Quiz 3 (psychology)

Secondary reinforcer

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Discriminative stimulus

Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Vicious conditioning

Classical conditioning of reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Conditioned taste aversion

Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Conditioned emotional response (CER):

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

Neurofeedback

Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Law of effect

Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Observational Learning

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Latent learning

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Classical conditioning

Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Cognitive perspective:

Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Behavior modification

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Biofeedback

Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Stimulus Generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Stimulus discrimination

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Punishment

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

Reinforcement

Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases that probability that the response will occur again

Reinforcers

Any events or objects that when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

: Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response

Reflex

An involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice

Primary reinforcer

An reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Operant

Any behavior that is voluntary

Higher-order conditioning

Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Stimulus substitution

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

Learning/performance distinction

Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Biological preparedness

Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which he number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which he number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Successive approximations

Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to particular goal behavior

Instinctive drift

Tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Extinction

The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Operant conditioning

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Punishment by removal

The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Positive reinforcement

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Negative reinforcement

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Shaping

The reinforcement of a simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Continuous reinforcement

The reinforcement of each and every correct response

Insight

The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

Learned helplessness:

The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Unconditioned response (UCR):

an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned response (CR):

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Applied behavior analysis (ABA):

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Conditioned Stimulus (CS):

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

Neutral stimulus (NS):

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

Punishment by application

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus