QUIZ CHA7

11. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate suggestion for how questions in a survey should be arranged? a. Closed-ended questions should appear before open-ended questions. b. General questions should appear before specific questions. c. Questions should be grouped according to topic. d. Less sensitive questions should be asked first.

A

2. A developmental psychologist randomly selects 400 parents to participate in a study of parental attitudes toward extracurricular activities. Of those 400 parents, the psychologist is able to contact 350 parents via phone, and 200 parents complete the survey. The psychologist determines that only 50% (i.e., 200 out of 400) of the parents who were selected ultimately participated. This percentage is called the ________ rate. a. response b. cooperation c. margin of error d. refusal

A

2. A survey researcher investigating age differences in food preferences randomly selects 250 people from the phone book to participate in the study. The survey researcher is able to reach 200 of those participants on the phone, and 75% (i.e., 150 of 200) of the randomly selected participants decide to participate in the survey. This percentage (75%) represents the ______________ rate of the survey. a. cooperation b. sampling c. response d. participation

A

You are interested in factors that predict loyalty to sports teams. Which of the following would be an example of a purposive sampling strategy? a. Obtain a directory of season ticket holders of a professional sports team. b. Attend the next game of a winning professional sports team. c. Put a notice in the local newspapers announcing the study. d. Ask friends for referrals of sports fanatics to your study.

A

The sampling frame is the: a. population of interest, as defined through available records. b. strategy used to select study participants. c. population that is accessible for study. d. technique used to recruit study participants.

A (SAMPLE FRAM: a list-of names, phone numbers, addresses, or other units-from which a sample will be selected.)

10. When the age or gender of the interviewer affects the way the participant responds it is called: a. interviewer bias. b. interviewer characteristics. c. participant bias. d. experimenter effect.

B

13. Multiple interviewers are coding several open-ended questions from a survey. The lead experimenter examines the codes they assign to determine if there is considerable variability in the values they assign to respondents' answers. The experimenter is interested in evaluating: a. inter-coder consistency. b. inter-rater reliability. c. inter-rater coding bias. d. coding consistency.

B

Cluster sampling is often preferred to other random sampling strategies because it: a. is more complicated than simple random sampling. b. can be used when a sampling frame is not available. c. equally represents all groups in the population. d. allows you to easily identify subgroups in the population.

B

4. A school psychologist is interested in determining whether children who attend public schools have poorer self-esteem than children who attend private schools. The psychologist obtains a list of the public schools and a list of the private schools in the immediate area and then randomly selects 5 public schools and 5 private schools from the respective lists. Finally, the researcher selects 20 students from each one of the public schools and 20 students from each one of the private schools to participate in the study. This type of sampling method is called _________________. a. stratified random sampling. b. cluster sampling. c. purposive sampling. d. convenience sampling.

B (cluster sampling: a sampling procedure in which units (e.g., geographic regions, schools) that contain members of the population are identified. These unitsÑcalled "clusters"-are then randomly sampled, and within each sampled cluster either all members or randomly chosen members are selected to participate in the study.)

13. A group of psychologists have decided to conduct a study with a sample of 200 students from a local elementary school, which is made up of 75% girls and 25% boys. In order to accurately reflect the gender composition of the school, the researchers decide to select 150 girls and 50 boys. They then use simple random sampling to select the participants. This sampling procedure is called ____________ sampling. a. random cluster b. stratified random sampling c. quota sampling d. purposive random sampling

B (stratified random sampling： a sampling technique in which a sampling frame is divided into groups (called strata; singular = stratum), and then within each group random sampling is used to select the members of the sample.)

Sensitive items are usually placed ________ of a survey, in order to ________. a. at the end; give permission for participants to elaborate as much as needed. b. in the middle; allow rapport and trust to develop. c. at the beginning; clarify the purpose d. at any place in the survey; best answer the study question.

B（ Sensitive questions usually come in the middle, after rapport has been established.）

Which of the following would NOT be a benefit of strong visual presentation and careful formatting of a survey? a. A strong visual presentation communicates that you are professional and care about your work. b. Strong visual presentation and careful formatting can help interviewers easily move through the survey. c. Strong visuals and careful formatting always shorten the survey, increasing the response rate. d. Good attention to visual presentation can influence participants to complete the survey.

C

10. A company asked their employees to answer the following question: "Do you agree or disagree that gossiping and inter-office affairs are a problem?". The major problem with this question is that it is a ___________ question. a. double negative b. leading c. double-barreled d. loaded

C (A double-barreled question (sometimes, double-direct question) is an informal fallacy. It is committed when someone asks a question that touches upon more than one issue, yet allows only for one answer.)

1. A psychology professor decides to study the prevalence of plagiarism on campus and decides to select 1000 participants randomly from the study body. The professor contacts the college registrar and asks for information regarding the percentages of students who are male and female and who are Caucasian, African-American, American Indian, and Asian-American. Based on this information, the psychologist randomly selects a sample that is similar to the student body in terms of sex and race. With regard to these characteristics, the group of participants in this study would be a ______________ sample. a. clustered b. demographic c. representative d. quota

C (representative sample: a sample that reflects the important characteristics of the population.)

15. Which of the following is one of the MAJOR problems with telephone interviews? a. There is very little rapport between interviewer and participant. b. It is difficult to monitor whether interviewers are conducting the interviews properly. c. It is impossible to randomly select phone numbers. d. It is harder to listen to and comprehend questions over the phone.

D

4. Which of the following is NOT true about non-probability sampling? a. It is less costly than probability sampling. b. It is more common than probability sampling. c. The probability of a population member being selected often cannot be determined. d. It relies on statistical theory.

D

8. One of the items on a scale asks participants to indicate how important their autonomy is to them. The possible responses are 1 (very unimportant), 2 (somewhat unimportant), 3 (neither important nor unimportant), 4 (somewhat important), and 5 (very important). The phrase "very important" is an example of a(n): a. Likert response. b. ranking. c. attribute. d. anchor.

D

Stratified random sampling is the preferred strategy when: a. only a part of the population is accessible to researchers. b. the population is very small. c. no sampling frame is available. d. you want to include specific subgroups in the study.

D

Surveys often use a matrix format. The major benefit of this format is that it: a. makes the language of the items less complex. b. is more readable than other formats. c. requires less effort from the participant to respond. d. saves space in the questionnaire.

D

Systematic sampling can produce a very biased sample when: a. the population is too small. b. there is no available sampling frame. c. the population is too heterogeneous. d. there is a structure to the sampling frame.

D

The sequence of items in a survey is important because: a. participants often become tired when completing surveys. b. items should always progress from more general items to more specific items. c. surveys should always begin with background information. d. the content of previous items can bias later responses.

D

The wording of items on a questionnaire should be appropriate for the education and reading level of the study population. The easiest method for assessing the reading level of a survey is to: a. e-mail your survey to companies that provide this service for a small fee. b. ask a teacher to rate the reading level of survey text. c. rate your survey using library reference books that compile common words. d. use the tool for assessing reading level that is built into your favorite word processor.

D

6. A political policy team is interested in determining how many people vote in national elections. They randomly select three nationally representative samples of 1000 people and get slightly inconsistent results. Specifically, the first sample suggests that 35% of people vote, the second reveals that 37% of people vote, and the third sample indicates that 33% of people vote. These chance fluctuations in the characteristics of a randomly selected sample are called: a. sampling error. b. random variability. c. probability error. d. sampling variability.

D （sampling variability： chance fluctuations in the characteristics of samples that occur when randomly selecting samples from a population.）

The correct placement of items in survey depends on the purpose of the study. True False

T (The best sequence of items may vary depending on the purpose of the study.)