Quiz Chapter 18 Study Questions

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate. vasoconstriction and a decrease in heart rate. vasodilation and an increase in heart rate. vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate.

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.

Congenital hemolytic anemia is when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal. when there is an inherited anemia associated with a defect in iron uptake. caused by a failure of the body to absorb Vitamin B12. characterized by a large number of immature, nucleated cells. characterized by significantly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to defective red bone marrow.

when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a white blood cell differential count. red blood cell differential count. total cell count for red and white blood cells. blood typing.

white blood cell differential count.

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days. 10 30 60 120 360

120

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature. 1° C higher 10° C higher 1° C lower 10° C lower

1° C higher

The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins. 58 37 4 1 85

37

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule? 1 2 4 6 8

4

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin? 2 4 6 8 16

4

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood. 1 liter 5 liters 10 liters 15 liters

5 liters

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood. 25 35 45 55 75

55%

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight? 1% 25% 46% 92% 98%

92%

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones? Regulation Protection Prevention Transportation

Transportation

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the globulins. endocrine hormones. albumins. fibrinogens. prothrombins.

albumins

An individual's hematocrit would vary with age. sex. altitude. All of the choices are correct

all

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of erythrocytes in the blood. leukocytes in the blood. platelets in the blood. plasma in the blood. all formed elements in the blood.

all formed elements in the blood

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ . acidic, glucose acidic, proteins acidic, glycogen basic, glucose basic, proteins

basic; proteins

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine? Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocyte

basophil

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes? Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes Neutrophils

basophils

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to only oxygen. only carbon dioxide. only nitrogen both oxygen and carbon dioxide. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

both oxygen and carbon dioxide

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor. collagen with the assistance of prothrombin. prostacyclin with the assistance of activated factor V. prostacyclin with the assistance of thromboxane A2. proconvertin with the assistance of factor IX.

collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor

Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color. bright red dark red light blue dark blue

dark red

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely increase. decrease. not change.

decrease

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will increase. decrease.

decrease

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be decreased in number and less efficient. decreased in number but more efficient. increased in number but more efficient. increased in number and more efficient.

decreased in number and less efficient

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure increases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space. increases, and so blood volume is abnormally high. decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space. decreases, and so blood volume is abnormally high.

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space

The main function of leukocytes is to trigger allergies. defend against pathogens. carry oxygen through the blood. carry carbon dioxide through the blood. form clots.

defend against pathogens

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2. degranulates as they release chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin. becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2. becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin.

degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2

The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid. directly, directly directly, indirectly indirectly, indirectly indirectly, directly

directly; indirectly

Which is going to result in significant agglutination? Donor is type A, recipient has antibody anti-B Donor is type B, recipient has antibody anti-A Donor is type O, recipient is Type O Donor is type A, recipient is type AB Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

donor is type AB, recipient is type B

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma solvents. nutrients. electrolytes. proteins. formed elements.

electrolytes

The most numerous of the formed elements are the neutrophils. platelets. erythrocytes. basophils. albumins.

erythrocyte

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the electrolytes and waste products. buffy coat. monocytes. erythrocytes. platelets. plasma.

erythrocytes

Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium? The intrinsic pathway The extrinsic pathway The common pathway Each of the three pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic, and common).

extrinsic

TRUE OR FALSE. when viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the erythrocytes will be on the top

false- they will be on the bottom

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are found on the surface of erythrocytes. found in the cytosol of the erythrocytes. located on the surface of the leukocytes. located in the cytosol of the leukocytes. part of the reticular connective tissue of the spleen.

found on the surface of erythrocytes

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units. heme globin iron calcium

globin

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

has anti A antibodies has anti B antibodies has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

has anti B antibodies has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes will agglutinate with blood type B

Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules a, b, c, d b, c, e b, c, d, e a, b, c, d, e a, b, e

have a nucleus have no hemoglobin depending on type, may or may not contain granules

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract. a, b, c, e, f a, c, d, f a, b, c, g c, d, g c, e, g

heme group is converted into biliverdin iron ions in hemoglobin are removed iron ions are stored in liver membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called leukopenia. hemopoiesis. leukocytosis. erythroblastosis. agglutination.

hemopioesis

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days. hemostasis, 120 hemostasis, 9 hematopoiesis, 120 hematopoiesis, 9

hemostasis 9

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to increase the viscosity of the blood. decrease the blood pressure in the arteries. decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood. increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

increase the viscosity of the blood

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)? The intrinsic pathway The extrinsic pathway

intrinsic

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________. antibodies, lipids iron ions, antibodies lipids, heavy metals oxygen, clotting proteins clotting factors, hormones

iron ions; antibodies

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes are actually dead. lack a nucleus and organelles. have lots of inclusion molecules. are not red. can form a rouleau when moving through a capillary.

lack a nucleus and organelles

Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________. largest, no nucleus largest, prominent nuclei smallest, no nucleus smallest, prominent nuclei

largest; prominent nuclei

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver. spleen. lung. liver and spleen. spleen and lung.

liver and spleen

T-lymphocytes are a category of eosinophils. basophils. lymphocytes. neutrophils. monocytes.

lymphocyte

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n) eosinophil. basophil. monocyte. lymphocyte. neutrophil.

monocyte

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of granulocytes from their progenitors. erythrocytes from myeloid stem cells. megakaryocytes and platelets. monocytes from monoblasts. erythrocyte progenitor cells.

monocytes from monoblasts

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is EPO. M-CSF. G-CSF. Multi-CSF. GM-CSF.

multi-CSF

In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line. lymphoid myeloid monocyte killer cell

myeloid

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte c, a, e, b, d, f a, b, c, e, d, f a, c, d, b, e, f c, b, a, d, e, f c, a, b, e, d, f

myeloid stem cell proerythroblast erythroblast normoblast reticulocyte mature erythrocyte

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n) eosinophil. basophil. lymphocyte. neutrophil. monocyte.

neutrophil

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes? Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Neutrophils Monocytes

neutrophils

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes a, b, c b, d, e a, b, e, f c, d a, b, e

neutrophils eosinophils basophils

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group

only under certain conditions will Rh antibodies be present is inherited independent of the ABO group

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a platelet attractant. platelet repellant.

platelet repellant

TRUE OR FALSE In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, what blood components are contained in the center layer?

platelets and leukocytes

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of platelets and leukocytes. leukocytes. platelets. erythrocytes. erythrocytes and leukocytes.

platelets and leukocytes

Glucose is a polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma. polar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood. nonpolar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma. nonpolar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood.

polar molecule there fore it dissolves readily in the plasma

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are reticulocytes. promegakaryocytes. myeloid stem cells. late erythroblasts. proplatelets.

proplatelets

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies? Regulation Prevention Protection Transportation

protection

Vascular spasms last a few milliseconds when tissue damage is moderate. almost a full minute when tissue damage is extensive. several minutes when tissue damage is extensive. several hours when tissue damage is moderate.

several minutes when tissue damage is extensive.

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system. parasympathetic somatic sympathetic

sympathetic

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate the wrong blood type was used. the recipient had type AB blood. there were no agglutinins (antibodies) in the recipient blood. the donor had type O blood.

the wrong blood type was used

A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that the clinical hematocrit is much larger. the true hematocrit is much larger. their values are very similar.

there values are very similar

Blood is correctly classified as a(n) organ. tissue. organ system. intracellular fluid.

tissue

TRUE OR FALSE when viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products will be in the middle

False- water, plasma proteins and waste make up the top portion