quizzes and review exam 2

Explicit memory is to ______ as implicit memory is to _____. A. aware; unaware B. self; others C. primacy; recency D. episodic; semantic

A

Information remains in sensory memory for A. seconds or a fraction of a second. B. 1-3 minutes. C. 15-30 seconds. D. as long as it is rehearsed.

A

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that A. rehearsal cannot account for them. B. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. C. they are permanent and resist forgetting. D. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy).

B

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? A. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. B. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. C. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. D. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

C

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that A. short-term memory consists of a number of components. B. short-term memory has unlimited capacity. C. working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information. D. working memory has unlimited capacity.

C

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. A. Retrograde B. Encoding C. Processing D. Retrieval

D

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? A. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory B. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer C. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory D. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

A

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each 'passing' day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of A. mental time travel B. repetition priming C. reconsolidation D. distributed practice

B

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if A. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period B. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. C. both are handled by the sketch pad. D. both are handled by the phonological loop.

B

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s) A. "fast" B. "smashed" C. "miles per hour" D. "car crash"

B

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories, A. the more accurate the memories are. B. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. C. the more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus. D. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

B

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if A. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. B. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. C. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. D. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.

B

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented A. before the event B. during the event C. after the event D. all of the above

C

The predominant type of coding in LTM is A. phonological B. concrete C. semantic D. visual

C

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? A. When autobiographical memories are impaired, the episodic content contained within them will cause a blockage of access to related semantic content. B. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. C. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age. D. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both.

B

_______ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. A. Encoding specificity B. Consolidation C. Cued-recall D. Amnesia

B

________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. A. Observer perspective B. Pragmatic inference C. Prospective memory D. Automatic narrative

B

As discussed in class, treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on A. transfer-appropriate processing B. levels of encoding C. reconsolidation D. depth of processing

C

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos A. of familiar places. B. the person has never seen before. C. they took themselves. D. the person has seen before.

C

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for A. young adulthood and middle age. B. childhood and middle age. C. adolescence and young adulthood. D. childhood and adolescence.

C

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? A. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. B. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. C. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. D. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

C

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the A. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal. B. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. C. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. D. effect of proactive interference.

C

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ______ , but later research showed that it was actually due to _______. A. interference; decay B. priming; interference C. decay; interference D. decay; lack of rehearsal

C

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying A. sensory memory B. decay C. perseveration D. agnosia

C

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? A. The central executive and the phonological loop B. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad C. The central executive and long-term memory D. The phonological loop and long-term memory

C

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is A. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. B. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. C. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. D. uninvolved in memory consolidation.

C

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of A. a visual delay effect. B. echoic memory. C. persistence of vision. D. top-down processing.

C

_____ memories are to experiences as ______ memories are to facts. A. procedural; episodic B. implicit; episodic C. episodic; semantic D. semantic; implicit

C

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ______ memory. A. implicit B. short-term C. sensory D. long-term

D

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? A. MPI B. Recovered memory C. Schema confusion D. Source monitoring

D

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that A. LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired. B. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. C. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM. D. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

D

________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. A. Synaptic B. Remote C. Standard D. Systems

D