Quiz 3 (psychology)
Secondary reinforcer
Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Discriminative stimulus
Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
Vicious conditioning
Classical conditioning of reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
Conditioned taste aversion
Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
Conditioned emotional response (CER):
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
Neurofeedback
Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
Law of effect
Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
Observational Learning
Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Latent learning
Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Classical conditioning
Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Cognitive perspective:
Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus
Behavior modification
The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
Biofeedback
Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Partial reinforcement effect
the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction
Stimulus Generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
Stimulus discrimination
the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Token economy
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
Punishment
Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.
Reinforcement
Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases that probability that the response will occur again
Reinforcers
Any events or objects that when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again
Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
: Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response
Reflex
An involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice
Primary reinforcer
An reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
Operant
Any behavior that is voluntary
Higher-order conditioning
Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
Stimulus substitution
Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together
Learning/performance distinction
Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
Biological preparedness
Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which he number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which he number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
Successive approximations
Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to particular goal behavior
Instinctive drift
Tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
Extinction
The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)
Operant conditioning
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
Punishment by removal
The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
Positive reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
Negative reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Shaping
The reinforcement of a simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
Continuous reinforcement
The reinforcement of each and every correct response
Insight
The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
Learned helplessness:
The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Unconditioned response (UCR):
an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response (CR):
learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
Applied behavior analysis (ABA):
modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS):
stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus (NS):
stimulus that has no effect on the desired response
Punishment by application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus