quiz answers
__________ usually implies socialism within a totalitarian system.
Communism
The meaning or purpose that humans give to themselves is called __________ meaning.
internal
Contemporary philosopher Julian Baggini claims that pessimists are guilty of
mixing up the two senses of meaning, internal and external
The means of production include __________.
property
Sartre claims that human beings are __________.
radically free
Berkeley thinks that an object is __________.
the collection of sensations we have
is known for the principle of parsimony.
Okham
Descartes declares that he is a
a thing that thinks
A truth that could not have been false is a __________ truth.
Necessary
Nietzsche thinks Christianity is an example of __________.
slave morality
Aristotle presents __________ cause(s).
four
Berkeley asserts that existing and perceiving are __________.
one and the same thing
Several philosophers have argued that the notion of a God assigning a purpose to humans should be objectionable to believers and nonbelievers alike. Among them are
Julian Baggini
The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and
Logic
The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argues that life is __________.
bereft of meaning, and so nonexistence would be better than existence
__________ gives us the raw materials for reliable knowledge.
sensation
Aristotle asserts that __________ consist(s) of form plus essence, and matter.
substance
Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were __________.
False
The overlapping of periods-Ancient and Middle Ages, and Middle Ages and Renaissance-means that figures such as __________ are difficult to classify.
Augustine
Both __________ agree that life can be meaningful without recourse to a belief in God.
Baggini and Edwards
Aristotle calls a proof a demonstration when __________ and the conclusion follows deductively.
Both of the premises are true
The most powerful trend in the Medieval period was the rise of
Christianity
__________ is a Stoic.
Epictetus
__________ is a hedonist.
Epicurus
For Aristotle, scientific knowledge is not so much knowing that something __________ but __________.
Is true; why it is true
For Socrates, grievous harm is done to the soul when one does not
Examine one's life
Neoplatonism is the philosophical view consisting of a blend of _____.
Plato's metaphysics and other nonmaterialist or religious ideas.
Although __________ thinks there is only one consolation in misfortune or affliction, namely the thought that there are others worse off, he also thinks this is a "fate . . . for mankind as a whole."
Schopenhauer
is the political and economic doctrine that the means of production should be owned or controlled by the people, either communally or through the state.
Socialism
A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as
The Socratic method
Hume divides propositions into two types: __________.
relations of ideas and matters of fact
Kant wants to know how __________ knowledge is possible in metaphysics.
synthetic a priori
Paul Edwards focuses on meaning at the level of __________.
the particular individual's life
The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called ____
the philosophical method
Epicureanism is __________.
the philosophy of achieving happiness through moderate pleasures and avoidance of pain
Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become a
universal law
Perhaps the main impediment to clear thinking about life's meaning is confusion about __________.
what meaning refers to
The Hellenistic era is the period from the __________.
The period of time in History when Greek culture influence was at its height. Period during the reign of Alexander the Great.
According to Kant, nothing can be called "good" without qualification except
a good will
Edwards proposes two ways to think about meaning: someone having __________.
an overall goal or goals, and a passion in pursuing that goal that would not be present without it
Existentialism is a term __________.
applied to different philosophies that share themes about the individual
When Nietzsche asserts, "God is dead," he means that __________.
belief in the Christian God is untenable
Descartes declares that an evil demon
could possibly be deceiving him
According to Hume, __________ alone renders our experience useful to us.
custom
Hedonism is the __________.
doctrine that pleasure is the supreme good
Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be
dreaming
Marx thinks __________ drives everything from history to morality.
economics
Philosophers distinguish life's value or meaning from __________.
happiness and moral rightness
When Sartre asserts that "essence precedes existence", he means that humans
have no essence to realize
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of
knowledge
Kant proposes that __________.
objects conform to the mind
Marx claims that a society's means of production shape its __________.
political and philosophical ideas
Descartes argues against trusting the senses on the grounds that
they sometimes deceive him
According to Hobbes, in the state of nature, notions of right and wrong or justice and injustice __________.
Have no place
Kant addresses __________ skepticism about the possibility of scientific knowledge.
Hume's