quizzes
A health department investigation determines the following during an outbreak: What exposure was a significant risk factor?
Just the ice cream
If a study reports INCORRECTLY reports that there is no association or difference this can only be what type of error?
Type II
A hospital researcher is examining data about nurses in their first year of practice at her hospital. Use the table below to answer the following question. During what time frame were the most medication errors made?
4-6 months
Researchers study the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. The researchers examined the average score on a psychological distress scale and compared the score for abused versus non abused women. If the researchers report a statistically significant difference and are incorrect about this conclusion what type of error could it be?
A type I error
Researchers examined the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. The researchers administered a psychological distress questionnaire which produced a score on a scale of 0-12. What would be an appropriate measure or measures of central tendency to consider for this variable?
Any of these measures of central tendency would be appropriate. mean median mode
The researcher used Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the number of times in a month people exercise before and after a 3-hour exercise orientation program. The researcher obtained a p value of 0.03. How should the researcher conclude the result?
The researcher should reject the null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to conclude an association between taking the 3-hour exercise orientation program and mean number of times people exercise.
A study reports that there is no association between taking metronidazole and sun sensitivity. You know this means:
The result is not statistically significant.
Your study of the use of compression stockings for post-surgical deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention utilizes an independent t-test and reports a p value of 0.02. The study has an alpha of 0.05, a beta of 0.08 and a sample size of 567 patients. What do you conclude?
The results are statistically significant.
You are reading a pilot study that reports taking glargine insulin prevents glycemic spikes. The p value is 0.08. You know this means:
The selected alpha was greater than 0.08.
A small pilot study reports consumption of energy drinks are not associated with adverse outcomes in children. However, a larger follow up study correctly reports that energy drinks are associated with death in children under age 5. You know this means:
The small study made a type II error.
You are asked to answer a question about the quality of your manager's interpersonal interactions with colleagues and patients as part of her annual evaluation. The options are poor, fair, strong. You know this means:
The variable is at an ordinal level.
You have collected data on voided fluid (VF) of participants in your study. The mean VF is 120 mls. Because you have some outliers noted in your study you also report a median VR which is 138 mls. Based on this data you know:
The variable is not normally distributed
When should Kruskal-Wallis test be used instead of Mann-Whitney U test?
There are more than two groups to compare Kruskal-Wallis test is alternative to ANOVA (2+ groups independent variables) the mann test is testing independent groups but only 2.
You are trying to determine if there is a significant difference in the mean Glasgow coma scale score for patients who are seen with a head injury during the day, evening and night shifts in your emergency room. The ANOVA results show an F value of 22.33 and a p-value <0.01 (alpha=0.01). This means:
There is a significant difference in the mean Glasgow coma scale score for patients seen with a head injury on the three different shifts.
A study examining the relationship between travel and stress reports an r=0.4 (p=0.02). You know that this means:
There is a significant positive correlation between travel and stress.
A pilot study examines the concurrent use of dextromethorphan and SSRIs (yes/no) and serotonin syndrome (yes/no). The alpha was 0.10 and the power was 0.80. The p value was 0.03. You know this means:
There is a statistically significant association between concurrent use of dextromethorphan and SSRIs and serotonin syndrome.
A researcher studies the relationship between taking aminoglycosides(antibiotics) and muscle strength in a random sample of patients who take aminoglycosides and a random sample of patients who do not take aminoglycosides. An average strength score is calculated for each participant. To determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the average strength score an independent t-test is utilized. The researchers report that taking aminoglycosides is associated with a lower average strength score (t=1.984, p=0.025). You know this means:
There is a statistically significant difference in the average strength score between the two groups.
Researchers study the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. The researchers report an Odds Ratio (OR) for somatic symptoms among abused versus non abused women (OR 1.03 95% CI 0.79-1.71). Based on this information, you know:
There is no significant difference in somatic symptoms for abused and non-abused women.
A small study reports energy drinks are associated with hyperadrenergic syndrome with an effect size of 0.8. You are funded to complete a larger study on the issue. You know:
This is a strong effect size so you will probably only need a small sample to detect the association.
what is a fisher exact test?
Use when at least one cell in a 2x2 table is <5 (too small for Chi-square).? add 1 to the right column?
A health department investigation determines the following after an outbreak: What exposure was a significant risk factor? select all that apply. exposure, OR, 95%CIMeatballs 4.5, 1.25-6.74Ice cream, 2, 0.98-4.71salad, 0.78, 0.5-1.78soup, 1.03, 0.23-2.94
just the meatballs this is the only one where the low end of the CI is > 1. this means that we are 95% confident that the meatballs are a significant risk factor
A researcher utilizes a t-test to compare the average amount of beta-lactamase produced by two different types of bacteria. The Levene's test for equality of variances has a p value of 0.01. You know this means:
You should report the t-test results associated with NOT assuming equal variances.
A researcher is examining the relationship between taking oral prednisone for severe arthritis and blood glucose levels. One of the study subjects is your patient and you see from the report that his blood glucose level has a Z score of 2.2. You know this means:
Your patient's average blood glucose level is higher than the average blood glucose level of the study participants.
Your patient completes a DXA scan and the report indicates her left hip bone density has a Z score of -1.4 with a p value of 0.001. You know this means:
Your patient's left hip bone density is significantly below average.
Your hospital staff completes the internal controls module at your workplace. Two of the staff members on your unit were internal control specialists in their last place of employment and scored a perfect score on the exam while the rest of the staff had an average score of 78 with a range of 72-84 on the test. When you look at the grade distribution you are not surprised to see:
a positive skew
You are interested in studying respiratory therapists engagement and wellbeing after the licensing requirements changed in your state. You randomly select 20 hospitals throughout the state and survey the 1,500 respiratory therapists that work there. The 1,500 respiratory therapists are an example of:
a sample
You conduct a case control study and determine that 5 people with Guinea Worm were exposed to water from river A. One person with the disease had no exposure to water from river A. You also determine that ten people without the disease drank from river A and eighty-nine were healthy and did not drink from river A. Calculate the appropriate Odds ratio.
b 44.5(5/15) = 0.33/1-0.33 = 0.499(1/90) = 0.011/1-0.011 = 0.0110.499/0.011 = 45.4
the required sample size increases as
effect size decreases.
A nurse researcher studies the impact of medication and exercise on HgA1C levels and reports that the coefficients of medication and exercise are both negative. The R associated with the model is 0.8 with p-value of 0.002. This means:
medication and exercise explain 64% of the variance in HgA1C levels
A researcher collects demographic data on the marital status of the study subjects. The variable is measured as married/divorced/separated/widowed/never married/cohabitating. What would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency?
mode
A researcher collects demographic data on the marital status of the study subjects. The variable is measured as married/not married. What would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency?
mode
A study examines the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in women. They include an independent variable of exposure to violence from an intimate partner, other personal violence or both. The independent variable is measured at what level?
nominal
You are asked to rank the quality of your manager's interpersonal interactions with colleagues and patients on a Likert scale of 1-7. You know this means the data can be analyzed at what level.
interval level
Researchers examine the impact of Omega-3 fatty acids on vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women. Subjects in the study are given either a placebo (0g daily), 1g daily or 1.8g daily and asked to record any vasomotor symptoms they experience. The Omega-3 fatty acid variable is an example of what type of data?
ordinal
A survey asks your patient to identify his primary language. The choices are:1.) Spanish2.) English3.) Arabic4.) Other You know this is an example of what type of variable?
qualitative
Researchers examine the role of nonpharmacologic therapies on vasomotor symptom management in menopausal women. Subjects in the study are asked to keep a journal and describe or characterize any vasomotor symptoms they experience and how the nonpharmacologic therapies impact those symptoms. This is an example of what type of data?
qualitative
A numeric amount or measurement is associated with what type of measurement?
quantitative
Researchers examine the impact of Omega-3 fatty acids on vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women. Subjects in the study are given either a placebo (0g daily), 1g daily or 1.8g daily and asked to record the level of the vasomotor symptoms they experience on a scale of 0-10 each day. The level of vasomotor symptoms is an example of what type of data?
ratio
If you randomly select 50 samples from a population you can develop a:
sampling distribution
What is effect size?
the size of the difference between group means that exists within the population. Effect size and sample size are inversely proportional: As one increases, the other decreases. the bigger the difference the smaller sample size needed to see the difference. A weak effect size < is 0.3 (or -0.3).A moderate effect size is 0.3-0.5 (or -0.3 to -0.5).A strong effect size is > 0.5 (or -0.5).
The Wilcoxon signed rank test is best used when:
there are two matched groups to compare
Which of the followings is NOT a nonparametric test?
two-samples t test
A study reports that the abuse of bath salts (synthetic cathinones) is associated with developing candida. If this result is an error you know this means:
type 1 error was made
a study has an inadequate sample size you increase the risk of:
type 2 error
what tests should be used when limitations to the chi squared test are apparent
when the data has a low frequency use fisher exact test when the data is paired use McNemar test
Use the following graph.https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/asthma_stats/default.htmWhich state has the largest number of people who do not have asthma and live with fair to poor health?
AR
Which of the following statistical tests can be used if the data are paired but not normally distributed?
Wilcoxon signed rank test
If you are very concerned about making a type I error what would be the best alpha to select?
0.01
If utilizing a wearable fitness tracker is a statistically significant protective factor related to weight gain, identify which of the following 95% CL for a relative risk would be appropriate.
0.37-0.87
The study you are reading reports that there are 673 subjects in the study and 72 are unlicensed personnel, 514 are licensed personnel, and 87 declined to answer the question. What percentage of the subjects are unlicensed personnel?
10.7%
You conduct a study of 1,000 people and determine that 137 have a virus and test positive with your screen. 21 have the virus and test negative with your screen. 506 do not have the virus and test negative with your screen. What is the prevalence rate of the disease?
15.8%
Researchers examined the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. They received 490 responses. Of those responses 89 women reported being abused at some point in their lifetime and 355 reported no history of abuse. What percentage of the sample were abused?
18.2%
If a study has an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 0.80 you know the chance of making a type II error is:
20%
Your subjects complete a pretest to assess their cognitive skills and have a median score of 67% on the pretest. Then they complete your intervention and a post-test with the following scores: 82%, 79%, 47%, 65%, 81%, 57%, 57%, 52% and 66%. What was the median on the posttest?
65%
Your subjects complete a pretest to assess their cognitive skills and have a mean score of 62% on the pretest. Then they complete your intervention and a post-test with the following scores: 82%, 79%, 47%, 65%, 81%, 57%, 57%, 52% and 76%. What was the mean on the posttest?
66%
You have collected data about the average response time of participants in your study. You are delighted to find that the variable is normally distributed. The mean response time is 30 seconds and the standard deviation is 4 seconds what percent of your subjects would you expect to respond in 26-34 seconds?
68%
Two groups of nurses attended their CPR recertification class. Group A was in class in the morning and Group B was in class in the afternoon. According to this table Group B had tests scores that ranged between what values?
72-93
You have collected data about the fasting blood glucose (FBG)level of participants in your study. You are delighted to find that the variable is normally distributed. If the mean FBG is 82 and the standard deviation is 2.8 in what range would you expect to find the FBG of 95% of your study participants?
76.4-87.6
A hospital researcher is examining data about nurses in their first year of practice at her hospital. Use the table below to answer the following question. What percentage of the medication errors were made in the first nine months of practice?
77.8%
A nurse lead study examines the relationship between age and post-operative pain. The Spearman's rho is -0.2 and the relationship is significant. This means:
A. As age increases, post-operative pain decreases.
A study utilizes repeated measures ANOVA to examine the impact of using 3 months of suppressive treatment with acyclovir immediately followed by 3 months of a new antiviral medication on HSV 2 lesions. The researchers conclude that the new antiviral medication is significantly better at reducing HSV 2 lesions. You are not confident in this results because you are concerned about:
A. carry-over effects
A study that examines the relationship between eating citrus fruit and getting cold sores finds a relative risk of 1.89 with a p value of 0.047. The results indicate at significance level of 0.05:
A. individuals who eat citrus fruit are significantly more likely to develop cold sores
A researcher wants to compare the mean engagement score for healthcare employees enrolled in 3 different online degree programs (DNP/MSN/ BSN). What test would you recommend she utilize?
ANOVA
A researcher wants to determine how college GPA and engagement score (0-100) impact performance (high/low) for nurses enrolled in an online graduate programs. What test would you recommend she to utilize?
C. Logistic regression LR analyzes a relationship between one or more predictions and a binary outcome.- predictors - categorical and numeric- response - logit(p) = B0 + B1+B2+B3.... or =a+b1x1+b2x2+..
A study utilizes ANOVA to examine the average distribution rates of an antibiotic in infants, toddlers and school age children. The results include an F statistic that is 1.04. You know this means:
C. The variation between the groups are similar to the variation within the groups.
A study examines the association between taking isoniazid (treats tuberculosis) (yes/no) and GI (gastrointestinal) upset (yes/no). What would be an appropriate test to use?
Chi-Square
A study examines the association between taking anticoagulants (to prevent blood clots) (yes/no) and bruising (yes/no) in a sample of 250 elderly patients at your long term care facility. An appropriate test to use would be?
Chi-square
A study examines the risk of overdose (yes/no) and the use of hydromorphone (yes/no) in a sample of teens. What would be an appropriate test to use?
Chi-square
You would like to determine if meeting with a registered hospital chaplain (yes/no) is related to having a do not resuscitate order (yes/no) among a group of terminally ill patients at your health center. What would be the best statistical test to utilize?
Chi-square
Several days after a wedding, an outbreak of cyclosporiasis occurred among attendees. Of the 108 guests at the wedding, 76 were ill and met the case definition. 50 of the 76 who were ill ate the wedding cake. Three of those who were well ate the wedding cake. What is the attack rate for those who ate the wedding cake?
D 94.9% 50/(50+3) = .9434 attack rate: is the incidence proportion of exposed people. #new cases in exposed group/exposed population.
You randomly select 120 healthy individuals and randomize them into a group given a daily multivitamin and a group who does not take a daily multivitamin. You follow the sample for ten years and identify all cases of pernicious anemia which develop. Which statement is true?
D. You can determine the RR for developing pernicious anemia from this data(because this is a cohort study, if is was cross sectional it would be Chi^2)
Describe how to find the linear regression line of best fit to data using your own words.
Describe how to find the linear regression line of best fit to data using your own words.
Which of the following is the nonparametric analog of a repeated measures ANOVA?
Friedman test
Two groups of medical professionals attended their CPR recertification class. Group A was in class in the morning and Group B was in class in the afternoon. According to this table which nursing class had a higher median exam score?
Group B
Looking at the box and whiskers plot that is above. How might the outlier in Unit B inpact the average blood glucose level?
It could increase the mean in Unit B.
What is Pearson's r?
It's a measure of the strength and direction of the linear association between two variables.ρ(rho) is the population correlation r is the sample correlation. +1 is perfect positive correlation -1 is perfect negative correlation 0 is a weak correlation.
Among entering kindergarten students, does a relationship exist between the number of letters of the alphabet recognized and the type of dwelling in which the child lived (i.e., house, apartment, and mobile home)? The sample contains 33 children, and the data are NOT normally distributed. Which of the following tests is the best for the study?
Kruskal-Wallis test: letters in name and dwelling(3+ IVs) are 2 independent groups (not paired)Alternative to ANOVA
You have two randomly selected groups enrolled in two different weight loss programs and you want to compare the average number of pounds lost. What test would be appropriate?
Independent T-test
what are 5 nonparametric tests and their parametric counterpart?
Mann-Whitney U test, aka Wilcoxon rank-sum test (alternative to two sample t-test)Wilcoxon signed-rank test (alternative to paired t-test)Kruskal-Wallis test (alternative to ANOVA)Friedman test (alternative to repeated measure ANOVA)Chi-square test
Which test would be most appropriate to answer the following research question: Do patients with a history of cocaine use have more gumline cavities than other patients? There were 15 people in the sample (7 with a history of cocaine use and 8 without), and the number of gumline cavities was not normally distributed.
Mann-Whitney U-test
A study examined the relationship between having a baccalaureate degree and passing a cultural competency exam among a group of 987 randomly selected medical professionals at your hospital. The researchers report that more registered medical professionals with a baccalaureate degree passed the cultural competency exam (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.98-1.79). Interpret this information.
More medical professionals with a baccalaureate degree passed the exam but this was not a significant difference.
A study examines the relationship between total score on a cultural competency exam among a group of 987 randomly selected nurses at your hospital and their years of educational preparation, language spoken, age, primary nursing role, race and ethnicity. What test would be appropriate to determine the association?
Multiple linear regression
A study examines the relationship between total years of educational preparation and total score on a cultural competency exam among a group of 987 randomly selected nurses at your hospital. What test would be appropriate to determine if there is an association?
Pearson's Correlation
A researcher is examining the relationship between the number of motor vehicle accidents and age (measured in years) in a sample of 1,200 records. An appropriate test would be:
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
Which of the followings is the best test (most powerful) for normality?
Shapiro-Wilk test
A professor wishes to determine if there is a difference between the average test grades of her students who use the resources available to them with those students who don't use the resources. The alpha is 0.05 and the P-value is 0.03. She should conclude:
She can reject the null hypothesis and there is a statistically significant relationship between nursing students' grades and their use of available resources.
In a t-test situation, magnitude of effects (clinical significance) is often communicated through:
The magnitude of Cohen's D
A researcher wants to compare the mean engagement score for healthcare workers enrolled in 2 different online degree programs (graduate/undergraduate). What test would you recommend she utilize?
T-test for independent groups
You conduct a randomized study and find in your sample of patients admitted to the hospital with dementia, 31% will have a return emergency department (ED) visit within three months of discharge. National data becomes available at the end of the year, which then shows that within the full population of patients with dementia who are admitted to the hospital the actual return to ED rate within three months was 29%. You conclude:
The difference reflects sampling error.
Patients in a critical care unit, who are matched on age, receive either experimental oral care or control oral care. Which test is the best to determine whether the type of oral care have an effect on the length of patient's stay in the critical care unit? There are 20 pairs of patients, and their length of stay was not normally distributed.
Wilcoxon signed-rank test alternative to paired t test
You are conducting a study to determine if there is a relationship between sleeping well (yes/no) and arriving at work on time (yes/no). What test would be appropriate to use?
chi-square
You are reading a study that reports selecting a random sample of hospitals and estimating admission delay times. You know this is an example of:
cluster sampling
You want to conduct a study using probability sampling. You might consider what approach:
stratified sampling
You are reading a study that examines the impact of stress on ulcerative colitis. What is the independent variable?
stress
Researchers study the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. The researchers planned to examine the average score on a psychological distress scale and compare the score for abused versus non abused women. What would be an appropriate test to consider?
t test for independent groups
A nurse researcher studies the impact of medication and exercise on HgA1C levels and reports that more exercise significantly decreases HgA1C levels for the same medication. This means:
the beta coefficient associated with exercise is negative
The Kruskal-Wallis test would be better than a one-way ANOVA when the independent variable has more than two categories. the dependent variable is not normally distributed you want to know whether there is a difference in means between two groups. the sample size within each group is large
the dependent variable is not normally distributed
