Quizzes / Practice Test

Identify the type of claim: Frequency, Association, or Causal. Children under 2 who watch more than 2 hrs of TV per day have a higher degree of attentional difficulties once they begin school.

Association Claim

Which type of validity is being questioned: Construct, external, statistical, internal. Is my sample representative of the population?

External Validity

Identify the type of claim: Frequency, Association, or Causal. 31% of women over 40 have given birth to at least one child in the last 10 years.

Frequency Claim

Which type of validity is being questioned: Construct, external, statistical, internal. Did I control for other (alternative) variables that might explain why I saw the behavioral changes that I did?

Internal Validity

Which type of validity is being questioned: Construct, external, statistical, internal. How strong are my results/analysis?

Statistical Validity

Which of the following is an association claim? a. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." b. "A majority of Americans like dogs." c. "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners." d. "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time."

a. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."

Which scale of measurement puts your data into categories and is primarily used to organize your data rather than analyze them? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

a. nominal

Anthony likes to eat spicy foods. His friends want to know which hot peppers are hotter than others. They give Anthony a list of hot peppers and ask him to rank each pepper's "hotness" on a scale from 0 - 100 (0 being no heat, and 100 being superhot). Anthony's friends are using a _______ type of scale to assess pepper hotness. a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Ratio d. Interval

b. Ordinal

________ is the approach of collecting data using your senses, so that you can use it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. a. Falsifiability b. Theorizing c. Empiricism d. Application

c. Empiricism

Although theories can never be _______, they can be ________ by the results of a particular study. a. proved; disproved b. disproved; proved c. proved; supported d. tested; falsified

c. proved; supported

Identify the type of claim: Frequency, Association, or Causal. Doing 30 ins of yoga daily may enhances muscle tone and flexibility in elderly patients in physical therapy.

Causal Claim

Which type of validity is being questioned: Construct, external, statistical, internal. Am I measuring/manipulating what I think I'm measuring/manipulating?

Construct Validity

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research? a. Administering an anxiety questionnaire. b. Applying a new therapy technique. c. Writing an opinion article about a psychological study. d. Undergoing a brain scan.

a. Administering an anxiety questionnaire.

An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an a. Confound b. Confederate c. Alternative d. Secondary explanation

a. Confound

Roediger et al. published a study showing that students who study for their psychology test by self-quizzing perform better on the exam than students that study by re-reading their notes. What is a variable in this study? a. Study method b. Students c. The type of test (a psychology test)

a. Study method

The reason the IRB requires informed consent and does not allow researchers to coerce people into participating is due to the Principle of ______ outlined in the Belmont Report. a. Principle of justice b. Principle of beneficence c.Principle of respect for persons

c.Principle of respect for persons

Usually, a measure is shown to be reliable when the reliability correlation is above a. .2 b. .4 c. .6 d. .7 e. .9

d. .7

Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? a. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. b. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. c. Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. d. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kline can actually study.

a. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.

When using a split-half reliability test, John input his data into a computer program that would calculate the split-half reliability score using every "split-half" permutation possible. John is calculating the statistic known as ________. a. Cronbach's alpha b. Correlation coefficient c. Effect Size d. Margin of Error

a. Cronbach's alpha

Dr. Freud's theory is interesting but there is no way to collect evidence against the theory. We would say that Dr. Freud's theory is not ________. a. Falsifiable b. Parsimonious c. Creative d. Complex e. Critical

a. Falsifiable

The two biases of intuition that we discussed in class and in your text are a. Faulty thinking bias and motivation bias. b. The present-present bias and the confederate bias. c. Probabilistic thinking and non intuitive thinking. d. Overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias.

a. Faulty thinking bias and motivation bias.

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory's... a. Parsimony b. Theorizing c. Falsifiability d. Empiricism

a. Parsimony

Participants in pharmaceutical studies often make below average household income. However, the drugs that become marketable after the studies are completed tend to cost an exorbitant amount of money, and only those with above average income can afford to buy them. This situation best describes the Principle of _______ outlined in the Belmont report. a. Principle of justice b. Principle of beneficence c. Principle of respect for persons

a. Principle of justice

Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria for a causal claim? a. Reliability b. Temporal precedence c. Internal Validity d. Covariance

a. Reliability

Which of the following scenarios involves "minimal risk" to the participant? a. Sally fills out a questionnaire about her eating habits. b. Joe is asked to undergo a pain tolerance test, in which he submerges his arm in ice-cold water until he can no longer tolerate it. c. Kara is asked to run on a treadmill for 30 mins while researchers measure her heart rate and blood-pressure. d. Lawrence is given a blood test, and then told that his results indicate a "serious medical issue," (which is not true), and that further tests are required. This news causes him to become stressed. Then his blood is taken again to measure his physiological responses to stress. He is told about the deception after the second blood draw.

a. Sally fills out a questionnaire about her eating habits.

Which of the following would show evidence for predictive criterion-related validity? a. Scores on measure strongly correlate with future behavior b. Scores on measure strongly correlate with current behavior c. Scores on measure weakly correlate with current behavior d. Scores on measure weakly correlate with future behavior

a. Scores on measure strongly correlate with future behavior

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Self-report measurement b. Physiological measurement c. Observational measurement d. Archival measurement

a. Self-report measurement

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? a. The sex of the participants b. The sex of the role model c. The effort on math problems d.. The number of researchers

a. The sex of the participants

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

a. Two

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group, because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to plug in her iPod. She typically remembers to plug in her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music? a. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner. b. Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable. c. Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night. d. There is no problem with Vanessa's reasoning.

a. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

When a researcher uses Cronbach's alpha coefficient, he/she is conducting a(n) _______. a. split-half reliability test b. test-retest reliability test c. concurrent validity test d. total item correlation

a. split-half reliability test

Herb wants to convince his boss that he has done a good job in the last year, so he highlights his accomplishments in his report and does not mention the project he was in charge of that failed. Herb is using ____. a.Cherry-picking b.The present/present bias c.The availability heuristic d.The placebo effect

a.Cherry-picking

Kevin came up with what scientists would label a "good" theory. Therefore, Kevin's theory must be: a.Parsimonious, falsifiable, and supported by data b.Intuitive, logical, based on experience c.Complex, falsifiable, and proven by data d.Disproven, creative, and parsimonious

a.Parsimonious, falsifiable, and supported by data

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? a. "My data is inconsistent with my theory." b. "My data disproves my theory." c. "My theory needs amending." d. "I may need to collect more data."

b. "My data disproves my theory."

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? a. A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate b. A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study c. A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study d. A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

b. A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as: a. A hypothesis b. A theory c. Data d. Research

b. A theory

This class will emphasize statistics and require you to do complex statistical tests. a. True b. False

b. False

In the theory-data cycle, good theories eventually lead to ________. a. Proof b. Hypotheses c. Disproof d. Inferential statistic

b. Hypotheses

Steve has created an intelligence test (the test tells you whether you are below average, average, or above average in intelligence). An example of some of the questions on his personality test are: "What fruit do you like best?", "If you could be any animal, which would you pick?" "Do you like your hometown?" and "Are your parents still married?" From this information, you can already tell that Steve's test a. Has face validity b. Lacks face validity c. Lacks construct validity d. Has construct validity e. Is reliable

b. Lacks face validity

All of the following are skills that you might take away from this course, EXCEPT a. How to become an effective "research consumer." b. Learn how to perform complex statistical tests. c. Learn how to apply research knowledge to your own field. d. Develop critical thinking skills.

b. Learn how to perform complex statistical tests.

The motto "do no harm" best describes the Principle of _____ outlined in the Belmont Report. a. Principle of justice b. Principle of beneficence c. Principle of respect for persons

b. Principle of beneficence

I can easily think of all of the times that I went to the gym and felt awesome afterwards, but I have trouble remembering all of the times I went to the gym and felt bad afterwards, or all of the times I felt awesome even when I didn't go to the gym. This is an example of a. Cherry-picking b. The present/present bias c. The availability heuristic d. The confirmation bias

b. The present/present bias

Roediger et al. did a study looking study method and performance on an exam in General Psychology courses. They found that student who use self-quizzing techniques did better on the exam than students that used other study methods. Choose the statement that reflects the "best" way to talk about results from this study. a. This study proves that self-quizzing works better than other study methods. b. This study provides support that self-quizzing works better than other study methods. c. This study disproves other studies that claim re-reading your notes is the best way to study. d. This study provides support for the theory that any study method can be successful.

b. This study provides support that self-quizzing works better than other study methods.

To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kline would need to ask which of the following questions? a. Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people not in my study? b. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? c. Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? d. Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study?

b. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

Tamika hypothesizes that women are more helpful than men. She decides to conduct an experiment to see if she's right. During lunchtime, she goes to the crowded food court and deliberately drops her notebook. She then notes whether the person standing closest to her helps her pick up her papers and whether the person is male or female. What is the operational definition of "helpful" in Tamika's study? a. Whether they are male or female. b. Whether they help or do not help to pick up the books. c. Making eye contact. d. Giving or rendering aid or assistance.

b. Whether they help or do not help to pick up the books.

Investigators have found that non-native english speakers fail the department of motor vehicles written driving exam more often than native english speakers. Researchers are concerned that the exam may be biased against non-native english speakers. To test this, they should look at a. the verbal abilities of each non-native english speaker who takes the driving exam. b. whether non-native english speaking drivers acquire more traffic violations/tickets than native english speaking drivers. c. whether non-native english speakers score worse on other exams compared to native english speakers. d. the amount of driving experience non-native english speakers have compared to native english speakers.

b. whether non-native english speaking drivers acquire more traffic violations/tickets than native english speaking drivers.

There are three tests of reliability. They are: a. Inter-environmental; inter-cognitive; inter-emotional b. Test-retest; interitem; interrater c. Interrater; interpersonal; interrupted d. Convergent; discriminant; criterion-related

b.Test-retest; interitem; interrater

Which of the following statements/slogans best encapsulates the meaning of "Applied Research?" a. "For the sake of knowledge" b. "Because we can!" c. "Improving the Human Condition" d. "I just have to know!"

c. "Improving the Human Condition"

Internal Validity is important when making a claim about _____, but not ____ or ____. a. Association, frequency, cause b. Frequency, association, cause c. Cause, frequency, association

c. Cause, frequency, association

Reliability has to do with ______, while construct validity has to do with _________. a. Consistency / accuracy b. Accuracy / whether the measure/manipulation is actually measuring/manipulating what it is supposed to measure/manipulate c. Consistency / whether the measure/manipulation is actually measuring/manipulating what it is supposed to measure/manipulate d. Whether the measure/manipulation is actually measuring/manipulating what it is supposed to measure/manipulate / accuracy

c. Consistency / whether the measure/manipulation is actually measuring/manipulating what it is supposed to measure/manipulate

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? a. Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. b. It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling. c. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. d. Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates.

c. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Dr. Hart has a theory that extroverted people have happier marriages than introverted people. To investigate this, Dr. Hart forms a "book club" for married individuals only, in which the participants gather weekly and discuss books that they have read. After 3 months, Dr. Hart then gives each participant "The Bloomberg Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire." He hypothesizes that those individuals that made frequent comments and "spoke up" during "book club" would score high on the marital satisfaction questionnaire. What is/are the construct(s) in this scenario? a. Marital satisfaction only b. The number of comments during "book club" and Extroversion c. Marital satisfaction and Extroversion d. Marital satisfaction and the participant's responses on the "Bloomberg Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire" e. Extroversion

c. Marital satisfaction and Extroversion

Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? a. Science is based on empiricism. b. The study has been replicated. c. Science is probabilistic. d. The study did not properly define cell phone use.

c. Science is probabilistic.

Roediger et al. published a study showing that students who study for their psychology test by self-quizzing perform better on the exam than students that study by re-reading their notes. What is a constant in the study? a. Study method b. Performance on the test c. Students

c. Students

Zoe, Skylar, and Paloma were going to take the train from Seattle to Portland two days before Christmas. However, a week before they were to leave, they heard about a train crash in Idaho that killed three people. The three women concluded that train travel must not be safe and decided to take the bus instead. They are engaging in a. Cherry-picking b. The present/present bias c. The availability heuristic d. The placebo effect

c. The availability heuristic

If two equally valid explanations for an event are offered, you should choose the more parsimonious explanation because it is _____. a. The first one. b. The more complex one. c. The less complex one. d. The testable one.

c. The less complex one.

Which statement describes the use of a ratio scale? a. The researchers recorded the birthdate of each participant. b. The researchers measured temperature fluctuations in the body after exposure to the virus. c. The researchers measured how much time passed from the moment of lift-off until the space shuttle exploded. d. Researchers asked subjects to rate their marital satisfaction on a scale from 1 - 10.

c. The researchers measured how much time passed from the moment of lift-off until the space shuttle exploded.

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first—watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? a. The rule of covariance b. The third-variable rule c. The rule of temporal precedence d. Rule of parsimony

c. The rule of temporal precedence

The availability heuristic creates a problem in our reasoning because a. It keeps us from examining our own experience. b. We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions. c. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of. d. We will never be right in our conclusions.

c. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

The consistency of a measure refers to its _____, while the measure's ability to measure what you believe it to measure refers to its _____. a. validity; face validity b. reliability; inter-item correlation c. validity; reliability d. reliability; validity

d. reliability; validity

Participants that score high on a scale of "extroversion" score low on scales of "shyness." This is an example of ______. a. discriminant validity b. criterion-related validity c. convergent validity d. concurrent validity

c. convergent validity

Participants that score high on a scale of "open-mindedness" also score high on tests of optimism and liberal thinking. This is an example of ______. a. discriminant validity b. criterion-related validity c. convergent validity d. concurrent validity

c. convergent validity

Dr. Hart has a theory that extroverted people have happier marriages than introverted people. To investigate this, Dr. Hart forms a "book club" for married individuals only, in which the participants gather weekly and discuss books that they have read. Dr. Hart ends the study after 3 months but gives each participant "The Bloomberg Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire" before they depart. One month later, he has them fill out "The Bloomberg Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire" again, but sends it to them via email. He hypothesizes that those individuals that made frequent comments and "spoke up" during "book club" would score high on the marital satisfaction questionnaire. What test of reliability would you use to evaluate this study? a. interrater only b. interitem only c. interitem and test-retest d. test-restest only

c. interitem and test-retest

You run a research study using an instrument that has a reliability score of 0.68. This reliability score is _________. a. well above the acceptable level. b. well below the acceptable level. c. just below the acceptable level. d. just above the acceptable level.

c. just below the acceptable level.

Which of the following is NOT a case of scientific misconduct? a. Claiming credit for another's work. b. Fabricating data. c. Plagiarizing another's work. d. All of the above are cases of scientific misconduct.

d. All of the above are cases of scientific misconduct.

Coercion to participate includes: a. A person of authority applying pressure to individuals to participate. b. Threats that there will be punishment or unpleasant consequences for not participating c. Offering unduly high rewards for participating. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Hallie is performing a study that requires subjects to fill out a questionnaire. The IRB would classify this task as ___ a. High risk b. Moderate risk c. No risk d. Minimal risk

d. Minimal risk

I weigh my dog on my home scale. The scale reads 84.5 pounds. I re-weigh my dog again on the same scale an hour later and it reads the same answer (84.5 pounds). What can I conclude? a. My scale is reliable because I obtained inter-rater reliability b. My scale is reliable because I obtained interitem reliability c. My scale is reliable because I obtained criterion-related validity d. My scale is reliable because I obtained test-retest reliability e. My scale is unreliable because I got the same weight on both trials.

d. My scale is reliable because I obtained test-retest reliability

What are the three types of behavioral measures used in research? a. Physiological, contrived, and uncontrived b. Observational, self-report, and cognitive c. Observational, physiological, and behavioral d. Observational, physiological, and self-report

d. Observational, physiological, and self-report

When would most researchers label an act as an "invasion of privacy?" a. When participants are being observed when they are not aware they are being observed. b. Participants are not given the opportunity for informed consent. c. Participants are deceived about the purpose of the study. d. Participants are being observed in a location in which they expect privacy.

d. Participants are being observed in a location in which they expect privacy.

Dr. Kline plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? a. Dr. Kline only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session. b. Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional. c. During the debriefing, Dr. Kline only needs to tell the participants that there was deception. d. Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.

d. Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.

Another word for hypothesis is a/an ________. a. Theory b. Outcome c. Observation d. Prediction

d. Prediction

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? a. Inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher b. Time investment of the study versus complexity of the study c. Importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study d. Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

d. Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

The _______ determines whether or not research studies meet the ethical guidelines for that institution. a. The USDA b. The Institutional Review Board c. The Committee on Ethical Treatment of Participants d. The Psychological Science Association

d. The Psychological Science Association

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of beneficence b. The principle of integrity c. The principle of justice d. The principle of respect for persons.

d. The principle of respect for persons.

Measurement error reflects the degree to which a participant's score differs from their ________. a. Ideal score b. Best score c. Worst score d. True score

d. True score

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? a. Reliability b. Conceptualization c. Operationalization d. Validity

d. Validity

I mentioned in class that research is your best source for accurate and reliable information. Why does your own experience sometimes steer you wrong? a. You can't prove that you really experienced something. b. Your experiences may or may not have really happened. c. Your experiences lack a comparison group. d. Your experiences contain confounds. e. Both c and d f. Both a and b g. A, B, C, and D are all correct

e. Both c and d

Terri attends a conference at which a scientist proposes that good grades are a function of two things: interest for the material and relevance of the material for their future career. After listening to the presentation, Terri predicts that students will get better grades in classes related to their major than in classes that are not related to their major. a. Underline the theory in the above scenario (underlined) b. Circle the hypothesis in the above scenario. (bolded)

Theory: good grades are a function of two things: interest for the material and relevance of the material for their future career. Hypothesis: predicts that students will get better grades in classes related to their major than in classes that are not related to their major.

I am trying to measure knowledge in Research Methods. To do this, I give an exam with questions from lectures/notes. What are some things that might contribute to measurement error? Circle all that apply: a. Some students may be tired/fatigued on exam day and not perform well. b. There is no comparison group (group that did not get the exam). c. Some of my questions on the exam may be misleading, confusing, or vague. d. Some students may accidentally bubble in the wrong answer, even though they knew the correct answer. e. Everyone is given the same research methods exam.

a. Some students may be tired/fatigued on exam day and not perform well. c. Some of my questions on the exam may be misleading, confusing, or vague. d. Some students may accidentally bubble in the wrong answer, even though they knew the correct answer.

I am trying to measure knowledge in Research Methods. To do this, I give an exam with questions from lectures/notes. What are some things that might limit reliability? Circle all that apply: a. Some students may be tired/fatigued on exam day and not perform well. b. There is no comparison group (group that did not get the exam). c. Some of my questions on the exam may be misleading, confusing, or vague. d. Some students may accidentally bubble in the wrong answer, even though they knew the correct answer. e. Everyone is given the same research methods exam.

a. Some students may be tired/fatigued on exam day and not perform well. c. Some of my questions on the exam may be misleading, confusing, or vague. d. Some students may accidentally bubble in the wrong answer, even though they knew the correct answer.

Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? a. That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity b. That his measure is not strongly correlated with the number of friends people have c. That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of alcohol addiction d. That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of self esteem

a. That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a _____. a. Reliable way to measure depressive symptoms. b. Comparison group that did not receive the drug. c. Hypothesis. d. Psychotherapy to supplement the drug.

b. Comparison group that did not receive the drug.

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities? a. Internal validity and external validity b. Construct validity and external validity c. Statistical validity and internal validity d. Internal validity and construct validity

b. Construct validity and external validity

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? a. A constant b. A variable's level c. A measured variable d. A manipulated variable

c. A measured variable

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. In this study, the authors were interested in students' math effort. Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable operational definition of math effort? a. The number of math problems students answered correctly b. A score on a standardized measure of math effort c. The number of math classes taken in college d. An earnest attempt to solve math problems

d. An earnest attempt to solve math problems

The empirical approach entails a. Opinions b. Logical arguments c. Basing conclusions on your intuition d. Basing conclusions on publicly verifiable observations.

d. Basing conclusions on publicly verifiable observations.

In a study about eating disorders, individuals were asked to fill out a questionnaire about body image. Immediately afterwards, a psychologist then asked each participant questions regarding their current eating habits. Which test would you use to establish validity? a. Predictive validity b. Construct validity c. Discriminant validity d. Concurrent validity

d. Concurrent validity

The Belmont report outlined three Principles for Ethical decision-making in Research. They are: a. Principle of rightness, Principle of mightiness, Principle of justice b. Principle of respect for persons, Principle of respect for animals, Principle of respect for science c. Principle of respect for persons, Principle of respect for children, Principle of respect for prisoners d. Principle of justice, Principle of integrity, Principle of parsimony e. Principle of justice, Principle of beneficence, Principle of respect for persons

e. Principle of justice, Principle of beneficence, Principle of respect for persons