Quizzes 1-4

Mackie says that religious experiences are: A) generally indistinguishable from experiences with a known psychological or physical cause B) exactly what they seem to be C) due to chance D) generally recognizable from sensory cues

A

The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the ____________. A) appeal to popularity B) fallacy of equivocation C) genetic D) straw man

Straw man

T/F: According to David Humes's character, Philo, since the universe is not perfectly order, the existence of a deity is unlikely.

True

T/F: According to Socrates, if one goes through life with many false fundamental beliefs, it can lead to misspent or misdirected life.

True

T/F: According to surveys, every decade less Americans express belief in God of the Bible.

True

T/F: For Hick, soul-making is an essential part of a plausible theodicy.

True

T/F: Hick asserts that it is no limitation on God's power that he cannot accomplish the logically impossible.

True

T/F: Hick concludes that this world is well adapted to the purpose of soul-making.

True

Rowe argues that we can allow someone to define God anyway we want, yet it will not follow from that definition that such a being: A) actually exists B) can be defined C) exists in our understanding D) exists in our minds

Actually exists

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as: A) appeal to popularity B) equivocation C) genetic fallacy D) begging the question

Appeal to popularity

Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible—that is, they give us: A) arguments B) mysteries C) physical symbolism D) histories

Arguments

According to Behe, the gradual accumulation of mutations: A) can evolve a biological system B) produces higher life forms C) is the way that irreducibly complex systems evolve D) cannot evolve a biological system

Cannot evolve a biological system

Craig says an actually infinite number of things: A) is possible B) is meaningless C) exists somewhere D) cannot exist

Cannot exist

James says that a genuine option is: A) true B) momentous but not forced C) live but not momentous D) forced, live, and momentous

D

Behe says that an irreducibly complex biological system would be a powerful challenge to: A) theism B) direct creation C) non-Darwinian evolution D) Darwinian evolution

Darwinian evolution

Questions like "what is knowledge?" and "what is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as: A) logic B) metaphysics C) epistemology D) aesthetics

Epistemology

___________ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument. A) equivocation B) composition C) division D) false dilemma

Equivocation

Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that: A) exists only in the understanding B) in embodied C) is worshipped D) exists without flaws

Exists only in the understanding

T/F: An argument is synonymous with persuasion.

False

T/F: Anselm thinks God is a being that exists in the understanding alone.

False

T/F: Believing that God exists increases that probability that God does in fact exist.

False

T/F: Craig thinks that the cause of the universe must be an accident.

False

T/F: If inductive arguments succeed in lending very probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be weak.

False

T/F: In Hick's view, because God is good and loving, the environment that he has created for human life is naturally as pleasant and comfortable as possible.

False

T/F: James thinks that, in the search for truth, above all else we must avoid being in error

False

T/F: Most scientists agree with Behe.

False

T/F: Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of the Christian God.

False

T/F: Philo declares that this world is the perfect product of a perfect deity.

False

T/F: Philo demonstrated that Anselm's argument was sound.

False

T/F: Philosophy means "love of science."

False

T/F: Philosophy, being an ancient at, cannot be applied to modern social problems such as racism.

False

T/F: Swinburne argues that theism is a very complex hypothesis.

False

T/F: the point of Pascal's wager is to prove that God exists.

False

T/F: when you read a philosophical essay, you are simply trying to glean some facts from it as you might if you were reading a science text or technical report.

False

Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is: A) the universe B) nature C) God D) an infinite series

God

Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is: A) simpler B) more natural C) older D) greater and grander

Greater and grander

According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is: A) finite B) possible C) scientific D) impossible

Impossible

Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are: A) valid B) sound C) inductive D) deductive

Inductive

Some design arguments are framed as: A) deductive inferences B) ontological theories C) inferences to the best explanation D) inferences to complexity

Inferences to the best explanation

Hick believes that such evils as poverty, oppression, persecution, and war are: A) manifestations of human sin B) natural evils C) divine evils D) unreal

Manifestations of human sin

According to Hick, a certain amount of evil in the world is: A) illusory B) necessary C) cause by a finite God D) contrary to divinity

Necessary

According to James, a live option is a: A) true hypothesis B) forced option C) real possibility to someone D) dead hypothesis

Real possibility to someone

Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence: A) reason can lead us to faith B) faith depends on reason C) reason can decide the question D) reason can decide nothing

Reason can decide nothing

If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as: A) modus tollens B) modus ponens C) hypothetical syllogism D) reductio and absurdum

Reductio and absurdum

Hick says the idea of a person who can be infallibly guaranteed always to act rightly is: A) coherent B) necessary C) biblical D) self-contradictory

Self-contradictory

According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch: A) runs well B) has a structure C) shows purposefulness D) is engraved

Shows purposefulness

The fallacy of _______ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome. A) slippery slope B) false dilemma C) equivocation D) straw man

Slippery slope

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the ________. A) state B) justice system C) body D) soul

Soul

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as: A) an argument B) the Socratic method C) the Socratic jest D) a debate

The Socratic method

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called: A) the argumentative method B) the philosophical method C) propositional logic D) syllogistic reasoning

The philosophical method

T/F: In philosophy — and in any other kind of rational inquiry — accepting a conclusion (statement) without good reasons is an elementary mistake in reasoning.

True

T/F: Many fields of study evolved out of Philosophy.

True

T/F: Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker — even if we had never seen a watch made.

True

T/F: Pascal advises those who are unable to believe in God to reduce their passions and act as if they believed.

True

T/F: Pascal believes that belief in God is a rational act.

True

T/F: Rowe asserts that it is reasonable to believe that God does not exist.

True

T/F: Scientists and philosophers do not have strong nor complete explanation for the existence of the universe.

True

T/F: Socrates preferred death to exile.

True

T/F: The Oracle of Delphi said that Socrates was the wisest man, and he tried to prove the Oracle wrong.

True

T/F: This classic argument — "The Bible says that God exists; the Bible is true because God wrote it; therefore, God exists" — is an example of begging the question.

True

A good argument must have (1) solid logic and (2): A) inductive analogies B) true premises C) valid conclusions D) cogent disjunctions

True premises

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has a(n) _________ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure. A) philosophical ambition B) worldly wisdom C) exceptional desires D) unhealthy soul

Unhealthy soul

According to Craig, the kalem cosmological argument establishes that the: A) God of Christianity exists B) universe has a cause C) Big Bang model is false D) universe is UN caused

Universe has a cause

For Socrates, the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for: A) what's true and real B) scientific laws C) a theory of everything D) what's physically necessary

What's true and real

Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does in fact exist, you: A) gain a viable faith B) win nothing and lose everything C) lose because you abandon reason D) win infinite happiness and lose nothing

Win infinite happiness and lose nothing