Quiz 3 pull from online 1.1
Emphysema can lead to which of the following? a. Digestive alkalosis b. Metabolic acidosis c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Respiratory acidosis e. Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Which of the following does NOT normally play a role in removing protons from the body through the urine? -HPO4- -The amine group of amino acids binding to the H+ -Primary active transport proton pumps -Ammonia from glutamine deamination in the PCT -Na+/H+ antiporters in the PCT
The amine group of amino acids binding to the H+
An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of HCO3- in the blood and a pH of 7.47, this would indicate the individual probably has: -Compensated respiratory acidosis -Uncompensated metabolic acidosis -Compensated respiratory alkalosis -Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis
Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? a. A drop in oncotic pressure b. Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole c. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole d. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole e. An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
A patient presents with severe liver failure, which of the following would NOT be a possible consequence. a. an increase in GFR b. an increase in blood potassium levels c. a decrease in ADH d. a decrease in blood pressure e. a decrease in urine sodium levels
a decrease in urine sodium levels
ADH is inhibited by: a. alkalosis. b. decreased blood pressure. c. increased plasma osmolarity. d. increased blood pressure. e. a wild night and a lot of margaritas.
a wild night and a lot of margaritas.
Functions of the urinary system include a. helping to stabilize blood pH. b. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. c. conservation of valuable nutrients. d. regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. e. all of the above
all of the above
Steven, who had way too many margaritas, has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. a. hydrogen ion b. water c. sodium d. bicarbonate ion e. all of the above
all of the above
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in blood pressure by a. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. b. stimulating thirst. c. causing the release of ADH. d. vasoconstriction. e. all of the above.
all of the above.
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water could result from all of the following except: a. an increase in the production of aldosterone. b. a decrease in blood volume. b. an increase in the release of ANG II. d. a decrease in the osmolarity of the filtrate. e. an increase in the osmolarity of the blood.
an increase in the production of aldosterone.
The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers, which is the proper order from from inside to ouside? a. endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. b. dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule. c. filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. d. fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes. e. podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.
endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.
The macula densa cells respond to: a. changes in pressure in the afferent arteriole. b. antidiuretic hormone. c. changes in solute content of the filtrate. d. aldosterone. e. changes in pressure in the tubule.
changes in solute content of the filtrate.
An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of CO2 in the blood and a pH of 7. 32, this would indicate the individual probably has: a. uncompensated metabolic acidosis. b. compensated respiratory acidosis. c. uncompensated metabolic alkolosis. d. compensated respiratory alkalosis . e. none of the above.
compensated respiratory acidosis
An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of CO2 in the blood and a pH of 7.43, this would indicate the individual probably has: -uncompensated metabolic acidosis -compensated respiratory alkalosis -uncompensated metabolic alkalosis -compensated respiratory acidosis
compensated respiratory acidosis
ANG II does all of the following, except a. constrict the afferent arterial. b. increases potassium secretion. c. constrict the efferent arteriole. d. constrict mesangial cells. e. increases blood pH.
constrict mesangial cells.
The descending limb of the loop of Henle: a. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla. b. is not permeable to water. c. is freely permeable to sodium and urea. d. pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule.
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla.
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by a. active transport. b. cotransport with Na and K ions. c. countertransport for bicarbonate ion. d. simple diffusion. e. facilitated diffusion.
cotransport with Na and K ions.
A rapid increase in Brian's blood potassium levels will lead to: a. hyperpolerization of cells. b. incapacitation of voltage regulated channels. c. muscle weakness. d. depression of the nervous system. e. depolarzation of cells
depolarzation of cells
Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of ________. -acute glomerulonephritis -renal calculus -diabetes mellitus -pyelitis -diabetes insipidus
diabetes mellitus
Most body water intake is from ________, whereas most body water lost is via ________. -drinking; urine -drinking; radiation -metabolic water; sweat -metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
drinking; urine
Aldosterone is stimulated to be released by a. elevated Ca++ b. elevated Na+ c. elevated H+ d. elevated K+ e. more than one of the above
elevated K+
The most restrictive layer of the filtration membrane is the: a. fenestrations. b. Bowman's capsule c. filtration slits d. none of the above. e. lamina propria.
filtration slits
After a night of trying to keep up with Jess's drinking, Jacob spent the day vomiting, until his breathing rate became severly depressed and he was admitted to the ER with muscle spasms resulting from a. respiratory alkolosis. b. hypokalemia. c. hypercalcemia d. respiratory acidosis. e. hypochloremia.
hypokalemia.
Andy is working in the desert and is drinking adequete amounts of pure water without taking in food or anything else. This practice will lead to: a. release of ADH b. hypotonic hydration c. hypervolemia d. hypertonic hydration e. hypovolemeia
hypotonic hydration
The production of dilute urine is due to -decreased osmotic concentration in the DCT -impermeability of the collecting duct -high urea concentration in the renal medulla. -increased ADH release. -increased aldosterone release.
impermeability of the collecting duct
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except a. increase the glomerular filtration rate. b. trigger renin release. c. produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. d. produce renal ischemia. e. reduce blood flow to kidneys.
increase the glomerular filtration rate.
Renal autoregulation in Danielle's kidneys results from: a. secretion of ADH. b. increased blood pressure in the afferent arteriole. c. secretion of aldosterone. d. changes in osmotic concentration in the blood. e. two of the above.
increased blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.
In order to control Ellen's physiological problems associated with stress, she is given a drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which may lead to all of the following EXCEPT: -increased urinary loss of sodium -reduction of blood pressure. -production of more dilute urine. -increased urinary loss of potassium -decreased thirst
increased urinary loss of potassium
Atrial natriuretic peptide does all of the following, except: -leads to vasodilation -blocks the release of ADH -increases potassium secretion -blocks the release of aldosterone -relaxes mesangial cells
increases potassium secretion
The creation of NEW bicarbonate ions in Tewin's Kidneys are coupled with the elimination of protons and: a. the the chloride shift. b. reabsorption of HPO4-2 c. kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions. d. increased aldosterone production. e. deamination of glutamine
kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
Emily is hyperventilating due to anxiety over the test causing respiratory alkalosis, in response to correct the problem the a. kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. b. respiratory rate increases. c. kidneys conserve bicarbonate. d. tidal volume increases. e. kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.
kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.
Renin hydrolyzes angiotensin, which is released from the ________ to form angiotensin 1: -kidneys -heart -liver -spleen -lungs
liver
Which of the following is(are) important buffers inside cells? a. ammonia. b. proteins. c. bicarbonate. d. phosphate. e. more than 1 .
more than 1 .
Which of the following is (are) important buffers inside cells? -ammonia -proteins -bicarbonate -phosphate -more than one
more than one
A slow increase in Mattie's blood potassium levels resulting from acidosis will lead to: -depolarization of cells -increased polarization of the cell membrane -muscle weakness -depression of the nervous system -more than one of the above
more than one of the above
Rosie gets hit by a car while on her bike and has extensive damage to her kidneys resulting in decreased kidney hormone levels leading to a. decreased blood calcium levels b. increased protein catabolism c. decreased hematocrit d. increased blood glucose levels e. more than one of the above
more than one of the above
Hypocalcemia can lead to -muscle weakness -hyperpolarization of neurons -decreased reflexes -muscle spasms -depression of the nervous system
muscle spasms
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to: -increase in blood pressure -more secretion of aldosterone -decreased urinary loss of sodium -increased sodium reabsorption -none of the above
none of the above
The primary nitrogenous waste found in the urine is: a. uric acid b. creatinine c. urobilogen d. ammonia e. none of the above
none of the above
One aspect of renal autoregulation involves: a. constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to high osmotic concentration of the blood. b. constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to decreased blood pressure. c. constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to low osmotic concentration of the filtrate. d. constriction of the efferent arteriole in respose to high blood pressure. e. none of the above.
none of the above.
Megan is drinking pure water and eating nothing this will cause a. the volume of the ICF increases and the volume of the ECF remains constant. b. the volume of the ECF increases and the volume of the ICF remains constant c. osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall. d. the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF. e. a fluid shift to occur and the volume of the ICF decreases.
osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
Many cations are reabsorbed as a result of a. primary active transport in the collecting duct. b. filtration. c. secondary active H+ antiport in the DCT. d. passive attraction to the relatively negative interstitium/vasa recta. e. Primary active transport in the Loop of Henle.
passive attraction to the relatively negative interstitium/vasa recta.
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of: -plasma protein -glucose -electrolytes -hormones
plasma protein
Which of the following is not a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure? -inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney -preventing sodium loss in the urine -increasing glomerular filtration rate -inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion -inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct
preventing sodium loss in the urine
The structures located in the renal medulla that contain the Loop of Henle and Vasa recta are called: -nephrons -calyces -renal pelvises -renal columns -pyramids
pyramids
The structures located in the renal medulla that contain the Loop of Henle and Vasa recta are called a. nephrons. b. calyces. c. renal pelvises. d. renal columns. e. pyramids.
pyramids.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for: -regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure. -reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water -the secretion of drugs -the secretion of acids and ammonia -reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium/hydrogen ions
regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure.
Blood plasma is filtered in the ________. -renal corpuscle -renal tubule -renal column -renal calyx -renal capsule
renal corpuscle
Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to ________. a. urinary alkalosis b. metabolic acidosis c. urinary acidosis d. respiratory acidosis e. metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
Jack, who has COPD, will develop: -metabolic acidosis -respiratory alkalosis -metabolic alkalosis -respiratory acidosis
respiratory acidosis
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of: -secondary active antiport with Na+ -secondary active symport with Na+ -primary active antiport with Na+ -facilitated diffusion -primary active symport with Na+
secondary active symport with Na+
Caitlin is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates low levels of bicarbonate in the blood, this would indicate the individual is probably: -suffering from respiratory alkalosis and is breathing slower than normal -suffering from respiratory acidosis and is breathing faster than normal -suffering from metabolic alkalosis and is breathing slower than normal -suffering from metabolic acidosis and is breathing faster than normal
suffering from metabolic acidosis and is breathing faster than normal
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures? -blood hydrostatic pressure -capsular hydrostatic pressure -capsular colloid osmotic pressure -blood colloid osmotic pressure -urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure -2, 4, and 5 are correct -3, 4, and 5 are correct -1, 2, and 3 are correct -1, 2, and 4 are correct -2, 3, and 4 are correct
1, 2, and 4 are correct
The average body has ________ kidney(s). a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. none of the above
2
Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case? a. 30 mm Hg b. 84 mm Hg c. 69 mm Hg d. 99 mm Hg e. 24 mm Hg
24 mm Hg
What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? a. 7.05 - 7.15 b. 7.25 - 7.35 c. 7.15 - 7.25 d. 6.95 - 7.05 e. 7.35 - 7.45
7.35 - 7.45
A decrease in the pH of the body will lead to: -increased secretion of bicarbonate -increased secretion of sodium -increased reabsorption of potassium -decreased secretion of potassium -increased reabsorption of sodium
? (not A or C)
A decrease in the pH of the body will lead to: a. increased secretion of bicarbonate. b. increased secretion of sodium c. increased reabsorbtion of potassium. d. decreased secretion of potassium e. increased reabsorption of sodium.
? (not B)
Aldosterone acts on the ________. a. proximal convoluted tubule b. medullary portion of the collecting duct c. descending limb of the nephron loop d. glomerulus e. distal convoluted tubule
? distal convoluted tubule? (not B)
Acidosis can cause all of the following, except a. Depression of the CNS. b. hyponatremia. c. increased aldosterone release. d. increased breathing rate. e. hyperkalemia.
? increased aldosterone release? (not A)
A hemorrhage results in which of the following? a. An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volumeA decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity b. A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity c. A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume d. A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following? a. Cooling of the mouth b. Moistening of the mouth c. A drop in blood osmolarity d. Increased salivation e. Distension of the stomach by ingested water
A drop in blood osmolarity
Secretion of potassium into the urine is: -increased by aldosterone -associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts -decreases under acidic conditions -A, B, and C
A, B, and C
Which of the following descriptions best matches the loop of Henle? -creates high interstitial medullary osmotic concentration gradient -enables production of hypertonic urine -relies on countercurrent multiplication -A, B, and C -B and C only
A, B, and C
Diabetes insipidus is caused by decreased levels of which of the following hormones? a. glucagon b. ADH c. aldosterone d. insulin e. cortisol
ADH
Each of the following play a role in sodium reabsorbtion/secretion EXCEPT a. progesterone b. estrogen c. Aldosterone d. ADH e. ANG II
ADH
Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? -PTH -ANG II -Epinephrine -ANP -ADH
ADH
Which hormone stimulates Elana's thirst mechanism? -ADH -ANP -ALD -Epinephrine -BNP
ADH
How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? a. By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions b. By reabsorbing more ammonia c. By secreting more bicarbonate ions d. By secreting more hydrogen ions e. By secreting more sodium ions
By secreting more bicarbonate ions
Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia? -Cells are hyperpolarized -Cells are partially depolarized -Cells are more excitable- -The resting membrane potential is more positive -There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells
Cells are hyperpolarized
What is the primary anion of the ECF? -Pi -Ca2+ -Cl- -Na+ -K+
Cl-
What is the principal anion of the ECF? a. Pi b. Ca2+ c. Cl- d. Na+ e. K+
Cl-
Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through? a. Glomerulus b. Nephron loop c. Distal convoluted tubule d. Proximal convoluted tubule e. Collecting duct
Collecting duct
Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found? a. Blood plasma and lymph b. Extracellular fluid (ECF) c. Intracellular fluid (ICF) d. Transcellular fluid e. Tissue (interstitial) fluid
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells? a. It causes hyperpolarization. b. It causes depolarization above threshold. c. It causes depolarization below threshold. d. It causes repolarization.
It causes hyperpolarization.
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? -It targets the hypothalamic osmoreceptors -It targets the cerebral cortex -It inhibits salivation and thirst -It stimulates ANG 2 secretion -It promotes water conservation
It promotes water conservation
In tubuloglomerular autoregulation, an increase in filtrate osmolarity will lead to the ______________ cells signaling for ____________. -Juxtaglomerular; dilation of the afferent arteriole -Juxtaglomerular; constriction of the efferent arteriole -Juxtaglomerular; constriction of the afferent arteriole -Macula densa; constriction of the afferent arteriole -Macula densa; constriction of the efferent arteriole
Macula densa; constriction of the afferent arteriole
An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? -Respiratory alkalosis -Respiratory acidosis -Metabolic acidosis -Digestive alkalosis -Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? a. Respiratory alkalosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Digestive alkalosis e. Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Lymphatic alkalosis c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Metabolic alkalosis e. Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
What is the principal cation of the ECF? a. Pi b. Cl- c. Na+ d. K+ e. Ca2+
Na+
Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? -ADH release is stimulated. -The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium. -The kidneys produce less urine. -ANP release is inhibited. -None of the above
None of the above
Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? a. ADH release is stimulated. b. The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium. c. The kidneys produce less urine. d. ANP release is inhibited. e. None of the above.
None of the above.
What is the principal anion of the ICF? a. Na+ b. Cl- c. PO4- d. K+ e. Ca2+
PO4-
Which of the following wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus for structural support and to form part of the filtration membrane? a. Podocytes b. Monocytes c. Mesangial cells d. Nephrocytes e. Macula densa cells
Podocytes
In response to high plasma osmolarity, a. the osmolarity of the urine will decrease. b. secretion of ADH is suppressed. c. the vasa recta carry the extra solute into the medulla of the kidney, where it diffuses into the interstitial space. d. there is an increased permeability of the membrane of the renal collecting ducts to water. e. there is an increased transport of sodium ions from the lumen of the collecting duct into the renal medulla.
there is an increased permeability of the membrane of the renal collecting ducts to water.
An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of HCO3- in the blood and a pH of 7. 47, this would indicate the individual probably has: a. compensated respiratory acidosis. b. uncompensated metabolic acidosis. c. compensated respiratory alkalosis . d. uncompensated metabolic alkolosis. e. may as well have the sheet pulled over his face because he's a goner.
uncompensated metabolic alkolosis.
Water output is largely controlled by varying ________. a. urine volume b. sweating c. drinking d. cutaneous transpiration e. metabolic water production
urine volume
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce: -urine with a higher concentration of potassium ions -urine with a lower concentration of hydrogen ions -urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions -a larger volume of urine -urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions
urine with a higher concentration of potassium ions
The part of the nephron that protects the medullary gradient from the lose of osmotically active solutes is the: -distal convoluted tubule -proximal convoluted tubule -ascending limb of loop of Henle -collecting duct -vasa recta
vasa recta
Amy has a Tm for a particular amino acid of 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid: -will appear in urine -will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells -will be actively secreted into the filtrate -will be reabsorbed by secondary active transport
will appear in urine
Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following statements is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid? a. Approximately one-third of the water is in the extracellular fluid compartment. b. All of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment. c. Approximately 80% of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment. d. The intracellular fluid compartment changes, so it is impossible to determine the amount of water at any given time.
Approximately one-third of the water is in the extracellular fluid compartment.
Rudy discovers he has a dangerous condition known as floating kidney which can lead to partial obstruction of the ureters and renal arteries which could lead to which of the following conditions? a. icreased blood levels of angiotensinogen b. increased blood levels of erythropoietin c. icreased blood levels of renin d. all of the above e. B and C only
B and C only
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except: -urea -HPO4-2 -creatinine -H2PO4- -hydrogen ions
HPO4-2
A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms? a. Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys b. Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys c. Hyperventilation d. Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia? a. are partially depolarized. b. The cells are more sensitive to stimulation. c. Cells are more excitable. d. The resting membrane potential is more negative.
The resting membrane potential is more negative.
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to a. dilation of the afferent arterioles. b. excessive ADH secretion. c. overproduction of aldosterone. d. hematuric oliguria. e. absence of ADH.
absence of ADH.
Consuming a meal high in salt will contribute to all the following EXCEPT: -increased thirst -activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism -hypertension -increased ADH release -result in a temporary increase in blood volume
activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
Consuming a meal high in salt will contribute to all the following EXCEPT a. increased thirst. b. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism. c. hypertension. d. increased ADH release. e. result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
The mechanisms for creating the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla of Elyse's kidneys require a. active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. b. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to be permeable to water. c. the vasa recta to be impermeable to water. d. active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the vasa recta. e. both A and B
active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
Substances larger than _____ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. -urea -albumin -glucose -sodium ions -amino acids
albumin
Which of the following hormones is directly involved in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations? a. erythropoietin b. antidiuretic hormone c. renin d. aldosterone
aldosterone
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. a. hemoglobin b. phosphate c. bicarbonate d. protein
bicarbonate
The process of filtration is driven by: -active transport -blood osmotic pressure -renal pumping -blood hydrostatic pressure -solvent drag
blood hydrostatic pressure
The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the ________. -output of natriuretic peptides is low -person is lost and deprived of drinking water -output of antidiuretic hormone is high -body's pH is low -body's water volume is high
body's water volume is high
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases: -more urine is produced -less urine is produced -the osmolarity of the urine decreases -both A and C
both A and C
The juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to produce renin: a. by an increase in filtrate osmolarity in the DCT. b. when the pH of the urine decreases. c. by an increase in blood osmolarity. d. by a decrease in the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole. e. more than one of the above.
by a decrease in the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of a. the distal convoluted tubule. b. the collecting duct. c. the nephron loop (loop of Henle). d. the proximal convoluted tubule. e. the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.
the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.
Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? -the adrenal glands and the testes -the thyroid gland and the heart -the stomach and the liver -the lungs and the kidneys
the lungs and the kidneys
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is: a. the nephron. b. Bowman's capsule. c. the loop of Henle. d. the renal medulla
the nephron.
Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia? -there is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells -the cells are partially depolarized -the cells are more sensitive to stimulation -cells are more excitable -the resting membrane potential is more negative
the resting membrane potential is more negative
In the loop of Henle a. the ascending limb is very permeable to water. b. water osmoses into the descending limb. c. the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic. d. there are no aquaporins in the ascending limb. e. active transport moves salts into the interstial space from the descending limb.
there are no aquaporins in the ascending limb.
