quiz answers

__________ usually implies socialism within a totalitarian system.

Communism

The meaning or purpose that humans give to themselves is called __________ meaning.

internal

Contemporary philosopher Julian Baggini claims that pessimists are guilty of

mixing up the two senses of meaning, internal and external

The means of production include __________.

property

Sartre claims that human beings are __________.

radically free

Berkeley thinks that an object is __________.

the collection of sensations we have

is known for the principle of parsimony.

Okham

Descartes declares that he is a

a thing that thinks

A truth that could not have been false is a __________ truth.

Necessary

Nietzsche thinks Christianity is an example of __________.

slave morality

Aristotle presents __________ cause(s).

four

Berkeley asserts that existing and perceiving are __________.

one and the same thing

Several philosophers have argued that the notion of a God assigning a purpose to humans should be objectionable to believers and nonbelievers alike. Among them are

Julian Baggini

The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and

Logic

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argues that life is __________.

bereft of meaning, and so nonexistence would be better than existence

__________ gives us the raw materials for reliable knowledge.

sensation

Aristotle asserts that __________ consist(s) of form plus essence, and matter.

substance

Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were __________.

False

The overlapping of periods-Ancient and Middle Ages, and Middle Ages and Renaissance-means that figures such as __________ are difficult to classify.

Augustine

Both __________ agree that life can be meaningful without recourse to a belief in God.

Baggini and Edwards

Aristotle calls a proof a demonstration when __________ and the conclusion follows deductively.

Both of the premises are true

The most powerful trend in the Medieval period was the rise of

Christianity

__________ is a Stoic.

Epictetus

__________ is a hedonist.

Epicurus

For Aristotle, scientific knowledge is not so much knowing that something __________ but __________.

Is true; why it is true

For Socrates, grievous harm is done to the soul when one does not

Examine one's life

Neoplatonism is the philosophical view consisting of a blend of _____.

Plato's metaphysics and other nonmaterialist or religious ideas.

Although __________ thinks there is only one consolation in misfortune or affliction, namely the thought that there are others worse off, he also thinks this is a "fate . . . for mankind as a whole."

Schopenhauer

is the political and economic doctrine that the means of production should be owned or controlled by the people, either communally or through the state.

Socialism

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as

The Socratic method

Hume divides propositions into two types: __________.

relations of ideas and matters of fact

Kant wants to know how __________ knowledge is possible in metaphysics.

synthetic a priori

Paul Edwards focuses on meaning at the level of __________.

the particular individual's life

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called ____

the philosophical method

Epicureanism is __________.

the philosophy of achieving happiness through moderate pleasures and avoidance of pain

Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become a

universal law

Perhaps the main impediment to clear thinking about life's meaning is confusion about __________.

what meaning refers to

The Hellenistic era is the period from the __________.

The period of time in History when Greek culture influence was at its height. Period during the reign of Alexander the Great.

According to Kant, nothing can be called "good" without qualification except

a good will

Edwards proposes two ways to think about meaning: someone having __________.

an overall goal or goals, and a passion in pursuing that goal that would not be present without it

Existentialism is a term __________.

applied to different philosophies that share themes about the individual

When Nietzsche asserts, "God is dead," he means that __________.

belief in the Christian God is untenable

Descartes declares that an evil demon

could possibly be deceiving him

According to Hume, __________ alone renders our experience useful to us.

custom

Hedonism is the __________.

doctrine that pleasure is the supreme good

Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be

dreaming

Marx thinks __________ drives everything from history to morality.

economics

Philosophers distinguish life's value or meaning from __________.

happiness and moral rightness

When Sartre asserts that "essence precedes existence", he means that humans

have no essence to realize

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of

knowledge

Kant proposes that __________.

objects conform to the mind

Marx claims that a society's means of production shape its __________.

political and philosophical ideas

Descartes argues against trusting the senses on the grounds that

they sometimes deceive him

According to Hobbes, in the state of nature, notions of right and wrong or justice and injustice __________.

Have no place

Kant addresses __________ skepticism about the possibility of scientific knowledge.

Hume's