whom are you looking for?" 5 They answered, "Jesus of Nazareth."[a] Jesus replied, "I am he."[b] Judas, who betrayed him, was standing with them. 6 When Jesus[c] said to them, "I am he,"[d] they stepped back and fell to the ground. 7 Again he asked them, "Whom are you looking for?" And they said, "Jesus of Nazareth."[e] 8 Jesus answered, "I told you that I am he.[f] So if you are looking for me, let these men go." 9 This was to fulfill the word that he had spoken, "I did not lose a single one of those whom you gave me." 10 Then Simon Peter, who had a sword, drew it, struck the high priest's slave, and cut off his right ear. The slave's name was Malchus. 11 Jesus said to Peter, "Put your sword back into its sheath. Am I not to drink the cup that the Father has given me?"
-John 18:1-11 -Jesus about to get arrested and tortured, Peter injures one of his killers, Jesus heals this man and gets mad at peter for hurting him -high christology--> Christ being described as being more like God--> Jesus strong and courageous in mark and John
"And the Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father's only son,[a] full of grace and truth."
-John 1:14 -distinctive Christian formulation -word becoming flesh; once pure good/truth gets mixed with human flesh, it is destroyed. -Jesus is in fact the revelation of the Father. In the person of Jesus, you're seen God himself. John is the only gospel that says so.
What evidence does gospel give that shows that it was a physical human that resurrected?
-John 20-21 -Linen that was on Jesus' head was rolled up and placed in a different spot -Jesus coming to talk to many -two angels in tomb -tomb left open -holes in hands that Thomas feels
"On the third day there was a wedding in Cana of Galilee, and the mother of Jesus was there. 2 Jesus and his disciples had also been invited to the wedding. 3 When the wine gave out, the mother of Jesus said to him, "They have no wine." 4 And Jesus said to her, "Woman, what concern is that to you and to me? My hour has not yet come." 5 His mother said to the servants, "Do whatever he tells you." 6 Now standing there were six stone water jars for the Jewish rites of purification, each holding twenty or thirty gallons. 7 Jesus said to them, "Fill the jars with water." And they filled them up to the brim. 8 He said to them, "Now draw some out, and take it to the chief steward." So they took it. 9 When the steward tasted the water that had become wine, and did not know where it came from (though the servants who had drawn the water knew), the steward called the bridegroom 10 and said to him, "Everyone serves the good wine first, and then the inferior wine after the guests have become drunk. But you have kept the good wine until now." 11 Jesus did this, the first of his signs, in Cana of Galilee, and revealed his glory; and his disciples believed in him."
-John 2:1-11 -wedding feast at Cana only in John, God is involved in mundane things/petty tasks -turning water into wine
"For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him may not perish but may have eternal life. Indeed, God did not send the Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him. 18 Those who believe in him are not condemned; but those who do not believe are condemned already, because they have not believed in the name of the only Son of God. 19 And this is the judgment, that the light has come into the world, and people loved darkness rather than light because their deeds were evil. 20 For all who do evil hate the light and do not come to the light, so that their deeds may not be exposed. 21 But those who do what is true come to the light, so that it may be clearly seen that their deeds have been done in God."
-John 3:16-21 -Realized Eschatology v. 18-18 -John says the end time is settled right here, right now -John has most exclusive claims on Christian membership because of his high Christology (must be absolutely loyal to Christ, if you fail to be, you will be condemned. God was sent to this world for the world's benefit. if we reject this benefit, we will be condemned.
19 The woman said to him, "Sir, I see that you are a prophet. 20 Our ancestors worshiped on this mountain, but you[a] say that the place where people must worship is in Jerusalem." 21 Jesus said to her, "Woman, believe me, the hour is coming when you will worship the Father neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem. 22 You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews. 23 But the hour is coming, and is now here, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth, for the Father seeks such as these to worship him. 24 God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth." 25 The woman said to him, "I know that Messiah is coming" (who is called Christ). "When he comes, he will proclaim all things to us." 26 Jesus said to her, "I am he,[b] the one who is speaking to you."
-John 4:19-26 -Samaritan vs Jewish tension--> distinction between these no longer applies, all that matters now is your allegiance with Christ -to worship someone is to submit to that person's authority
"Do not think that I will accuse you before the Father; your accuser is Moses, on whom you have set your hope. 46 If you believed Moses, you would believe me, for he wrote about me. 47 But if you do not believe what he wrote, how will you believe what I say?"
-John 5:45-47 -interpretive strategies of the early Christians -Christ and God one in the same, how early church understood literature -john 5= holy trinity all the same -Jesus arguing "if you understand the torah, everything Moses said was about me. Everything that was once thought to be sacred and Jewish is actually about Jesus."
"Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to me will never be hungry, and whoever believes in me will never be thirsty." "Then the Jews began to complain about him because he said, "I am the bread that came down from heaven."
-John 6: 35, 41 -'I am' statements (ONLY in gospel of John) -gloss interpretive comments -feeding of 5000 men associated with Jesus as bread of life/heaven -Roman officials feel threatened by Jesus when he does this because he can take care of these men food wise. If he can take care of them, why do people need the Romans?
"When many of his disciples heard it, they said, "This teaching is difficult; who can accept it?" 61 But Jesus, being aware that his disciples were complaining about it, said to them, "Does this offend you? 62 Then what if you were to see the Son of Man ascending to where he was before? 63 It is the spirit that gives life; the flesh is useless. The words that I have spoken to you are spirit and life. 64 But among you there are some who do not believe." For Jesus knew from the first who were the ones that did not believe, and who was the one that would betray him. 65 And he said, "For this reason I have told you that no one can come to me unless it is granted by the Father." 66 Because of this many of his disciples turned back and no longer went about with him. 67 So Jesus asked the twelve, "Do you also wish to go away?" 68 Simon Peter answered him, "Lord, to whom can we go? You have the words of eternal life. 69 We have come to believe and know that you are the Holy One of God."[a] 70 Jesus answered them, "Did I not choose you, the twelve? Yet one of you is a devil." 71 He was speaking of Judas son of Simon Iscariot,[b] for he, though one of the twelve, was going to betray him."
-John 6:60-71 -Peter's confession -confession in John: no messianic secret (aspect of Jesus' identity that is supposed to be a secret(in all other three)), no betrayal, No keys for Peter. Peter blessed in Matthew -John's confession of Peter is intended to show how Jesus is different and more exalted than in other gospels
Let the same mind be in you that was[a] in Christ Jesus, 6 who, though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with God as something to be exploited, 7 but emptied himself, taking the form of a slave, being born in human likeness. And being found in human form, 8 he humbled himself and became obedient to the point of death— even death on a cross. 9 Therefore God also highly exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bend, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
-Phillippians 2:5-11 -Paul taking an existing hymn and folding it into his letter (existing psalm/poem) -serve as encouragement for people, how could Christ falling in the worst possible way be a comfort? Part of why suffering is beneficial is because it allows you to experience what Christ did -suffering sets up exaltation -if you are to lose everything for Christ then you will gain everything that Christ gained
"They answered him, "Abraham is our father." Jesus said to them, "If you were Abraham's children, you would be doing[a] what Abraham did, 40 but now you are trying to kill me, a man who has told you the truth that I heard from God. This is not what Abraham did. 41 You are indeed doing what your father does." They said to him, "We are not illegitimate children; we have one father, God himself." 42 Jesus said to them, "If God were your Father, you would love me, for I came from God and now I am here. I did not come on my own, but he sent me. 43 Why do you not understand what I say? It is because you cannot accept my word. 44 You are from your father the devil, and you choose to do your father's desires. He was a murderer from the beginning and does not stand in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks according to his own nature, for he is a liar and the father of lies. 45 But because I tell the truth, you do not believe me. 46 Which of you convicts me of sin? If I tell the truth, why do you not believe me? 47 Whoever is from God hears the words of God. The reason you do not hear them is that you are not from God." 48 The Jews answered him, "Are we not right in saying that you are a Samaritan and have a demon?" 49 Jesus answered, "I do not have a demon; but I honor my Father, and you dishonor me. 50 Yet I do not seek my own glory; there is one who seeks it and he is the judge."
-John 8:39-50 -Abraham is a patriarch of the Jews. Argument between Jesus and Abraham. -all jews who are speaking, their father is the devil and they are choosing him. -Jesus identifying entire group of ppl belonging to devil no middle ground for John's gospel, so everything is binary, you either are of God or you're not. -jews label is more global here than it is in synoptics -parting of the ways
Philemon
-Letter written to an individual who is the head of a church in his house. -Should Christians own slaves? Should Christians be slaves? -Onesimus: Slave who met Paul while both in prison. He becomes Christian by Paul's teachings. Paul writes letter to Philemon saying he should no longer be a slave. -v. 17-21--> Philemon most quoted text over whether slavery was lawful or unlawful
Corinth
-Like Vegas, place where everyone went to go wild -large cosmopolitan city -lots of travelers came in and out -prostitution capital -Issues arising in Corinth -Married man sleeping w/ mother in law -visiting prostitutes -dissent among congregants (using one another) -disorderly serivces -questions about resurrection
"Then he said to them, "These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you—that everything written about me in the law of Moses, the prophets, and the psalms must be fulfilled." 45 Then he opened their minds to understand the scriptures, 46 and he said to them, "Thus it is written, that the Messiah[a] is to suffer and to rise from the dead on the third day, 47 and that repentance and forgiveness of sins is to be proclaimed in his name to all nations, beginning from Jerusalem. 48 You are witnesses[b] of these things. 49 And see, I am sending upon you what my Father promised; so stay here in the city until you have been clothed with power from on high."
-Luke 24:44-49 -Jesus' final instructions -Luke's Christology: Fulfillment of prophets and psalms--> not seperate of Jewish faith -Luke's ecclesiology--> church centered in Jerusalem but is universal -repentance--> to change one's mindset
"You foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly exhibited as crucified! 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Having started with the Spirit, are you now ending with the flesh? 4 Did you experience so much for nothing?—if it really was for nothing. 5 Well then, does God[a] supply you with the Spirit and work miracles among you by your doing the works of the law, or by your believing what you heard?"
-Most acerbic (pissed off) tone -Paul's ministry being contested--> rise of rivals -Paul wants to know why the believe any gospel that walks by
missing elements in John
-No birth story -No baptism by JTB -no temptation by Satan -no parables or exorcisms -no institution of Lord's supper -few references to Kingdon or Jesus' second coming
Philippians
-Paul wrote these letters from prison, may contain several letters (Polycorp)--> follows standard epistle form
Acts 2-5
-Pentacost: demonstrates Luke's universality and inclusiveness. Enabling the Holy Spirit makes it possible. From this point on, nothing will happen unless Holy Spirit authorizes it -God reversing Tower of Babel (from OT) in Acts. God unifying people from when he once scattered them. -Luke trying to distance himself from modern Jews. -Pattern in Luke/Acts--> major characters will always give sermons that summarize the gospel. Same pattern in DtrH- argued that its done on purpose. -pairing od repentance/baptism
Acts 10-11
-Peter has vision of shit coming down from heaven with unclean animals. God says to eat them and to not say something he has made is unclean. Symbolizes that Gentiles should be let into the church (Gentles used to be seen as unclean, Jews as clean). -
even though I, too, have reason for confidence in the flesh. If anyone else has reason to be confident in the flesh, I have more: 5 circumcised on the eighth day, a member of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew born of Hebrews; as to the law, a Pharisee; 6 as to zeal, a persecutor of the church; as to righteousness under the law, blameless. 7 Yet whatever gains I had, these I have come to regard as loss because of Christ. 8 More than that, I regard everything as loss because of the surpassing value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord. For his sake I have suffered the loss of all things, and I regard them as rubbish, in order that I may gain Christ 9 and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the law, but one that comes through faith in Christ,[a] the righteousness from God based on faith. 10 I want to know Christ[b] and the power of his resurrection and the sharing of his sufferings by becoming like him in his death, 11 if somehow I may attain the resurrection from the dead.
-Philippians 3:4-11 -autobiography -How does Paul describe his membership in Judaism? Paul's Jewish Resume -Paul doesn't say Judaism or the law itself is shit, but compared to Christ it is shit
Then Peter began to speak to them: "I truly understand that God shows no partiality, 35 but in every nation anyone who fears him and does what is right is acceptable to him. 36 You know the message he sent to the people of Israel, preaching peace by Jesus Christ—he is Lord of all. 37 That message spread throughout Judea, beginning in Galilee after the baptism that John announced: 38 how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with power; how he went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with him. 39 We are witnesses to all that he did both in Judea and in Jerusalem. They put him to death by hanging him on a tree; 40 but God raised him on the third day and allowed him to appear, 41 not to all the people but to us who were chosen by God as witnesses, and who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead. 42 He commanded us to preach to the people and to testify that he is the one ordained by God as judge of the living and the dead. 43 All the prophets testify about him that everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name." Gentiles Receive the Holy Spirit 44 While Peter was still speaking, the Holy Spirit fell upon all who heard the word. 45 The circumcised believers who had come with Peter were astounded that the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out even on the Gentiles, 46 for they heard them speaking in tongues and extolling God. Then Peter said, 47 "Can anyone withhold the water for baptizing these people who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?" 48 So he ordered them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they invited him to stay for several days.
-Universality of Christian Mission -evidence of Holy Spirit and Baptism required for entrance into the church -Admission of Gentiles is a major focus of acts (uncircumcised, non-Jewish)
dualism
-apocalypticisim and imminent eschatology -flesh and spirit -
Acts 1
-begins with prologue similar to Luke 1:1-4 -both addressed to Theophilus -Acts mentions gospel of Luke -Acts picks up where Luke leaves off (all support idea that they are one)
Acts 3-4
-disciples heal a man so he can walk again, there were witnesses to this miracle -"he blessed the man"--> what Jesus would do is give them blessing/healing, not gold/riches -Officers arrest disciples--> first time bible records Christian persecution. How did disciples respond? Peter filled with Holy Spirit, -growing exclusivity of Luke--> only way in is through way of Jesus
kenosis
-emptying
The Great Exchange
-image building off of 2 Cor 5:21, we give God our sin, he gives us his righteousness -in Paul's weakness, Christ is made stronger understanding nature and importance of suffereing -
Acts 8-9
-intro to Paul -Holy Spirit as legitimating and confirming conversions -Ethiopian Eunuch conversion
Paul's letters info
-occasional, not universal -written to address specific problems -tone of how Paul addresses one community is different from the next -Stressed/frustrated when writing Galatians -1 Thessalonians written first
I Thessolonians
-oldest book in new testament -tone of letters is calm/nice/friendly as Paul will ever be -
Sadduccees
-one faction within Judaism -no belief in resurrection -more elite socioeconomic hierarchy
Pharisees
-one faction within Judaism -belief in resurrection -Paul was a Pharisee -diverse/lower class
Romans
-only letter written to a church Paul didnt found -Rhetorical style is Diatribe 1. state thesis 2. imagined opponent raises objections 3. counter those objections
Acts 5
-people lie about profits and keeping money, punishment is that they drop dead. -Peter appears to be leader, reinforces idea that Peter was first pope -Jesus healing the sick--> for Luke, if you have a follower of Jesus, you will do the very things he did -Sadduccees emerge of chief opponents; Pharisees somewhat more sympathetic -Gamaliel a Pharisee
Philippians identifier
-poem form -Paul's jewish resume
Luke Identifiers
-repentence
John Identifiers
-wedding at Cana -I AM statements -Abraham -condemned/judgement -Jesus all powerful and superior, chooses his own crucifixion -Lazarus -glorification/glory
Dualism in John
-world divided into two categories 1. those who believe in Jesus 2. those who don't
Criteria for picking disciples
1. been with group since Jesus' baptism 2. witnessed Jesus with disciples after resurrection (seen Jesus physically)
Logos
Christ as Logos= "word" but means "ordering principle" -belief that God created an entity/being, and that being becomes the foundation for the created order -if you want to know how the world functions, it all collapses on this one entity
Soteriology
John 1:12-13 -study/doctrine of salvation -first place in gospel where we see "if you believe in God you are saved" -faith becomes important -to believe is to trust oneself in something. For the ancients, faith/belief was something tangible. (Ex. for ancient world, sitting in a chair is entrusting faith in the chair)
2 Cor
two primary divisions in 2 Cor 1. 1-9--> Letter of Consolation. Paul's tone is conciliatory, much less inflammatory then we've seen him 2.10-13--> Painful Letter -We think 2 Cor is 5 letters redacted together b/c of different tones -third heaven